Jump to content

Charles Yanofsky

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by LLMHoopes (talk | contribs) at 20:26, 5 December 2018 (added links). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Charles Yanofsky
Born(1925-04-17)April 17, 1925
New York City, New York, U.S.
Died16 March 2018(2018-03-16) (aged 92)
NationalityUnited States
Alma materCity College of New York
Yale University (Ph.D, 1951)
Known fordata supporting one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, mechanism of suppression, attentuation of expression of bacterial operons
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsGenetics microbiology
InstitutionsStanford University
Websiteprofiles.stanford.edu/charles-yanofsky

Charles Yanofsky (born April 17, 1925)[1] started life in New York City and died March 16, 2018 in Palo Alto, California. He was an American geneticist on the faculty of Stanford University who contributed to the establishment of the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis and discovered attentuation, a riboswitch mechanism in which messenger RNA changes shape in response to a small molecule and thus alters its binding ability for the regulatory region of a gene or operon.

Education and early life

Charles Yanofsky was born on April 17, 1925 in New York.[2] He was one pf the earliest graduates of the Bronx High School of Science,[3] then studied at the City College of New York and completed his degree in biochemistry in spite of having had his education interrupted by military service in World War II including participation in the Battle of the Bulge.[2] In 1948, having returned and completed college, he took up graduate work towards his masters degree and PhD, both granted by Yale University.[2] He pursued postdoctoral work at Yale for a time, completing work started during his PhD training.[3]

Career and research

Yanofsky joined the Case Western Reserve Medical School faculty in 1954.[2][3] He moved to the faculty at Stanford University as an Associate Professor in 1958.[2] In 1964, Yanofsky and colleagues established that gene sequences and protein sequences are colinear in bacteria.[4] Yanofsky showed that changes in DNA sequence can produce changes in protein sequence at corresponding positions.[5] His work is considered the best evidence in favor of the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis.

His laboratory also revealed how controlled alterations in RNA shapes allow RNA to serve as a regulatory molecule in both bacterial and animal cells. His graduate student Iwona Stroynowski and Mitzi Kuroda discovered the process of attentuation of expression based on regulated binding ability of the five-prime untranslated region of the messenger RNA for the bacterial tryptophan operon. They had thus discovered the first regulatory riboswitch,[6] although that terminology was not used until later. Yanofsky and his other collaborators then extended this work showing how mRNAs responded allosterically to a small molecule signal by changing shape and therefore changing ability to bind to the regulatory region of each operon. They showed that this mechanism applied to other amino acid biosynthesis and degradation operons of bacteria and to animal cell genes.[7]

In 1980, Yanofsky and other Stanford scientists founded DNAX, a Palo Alto based research institute subsequently acquired by Schering-Plough.[3]

At the time of death, Charles Yanofsky was the Morris Herzstein Professor of Biology and Molecular Biology (Emeritus) in the Department of Biology at Stanford University.[2]

Personal Life

Charles Yanofsky's first wife Carol died of breast cancer in 1990.[2] Charles Yanofsky died on March 16, 2018 in Palo Alto, CA.[2] He was survived by his second wife, Edna, and three sons.[2]

Awards and Honors

Charles Yanofsky received the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award, sometimes referred to as the American Nobel prize, in 1971.[8] Yanofsky was awarded the Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology from the National Academy of Sciences in 1972[9] and was co-recipient of the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in 1976 with Seymour Benzer. Yanofsky was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society in 1985 and was one of the recipients of the 2003 National Medal of Science awards.

Major Publications

  • Yanofsky, Charles (2007), "RNA-based regulation of genes of tryptophan synthesis and degradation, in bacteria", RNA, vol. 13, no. 8 (published Aug 2007), pp. 1141–54, doi:10.1261/rna.620507, PMC 1924887, PMID 17601995
  • Yanofsky, Charles (2005), "The Favorable Features of Tryptophan Synthase for Proving Beadle and Tatum's One Gene–One Enzyme Hypothesis", Genetics, vol. 169, no. 2 (published Feb 2005), pp. 511–6, PMC 1449131, PMID 15731515
  • Yanofsky, Charles (2004), "The different roles of tryptophan transfer RNA in regulating trp operon expression in E. coli versus B. subtilis", Trends Genet., vol. 20, no. 8 (published Aug 2004), pp. 367–74, doi:10.1016/j.tig.2004.06.007, PMID 15262409
  • Yanofsky, C (2000), "Transcription Attenuation: Once Viewed as a Novel Regulatory Strategy", J. Bacteriol., vol. 182, no. 1 (published Jan 2000), pp. 1–8, doi:10.1128/JB.182.1.1-8.2000, PMC 94232, PMID 10613855
  • Yanofsky, C; Konan, K V; Sarsero, J P (1996), "Some novel transcription attenuation mechanisms used by bacteria", Biochimie, vol. 78, no. 11–12, pp. 1017–24, doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(97)86725-9, PMID 9150880
  • Yanofsky, C (1988), "Transcription attenuation", J. Biol. Chem., vol. 263, no. 2 (published Jan 15, 1988), pp. 609–12, PMID 3275656
  • Yanofsky, C; Platt, T; Crawford, I P; Nichols, B P; Christie, GE; Horowitz, H; Vancleemput, M; Wu, AM (1981), "The complete nucleotide sequence of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli", Nucleic Acids Res., vol. 9, no. 24 (published Dec 21, 1981), pp. 6647–68, doi:10.1093/nar/9.24.6647, PMC 327632, PMID 7038627
  • Yanofsky, C (1981), "Attenuation in the control of expression of bacterial operons", Nature, vol. 289, no. 5800 (published Feb 26, 1981), pp. 751–8, doi:10.1038/289751a0, PMID 7007895
  • Yanofsky, C (1971), "Tryptophan biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Genetic determination of the proteins involved", JAMA, vol. 218, no. 7 (published Nov 15, 1971), pp. 1026–35, doi:10.1001/jama.218.7.1026, PMID 4940311
  • Yanofsky, C (1967), "Gene structure and protein structure", Harvey Lect., vol. 61, pp. 145–68, PMID 5338072

References

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Stanford geneticist Charles Yanofsky dies at 92". Stanford University. Retrieved September 1, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d ""Charles Yanofsky to receive National Medal of Science at White House ceremony March 14"". Stanford University. Retrieved September 2, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  4. ^ Yanofsky, Charles; Carlton, B. C.; Guest, J. R.; Helinski, D. R.; Henning, U. (Dec 18, 1963). "ON THE COLINEARITY OF GENE STRUCTURE AND PROTEIN STRUCTURE". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 51 (2): 266–272. doi:10.1073/pnas.51.2.266. PMC 300060. PMID 14124325.
  5. ^ Yanofsky, C.; Drapeau, G. R.; Guest, J. R.; Carlton, B. C. (1967). "THE COMPLETE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF THE TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHETASE a PROTEIN (alpha SUBUNIT) AND ITS COLINEAR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE GENETIC MAP OF THE a GENE". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 57 (2): 296–298. doi:10.1073/pnas.57.2.296. PMC 335504. PMID 16591468.
  6. ^ wona Stroynowski, Magda von Cleemput and Charles Yanofsky (1982)”Superattenuation in the tryptophan operon of Serratia marcescens” Nature 298: 38-41.
  7. ^ C. Yanofsky (2007) “RNA based regulation of genes of tryptophan synthesis and degradation in bacteria” RNA 13:1141-1154.
  8. ^ "Nonsense and suppressor mutations". Lasker Foundation. Retrieved September 4, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  9. ^ "Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)


Flag of United StatesScientist icon Stub icon

This article about an American scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_Yanofsky&oldid=872199436"