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Chavacano or Chabacano [tʃaβaˈkano] refers to a number of Spanish-based creole language varieties spoken in the Philippines. The variety spoken in Zamboanga City, located in the southern Philippine island group of Mindanao, has the highest concentration of speakers. Other currently existing varieties are found in Cavite City and Ternate, located in the Cavite province on the island of Luzon. Chavacano is the only Spanish-based creole in Asia. (cite **)

The different varieties of Chavacano differ in certain aspects like vocabulary but they are generally mutually intelligible by speakers of these varieties, especially between neighboring varieties. While a majority of the lexicon of the different Chavacano varieties derive from Spanish, their grammatical structures are generally similar to other Philippine languages. Among Philippine languages, it is the only one that is not an Austronesian language, but like Malayo-Polynesian languages, it uses reduplication.

The word 'Chabacano' is derived from Spanish, roughly meaning "poor taste" or "vulgar", though the term itself carries no negative connotations to contemporary speakers and has lost its original Spanish meaning.

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Ethnologue https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cbk

Terminology[edit]

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The term Chavacano or Chabacano originated from the Spanish word 'chabacano' which literally means "poor taste", "vulgar", "common", "of low quality", or "coarse". Chavacano has since evolved into a word of its own in different spellings with no negative connotation, but to simply being the name of the language itself.

During the Spanish colonial period, what is today called Chavacano was also called by the Spanish-speaking population as the "lenguaje de la calle", "lenguaje de parian" (language of the street), or "lenguaje de cocina" (kitchen Spanish) to refer to the Chabacano spoken by the people of Manila, particularly in Ermita) to distinguish it from the Spanish language spoken by the peninsulares, insulares, mestizos, or the elite class called the ilustrados.

Zamboangueños refer to their vernacular as Chavacano, though this is sometimes spelled as Chabacano. Caviteños and Ternateños, and Ermitenses spell the word as it is spelled originally in the Spanish language – as Chabacano. Speakers in Ternate themselves, however, use the term Bahra for both their vernacular and Ternate itself. Linguists use the term Philippine Creole Spanishwhich can be further divided into two geographic classifications: Manila Bay Creoles (which includes Ternateño and Caviteño) and Mindanao Creole (including Zamboangueño)

The varieties of the language are geographically related: Ermitense, Caviteño, and Ternateño – also known as Bahra – are similar to each other in having Tagalog as their substrate language while Zamboangueño, Castellano Abakay, and Cotabateño are similar to each other in having Visayan (mostly Cebuano, Tausug, and Hiligaynon), Subanon, and Sama as their substrate language(s). Zamboangueños would call their variety Zamboangueño, Zamboangueño Chavacano, and Caviteños would call their variety Caviteño or Chabacano de Cavite, etc., to emphasize the difference between their variety and others using their own geographical location as a point of reference.

There are also other alternative names and spellings for this language depending on the varieties and context (whether Hispanicized or native). Zamboangueños sometimes spell their variety as Chavacano, or Zamboangenio. Caviteño is also known as Caviten, Linguaje di Niso, or sometimes spell their variety as Tsabakano. Ermitense is also known as Ermiteño while Ternateño is also known as Ternateño Chabacano, Bahra, or Linguaje di Bahra. Davaoeño is also Davaweño, Davawenyo, Davawenyo Zamboangenyo, Castellano Abakay, or Davao Chabacano/Chavacano. Cotabateño is also known as Cotabato Chabacano/Chavacano.

Speakers from Basilan consider their Chavacano as Zamboangueño or formally as Chavacano de Zamboanga.

External links[edit]

	This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

	Zamboangueño Chavacano edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

	Meta has related information at: Wikimedia Philippines/cbk-zam

Chavacano at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
A Blog about the Chabacano de Zamboanga
Chavacano Lessons with Audio
An abridged Chavacano dictionary
"Jesus" A two-hour religious film in RealVideo dubbed in Chavacano
FilipinoKastila The Spanish and Chabacano situation in the Philippines
Ben Saavedra's speech on Chabacano at the University of the Philippines (Web archive version)
El Chabacano El Chabacano en Español
Austronesian Elements in Philippine Creole Spanish (pdf)
Spanish world-wide: the last century of language contacts (PDF)
The Puzzling Case of Chabacano: Creolization, Substrate, Mixing, and Secondary Contact by Patrick O. Steinkrüger
Confidence in Chabacano by Michael L. Forman
Chabacano/Spanish and the Philippine Linguistic Identity by John M. Lipski
Noun phrases in Creole languages: a multi-faceted approach by Marlyse Baptista
http://www.zamboanga.com/history/history_chabacano_versus_related_creoles.htm
http://www.zamboanga.com/z/index.php?title=Category:Chavacano - An interactive online chavacano dictionary.
http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-chavacano.html
http://filipinokastila.tripod.com/chaba11.html
http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers/tardo-chavacano_reader_project.pdf
SIL.org
1883 letter – correspondence of Jacinto Juanmartí to German linguist Hugo Schuchardt dated 19 November 1883 containing text of chavacano spoken in Cotabato