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Catechol-O-methyltransferase

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catechol-O-methyltransferase
Identifiers
AliasesCOMTcatechol-O-methyltransferases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]; OMA:- orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
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catechol-O-methyltransferase
Identifiers
EC no.2.1.1.6
CAS no.9012-25-3
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGO
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PMCarticles
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NCBIproteins
Norepinephrine degradation. Catechol-O-methyltransferase is shown in green boxes.[1][2]

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT; EC 2.1.1.6) is one of several enzymes that degrade catecholamines (such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), catecholestrogens, and various drugs and substances having a catechol structure.[3] In humans, catechol-O-methyltransferase protein is encoded by the COMT gene.[4] Two isoforms of COMT are produced: the soluble short form (S-COMT) and the membrane bound long form (MB-COMT). As the regulation of catecholamines is impaired in a number of medical conditions, several pharmaceutical drugs target COMT to alter its activity and therefore the availability of catecholamines.[5] COMT was first discovered by the biochemist Julius Axelrod in 1957.[6]

Function

Catechol-O-methyltransferase is involved in the inactivation of the catecholamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine). The enzyme introduces a methyl group to the catecholamine, which is donated by S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). Any compound having a catechol structure, like catecholestrogens and catechol-containing flavonoids, are substrates of COMT.

Levodopa, a precursor of catecholamines, is an important substrate of COMT. COMT inhibitors, like entacapone, save levodopa from COMT and prolong the action of levodopa.[7] Entacapone is a widely used adjunct drug of levodopa therapy. When given with an inhibitor of dopa decarboxylase (carbidopa or benserazide), levodopa is optimally saved. This "triple therapy" is becoming a standard in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Specific reactions catalyzed by COMT include:

In the brain, COMT-dependent dopamine degradation is of particular importance in brain regions with low expression of the presynaptic dopamine transporter (DAT), such as the prefrontal cortex.[8][9][10][11] (In the PFC, dopamine is also removed by presynaptic norepinephrine transporters (NET) and degraded by monoamine oxidase.)[12] Controversy exists about the predominance and orientation of membrane bound COMT in the CNS,[13][14][15] that is, whether this COMT process is active intracellularly in postsynaptic neurons and glia, or oriented outward on the membrane, acting extracellularly on synaptic and extrasynaptic dopamine.

Soluble COMT can also be found extracellularly, although extracellular COMT plays a less significant role in the CNS than it does peripherally.[16]: 210  Despite its importance in neurons, COMT is actually primarily expressed in the liver.[16]: 135 

Genetics in humans

The COMT protein is coded by the gene COMT. The gene is associated with allelic variants. The best-studied is Val158Met.[11] Others are rs737865 and rs165599 that have been studied, e.g., for association with personality traits,[17] response to antidepressant medications,[18] and psychosis risk associated with Alzheimer's disease.[19] COMT has been studied as a potential gene in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia; however meta analyses find no association between the risk of schizophrenia and a number of polymorphisms,[20] including Val158Met.[21][22][23]

Val158Met polymorphism

A functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (a common normal variant) of the gene for catechol-O-methyltransferase results in a valine to methionine mutation at position 158 (Val158Met) rs4680.[11] In vitro, the homozygous Val variant metabolizes dopamine at up to four times the rate of its methionine counterpart.[18] However, in vivo the Met variant is overexpressed in the brain,[24] resulting in a 40% decrease (rather than 75% decrease) in functional enzyme activity.[25] The lower rates of catabolisis for the Met allele results in higher synaptic dopamine levels following neurotransmitter release, ultimately increasing dopaminergic stimulation of the post-synaptic neuron. Given the preferential role of COMT in prefrontal dopamine degradation, the Val158Met polymorphism is thought to exert its effects on cognition by modulating dopamine signaling in the frontal lobes.

The gene variant has been shown to affect cognitive tasks broadly related to executive function, such as set shifting, response inhibition, abstract thought, and the acquisition of rules or task structure.[26][unreliable medical source][27][unreliable medical source][28][unreliable medical source]

Comparable effects on similar cognitive tasks, the frontal lobes, and the neurotransmitter dopamine have also all been linked to schizophrenia.[29][30] It has been proposed that an inherited variant of COMT is one of the genetic factors that may predispose someone to developing schizophrenia later in life, naturally or due to adolescent-onset cannabis use.[31][unreliable medical source] However, a more recent study cast doubt on the proposed connection between this gene and the effects of cannabis on schizophrenia development.[32][unreliable medical source]

It is increasingly recognised that allelic variation at the COMT gene are also relevant for emotional processing, as they seem to influence the interaction between prefrontal and limbic regions. Research conducted at the Section of Neurobiology of Psychosis, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London has demonstrated an effect of COMT both in patients with bipolar disorder and in their relatives,[33][unreliable medical source] but these findings have not been replicated so far.

The COMT Val158Met polymorphism also has a pleiotropic effect on emotional processing.[33][unreliable medical source][34][unreliable medical source] Furthermore, the polymorphism has been shown to affect ratings of subjective well-being. When 621 women were measured with experience sample monitoring, which is similar to mood assessment as response to beeping watch, the met/met form confers double the subjective mental sensation of well-being from a wide variety of daily events. The ability to experience reward increased with the number of ‘Met’ alleles.[35][unreliable medical source] Also, the effect of different genotype was greater for events that were felt as more pleasant. The effect size of genotypic moderation was quite large: Subjects with the val/val genotype generated almost similar amounts of subjective well-being from a ‘very pleasant event’ as met/met subjects did from a ‘bit pleasant event’. Genetic variation with functional impact on cortical dopamine tone has a strong influence on reward experience in the flow of daily life.[35] In one study participants with the met/met phenotype described an increase of positive affect twice as high in amplitude as participants with the val/val phenotype following very pleasant or pleasant events.[35][unreliable medical source]

One review found that those with Val/Val tended to be more extroverted, more novelty seeking and less neurotic than those with the Met/Met allele[36]

Temporomandibular joint dysfunction

Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) does not appear to be a classic genetic disorder, however variations in the gene that codes for COMT have been suggested to be responsible for inheritance of a predisposition to develop TMD during life.[37]

Nomenclature

COMT is the name given to the gene that codes for this enzyme. The O in the name stands for oxygen, not for ortho.

COMT inhibitors

COMT inhibitors include tolcapone, entacapone and opicapone, which are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.[38] Risk of liver toxicity and related digestive disorders restricts the use of tolcapone.[39]

See also

Additional images

References

  1. ^ Flower, Rod; Rang, Humphrey P.; Dale, Maureen M.; Ritter, James M. (2007). "Figure 11-4". Rang & Dale's pharmacology (6th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-06911-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Rang, Humphrey P.; Dale, Maureen M.; Ritter, James M.; Flower, Rod J.; Henderson, Graeme (2011). "Figure 14.4". Rang & Dale's Pharmacology. Student consult (7th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-7020-4504-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Test ID: COMT: Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Genotype". www.mayomedicallaboratories.com. Mayo Clinic: Mayo Medical Laboratories. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  4. ^ Grossman MH, Emanuel BS, Budarf ML (April 1992). "Chromosomal mapping of the human catechol-O-methyltransferase gene to 22q11.1----q11.2". Genomics. 12 (4): 822–5. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90316-K. PMID 1572656.
  5. ^ Tai CH, Wu RM (February 2002). "Catechol-O-methyltransferase and Parkinson's disease". Acta Medica Okayama. 56 (1): 1–6. PMID 11873938.
  6. ^ Axelrod J (August 1957). "O-Methylation of Epinephrine and Other Catechols in vitro and in vivo". Science. 126 (3270): 400–1. doi:10.1126/science.126.3270.400. PMID 13467217.
  7. ^ Ruottinen HM, Rinne UK (November 1998). "COMT inhibition in the treatment of Parkinson's disease". Journal of Neurology. 245 (11 Suppl 3): P25–34. doi:10.1007/PL00007743. PMID 9808337.
         Goetz CG (May 1998). "Influence of COMT inhibition on levodopa pharmacology and therapy". Neurology. 50 (5 Suppl 5): S26–30. doi:10.1212/WNL.50.5_Suppl_5.S26. PMID 9591519.
  8. ^ Brodal P (2016). "Chapter 5: Neurotransmitters and their receptors". The Central Nervous System. Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-19-022896-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
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  34. ^ Kempton MJ, Haldane M, Jogia J, Christodoulou T, Powell J, Collier D, Williams SC, Frangou S (April 2009). "The effects of gender and COMT Val158Met polymorphism on fearful facial affect recognition: a fMRI study". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology / Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum. 12 (3): 371–81. doi:10.1017/S1461145708009395. PMID 18796186.
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  36. ^ Montag C, Jurkiewicz M, Reuter M (May 2012). "The role of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene in personality and related psychopathological disorders". CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets. 11 (3): 236–50. doi:10.2174/187152712800672382. PMC 4345409. PMID 22483293.
  37. ^ Cairns BE (May 2010). "Pathophysiology of TMD pain--basic mechanisms and their implications for pharmacotherapy". Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 37 (6): 391–410. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.02074.x. PMID 20337865.
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  39. ^ Jatana N, Apoorva N, Malik S, Sharma A, Latha N (January 2013). "Inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase in the treatment of neurological disorders" (PDF). Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 13 (3): 166–94. doi:10.2174/1871524913666140109113341. PMID 24450388. Two of the nitrocatechols, entacapone ... and tolcapone ... have been demonstrated to reduce the dose of L-DOPA required and also cause improvement in clinical symptoms, although tolcapone emerged to be more efficacious due to its greater bioavailability and a longer half-life when compared to entacapone. However, tolcapone is clinically restricted owning to its increased hepatotoxicity and other related digestive disorders.

Further reading

  • Greenberg, Gary. "What If the Placebo Effect Isn't a Trick?". {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |5= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Text "2018" ignored (help); Text "7" ignored (help); Text "New York Times Magazine" ignored (help); Text "November" ignored (help)
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