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2016 Indian banknote demonetisation

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2016 Indian banknote demonetisation
Queues outside a bank to exchange demonetised banknotes in Birganj, Kolkata on 10 November 2016
Date8 November 2016
Time20:15 IST (14:45 UTC)
LocationIndia
Casualties
Independent stats: 100 dead as of 8 December 2016[1]
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On 8 November 2016, the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series. It also announced the issuance of new ₹500 and ₹2000 banknotes in exchange for the demonetised banknotes.[2] The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and reduce the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism.[3][4]

The announcement of demonetisation was followed by prolonged cash shortages in the weeks that followed, which created significant disruption throughout the economy.[5][6][7][8][9][10] People seeking to exchange their banknotes had to stand in lengthy queues, and several deaths were linked to the rush to exchange cash.[11][12]

According to a 2018 report from the Reserve Bank of India, approximately 99.3% of the demonetised banknotes, or ₹15.30 lakh crore (15.3 trillion) of the ₹15.41 lakh crore that had been demonetised, were deposited with the banking system. The banknotes that were not deposited were only worth ₹10,720 crore (107.2 billion),[13] leading analysts to state that the effort had failed to remove black money from the economy.[14][15] The BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50 stock indices fell over 6 percent on the day after the announcement.[16] The move reduced the country's industrial production and its GDP growth rate.[17]

Initially, the move received support from several bankers as well as from some international commentators. The move was also criticised as poorly planned and unfair, and was met with protests, litigation, and strikes against the government in several places across India. Debates also took place concerning the move in both houses of parliament.[18][19][20][21]

Background

The Indian government had demonetised bank notes on two prior occasions—once in 1946 and once in 1978—and in both cases, the goal was to combat tax evasion via "black money" held outside the formal economic system.[22][22] In 1946, the British Raj government removed notes of 500, 1000, and 10,000 from circulation.[22] In 1978, the Janata Party coalition government demonetised banknotes of 1000, 5000 and 10,000 rupees, again in the hopes of curbing counterfeit money and black money.[23]

In 2012, the Central Board of Direct Taxes recommended against demonetisation, saying in a report that "demonetisation may not be a solution for tackling black money or shadow economy, which is largely held in the form of benami properties, bullion and jewellery."[24][25] According to data from income tax probes, black money holders kept only 6% or less of their wealth as cash, suggesting that targeting this cash would not be a successful strategy.[26] The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) had previously expressed opposition to demonetisation. BJP spokesperson Meenakshi Lekhi had said in 2014 that members of the public who were often illiterate and had no access to banking facilities would be adversely affected by such a policy.[27][28][29]

Demonetisation process

INR 500 banknote
INR 1000 banknote
Demonetised ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series

Preparation and announcement

The plan to demonetise the ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes was initiated between six and ten months before it was announced, and was kept confidential. In April 2016, a report by the State Bank of India analysed possible strategies and effects demonetisation.[30] In May 2016, the Reserve Bank of India had started preparing for new banknotes and confirmed the design of ₹2000 banknotes in August 2016. The printing of new banknotes started in October when the news stories of forthcoming new banknotes appeared in the media.[31][31][32][33] On 27 October 2016, the Hindi daily Dainik Jagran published a report quoting RBI sources speaking of the forthcoming of ₹2000 banknotes alongside withdrawal of ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes.[34][35] On 21 October 2016, The Hindu Business Line had also published a report on forthcoming ₹2000 banknote.[36]

The Union cabinet was informed about the plan on 8 November 2016 in a meeting in the evening called by the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.[37] Soon after the meeting, Modi announced the demonetisation in an unscheduled live national televised address at 20:15 IST.[38][39] He declared circulation of all ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series as invalid effective from the midnight of the same day, and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series in exchange for the demonetised banknotes.[40]

Information leaks

Prominent businessmen stated after the announcement of demonetisation that they had received prior warning of the move, allowing them to convert their money into smaller denominations.[41] A BJP MLA from Rajasthan, Bhawani Singh Rajawat, claimed in a video that wealthy businessmen were informed about the demonetisation before it occurred. He later denied the comments.[42][43]

Cash exchange and withdrawal

People gathered at ATM of Axis Bank on 16 November 2016 in Mehsana, Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised banknotes in bank.

The Reserve Bank of India stipulated that the demonetised banknotes could be deposited with banks over a period of fifty days until 30 December 2016. The banknotes could also be exchanged for legal tender over the counter at all banks. The limit for such exchange was ₹4,000 per person from 8 to 13 November, was increased to ₹4,500 from 14 to 17 November, and reduced to ₹2,000 from 18 to 25 November.[2][44][45][46] The exchange of banknotes was stopped completely on 25 November, although the government had previously stated that the volume of exchange would be increased after that date.[47] International airports also facilitated an exchange of banknotes for foreign tourists and out-bound travelers, amounting to a total value of ₹5,000 per person.[48] Fuel pumps, government hospitals, railway and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums were allowed to accept the demonetised banknotes until 2 December 2016.[49]

Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 per day and ₹20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November.[2] This limit was increased to ₹24,000 per week from 14 November 2016.[44][45] Limits on cash withdrawals from Current accounts/ Cash credit accounts/ Overdraft accounts were withdrawn later. RBI increased the withdrawal limit from Savings Bank account to ₹50,000 from the earlier ₹24,000 on 20 February 2017 and then on 13 March 2017, it removed all withdrawal limits from Savings Bank Accounts.[50]

A daily limit on withdrawals from ATMs was also imposed varying from ₹2,000 per day until 14 November,[51] and ₹2,500 per day until 31 December.[44][45] This limit was increased to ₹4,500 per day from 1 January,[52] and again to ₹10,000 from 16 January 2017.[50] From 17 November, families were allowed to withdraw ₹250,000 for wedding expenses. Farmers were permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 per week against crop loans.[46][53]

Ordinance and Act

The Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of Liabilities) Ordinance, 2016 was issued on 28 December 2016, ending the liability of the government for the demonetised banknotes. The ordinance also imposed fines on people found carrying out transactions with them after 8 November 2016, or holding more than ten of them after 30 December 2016. It provided for the exchange of the banknotes after 30 December for people who had been outside India between 9 November and 30 December.[54][55] The Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of Liabilities) Act, 2017 was notified on 1 March 2017, replacing the ordinance.[56]

Objectives and outcomes

The government said that the main objective of the exercise was curbing black money which included income which had not been reported and thus was untaxed; money gained through corruption, illegal goods sales and illegal activities such as human trafficking; and counterfeit currency. Other stated objectives included expanding the tax base and increasing the number of taxpayers; reducing the number of transactions carried out by cash; reducing the finances available to terrorists and radical groups such as Maoists and Naxalites; and integrating the formal and informal economies.[57][58][59][60][61]

Black money

The government estimated that ₹3 lakh crore, or approximately 20%, of the demonetised banknotes would be permanently removed from circulation.[62] However, according to a 2018 report from the RBI, approximately 99.3% of the demonetised banknotes, or ₹15.30 lakh crore of the ₹15.41 lakh crore that had been demonetised, were deposited with the banking system. The banknotes that were not deposited were only worth ₹10,720 crore.[13] Commentators concluded that the government failed in its aim of purging black money from the economy.[14]

Evasion

A jewellery store in a shopping mall with a notice "We accept ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", even after they were no longer valid banknotes.

There have been reports of people circumventing the restrictions imposed on exchange transactions by conducting multiple transactions at different bank branches and also sending hired people, employees and followers in groups to exchange large amounts of demonetised banknotes at banks.[63][64] In Gujarat, Delhi and many other major cities, sales of gold increased post-demonetisation, with an increased 20 to 30% premium surging the price as much as ₹45,000 (US$540) from the ruling price of ₹31,900 (US$380) per 10 grams (0.35 oz).[65][66] The Enforcement Directorate raided several forex establishments making backdated entries.[67] Money laundering using backdated accounting was carried out by co-operative banks,[68] jewellers,[69] sellers of mobile phones,[70] and several other businesses.[71]

The cash deposited into hundis, or cash collection boxes in temples and gurudwaras are exempted from inquiry by the tax department[72] which is sometimes misused to launder money.[73] After the demonetisation, there was a spike in donations in the form of the demonetised banknotes in temples.[74][75][76][77] People had booked large number of railway tickets to dispose unaccounted cash. It came to notice of the Indian Railways authorities which imposed restrictions to check evasion.[78][79]

Counterfeit banknotes

Number of counterfeit banknotes detected in banks (April - March)[80]
Denomination 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
₹1 2 3 4
₹2 and ₹5 2 80 1
₹10 134 523 287
₹20 96 324 437
₹50 6,453 9,222 23,447
₹100 2,21,447 1,77,195 2,39,182
₹200 NA NA 79
₹500 (old) 2,61,695 3,17,567 1,27,918
₹500 (new) NA 199 9,892
₹1000 1,43,099 2,56,324 1,03,611
₹2000 NA 638 17,929
Total 6,32,926 7,62,027 5,22,783

After demonetisation, there was an increase in the counterfeit banknotes in small denomination of ₹100 and ₹50. The counterfeit banknote in denomination of old ₹500 and ₹1000 saw increase in 2016-17 and decline in 2017-18 because they were already demonetised. But in 2017-18, there was an increase in counterfeit banknotes of new ₹500 and ₹2000 denomination banknotes than the previous year.[80] There has been no significant change in the number of detection of counterfeit banknotes detected. In 2017-18, the number of detection was close to the level before demonetisation levels.[81] Additionally, after demonetisation, only 0.0035% of the ₹1000 banknotes were found to be counterfeit.[82]

Tax collection

Tax-to-GDP ratio (%)[81]

The number of income tax returns filing increased from 43.3 million to 52.9 million between financial year 2016 and 2017 which was not a significant increase compared to increase between 2015 and 2016. The tax compliance had increased with number of income tax returns filing increased but majority of them were from salaried and non-business class.The income tax collections increased in financial year 2017 due to Income Disclosure Scheme 2016. If adjusted for it, the increase in tax collection was modest. The tax-to-GDP ratio has increased due to expanding tax base.[83][81] An analysis of the economic data shows that there has been no substantial increase in the number of new tax payers or direct tax collection due to demonetisation.[84][83][85]

The use of demonetised banknotes was allowed for the payment of municipal and local civic body taxes, leading to a jump in their revenue collections. For example, the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation reported collecting about ₹1.6 billion (US$19 million) in cash payments of outstanding and advance taxes, within first four days of demonetisation.[86]

Digital payments

The push for the digital payments was one of the stated intention of the demonetisation.[87][88][89][90] There was immediate and sharp jump in the digital payments in November–December 2016 owing to shortage of cash. The debit card point of sale transactions was twice the size of value suggested by trend before the demonetisation. The value of credit card increased but no sharp growth was seen. The mobile wallet transactions picked immediately after the demonetisation followed by dip in mid-2017 due to easing cash shortage. There was again sharp rise thereafter. By April 2018, the volume of the digital payments had doubled.[87] After return of the cash, the growth in digital payment had been modest.[81][87]

The currency-to-GDP ratio was 12.1% in 2015-16. It declined to 8.8% in 2016-17 due to demonetisation but increased again to 10.9% in 2017-18.[80] The currency-to-GDP ratio was only marginally lower compared to level before demonetisation.[81]

Banknotes in circulation

On 28 October 2016 the total banknotes in circulation in India were valued at ₹17.77 trillion (US$210 billion); what proportion of this derived from ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes was unknown. In its annual report of March 2016, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) stated that total banknotes in circulation valued ₹16.42 trillion (US$200 billion) of which nearly 86% (around ₹14.18 trillion (US$170 billion)) derived from ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes. In terms of volume, the report stated that 24% (around 22.03 billion) of the total 9026.6 crore (90.26 billion) banknotes in circulation were ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes.[91]

Before demonetisation (November 2016), there were banknotes worth ₹17.97 lakh crore in the market. The demonetised banknotes constituted 86.4% of it. By March 2018, there were banknotes worth ₹18.03 lakh crore in the market; increase of 9.9%. New banknotes of ₹2000 and ₹500 constitute 80.6% of it. So there was only 5.8% increase in small domination banknotes.[13] The volume of banknotes in the market increased by 2.1%.[80] The banknotes in circulation had increased to ₹19.5 lakh crore in September 2018.[92] The banknotes in circulation had reached to the level before demonetisation in 2018.[81]

Terrorism and internal security

Initially there was a decrease in the activities and attacks by Maoist and Naxalite radical groups which was attributed to lack of finance following demonetisation. The surrender rate had reached its highest.[93][94][95][96][97] The activities returned within few months.[98][99] There was a decrease in the terror activities in Jammu and Kashmir.[100][101]

Other effects

Cash shortage

Queue at an ATM for ₹100 banknotes in Howrah, on 8 November 2016, 22:23 (IST)

The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and people faced difficulties in depositing or exchanging the demonetised banknotes due to long queues outside banks and ATMs across India.[8][9][102][103] The ATMs were short of cash for months after demonetisation.[104][105][106][107]

During the demonetisation, the unaccounted money worth ₹610 crore were seized by the police and tax officials across India which included ₹110 crore in new banknotes.[108] Reports in the media noted that although the general public faced a severe cash shortage, some individuals were able to amass crores in new banknotes; they thus described the demonetisation exercise as being futile.[109][110][111] More than 30 politicians belonging to the BJP were arrested and investigated for having unaccounted money in the new 2000 rupee denomination.[112]

Transportation

The All India Motor Transport Congress claimed that about 800,000 truck drivers and conductors were affected with shortage of cash, with around 400,000 trucks stranded at major highways across India.[113] While major highway toll junctions on the Gujarat and Delhi-Mumbai highways also saw long queues as toll plaza operators refused the demonetised banknotes.[114] The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways subsequently announced a suspension of toll collections on all national highways across the country until 2 December as well as acceptance of demonetised ₹500 banknote as a toll from 2 to 15 December.[115]

Stock market

As a combined effect of demonetisation and US presidential election, the stock market indices dropped to an around six-month low in the week following the announcement. The day after the demonetisation announcement, BSE SENSEX crashed nearly 1,689 points and NIFTY 50 plunged by over 541 points.[16] By the end of the intraday trading section on 15 November 2016, the BSE SENSEX index was lower by 565 points and the NIFTY 50 index was below 8100 intraday.[116] There was a marginal effects on stock market during November–December 2016.[117] A data study (July 2016 - February 2017) of 54 companies across 13 sectors listed with the NSE showed that companies in cement, cotton and rubber sectors showed an increase in total trades while companies in automotive, clothing, foods, paper, real estate, retail, steel, sugar, tea and textiles sectors showed a decrease in total trades after demonetisation.[118] Demonetisation had a negative impact on stock market returns evidenced from NIFTY 50 and other NIFTY sectoral indices.[119]

Industrial output

There was a reduction in industrial output as industries were hit by the cash shortage.[120] The Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) fell to 46.7 in November 2016 from 54.5 in October 2016, recording its sharpest reduction in three years.[121] A reading above 50 indicates growth and a reading below shows contraction. This indicates a slowdown in both, manufacturing and services industries.[122] The PMI report also showed that the reduction in inflation in November 2016 was due to shortage in money supply.[121]

The growth in eight core sectors such as cement, steel and refinery products, which constitute 38% of the Index of industrial production (IIP), was only to 4.9 percent in November 2016 as compared with 6.6 percent a month ago.[122][123]

Agriculture

Transactions in the agriculture sector are heavily dependent on cash and were adversely affected by the demonetisation.[124] Due to scarcity of the new banknotes, many farmers have insufficient cash to purchase seeds, fertilisers and pesticides needed for the plantation of rabi crops usually sown around mid-November.[125] Farmers and their unions conducted protest rallies in Gujarat, Amritsar and Muzaffarnagar against the demonetisation as well as against restrictions imposed by the Reserve Bank of India on district cooperative central banks which were ordered not to accept or exchange the demonetised banknotes.[126][127][128][129]

The shortage of cash led to plunge in demand which in turn led to a crash in the prices of crops. Farmers were unable to recover even the costs of transportation from their fields to the market from the low prices offered.[130][131] Some farmers dumped their produce in protest against the government.[132][133] In June 2018, Reuters reported that all the farmers they had spoken to in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh said that demonetization had made things worse for them.[134]

Demonetisation resulted in the relative erosion of agricultural wages and weak bargaining power of farmers for their produce.[135]

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate - Quarterly (%)[136][137][138][139]
Real GDP growth rate - Year-on-Year (%)[140]
Real GDP growth rate[136][137][138][139] (base year 2011-12)
Financial Year Quarter Quarterly Yearly
2015-16 Q1 (April–June) 7% 8%[140]
Q2 (July–September) 7.4%
Q3 (October–December) 7.2%
Q4 (January–March) 9.1%
2016-17 Q1 (April–June) 7.9% 7.1%[140]
Q2 (July–September) 7.5%
Q3 (October–December) 7%
Q4 (January–March) 6.1%
2017-18 Q1 (April–June) 5.7% 6.5%
Q2 (July–September) 6.3%
Q3 (October–December) 7.2%
Q4 (January–March) 7.6%
2018-19 Q1 (April–June) 7.7%
Q2 (July–September) 8.2%
Q3 (October–December)
Q4 (January–March)


Global analysts cut their forecasts of India's real GDP growth rate for the financial year 2016-17 by 0.5 to 3% due to demonetisation.[141][142] India's GDP in 2016 is estimated to be US$2.25 trillion, hence, each 1 per cent reduction in growth rate represents a shortfall of US$22.5 billion (₹ 1.54 lakh crore) for the Indian economy.[143] According to Societe Generale, quarterly GDP growth rates would drop below 7% for an entire year at a stretch for the first time since June 2011.[144]

The Q4'16-17 rate was 6.1% as against a forecast of 7.1% by economists.[145] The rate for the financial year 2016-17 was 7.1%, a reduction from the 8% in 2015-16.[146] This drop was attributed to demonetisation by economists.[147]

The GDP growth rate for Q1'17-18 dropped to 5.7%, compared to 7.9% a year ago,[148] the lowest since March 2014. This drop was attributed to demonetisation as well as inventory drawdown by companies due to the forthcoming implementation of the Goods and Service Tax.[149][136] The GDP started to recover from Q2'17-18 and clocked 8.2% in Q2'18-19.[137][139][150]

Unemployment

Employed workforce[151][152]
Monthly unemployment rate[153]

There was a loss of jobs due to demonetisation, particularly in the unorganised and informal sector and in small enterprises.[154][155][156] Migrant workers were adversely affected by demonetisation.[157][158]

According to the report prepared by Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), the number of employed people was 401 million in January–April 2016, 403 million during May–August 2016, 406.5 million in September–December 2016. After demonetisation in November 2016, the number fell to 405 million in January–April 2017. So there was fall of 1.5 million in number of people employed.[152] CMIE also reported that the number of persons employed was 406.7 million in 2016-17 which fell by 0.1% to 406.2 million in 2017-18. So the employment had stagnated which resulted in employment rate decline. The employment rate fell from 42.59% in 2016-17 to 41.45% in 2016-17. The unemployment rate also declined from 7.51% in 2016-17 to 4.66% in 2017-18 because of the shrinking employed force. The number of employed force fell from 439.7 million in 2016-17 to 426.1 million in 2017-18. CMIE attributed the impact to demonetisation as well as implementation of Goods and Services Tax in July 2017.[151][153]

Cost to banks

Before demonetisation, the RBI had spent ₹3,421 crore to print banknotes in 2015-2016 (July to June). The cost of printing new banknotes escalated to ₹7,965 crore in 2016-17 and ₹4,912 crore in 2017-18.[13] This resulted in a decline in the dividend paid to the government from ₹65,876 crore in 2015-16 to ₹30,659 crore in 2016-17 and ₹50,000 crore in 2017-18.[13][159][160][159] It was estimated that this decrease in income for the government could cause the fiscal deficit for the financial year 2016-17 to increase from the targeted 3.2% to 3.4%.[161] To avoid increasing the fiscal deficit, the government would have to reduce spending on social schemes, or increase revenue through taxes or other means.[161] The Indian Air Force was paid ₹29.41 crore to move banknotes after demonetisation.[162]

The banks incurred the cost in collection, storage and movement of banknotes across the country as well as in re-calibrating the ATMs.[163]

Welfare schemes

Demonetisation negatively impacted the Midday Meal Scheme due to shortage of funds.[164][165][166][167]

Deaths

Several people were reported to have died from standing in queues for hours to exchange their demonetised banknotes.[168][169][170][171][172][173] Deaths were also attributed to lack of medical help due to refusal of demonetised banknotes by hospitals.[174][175][176] By the end of December 2016, political opposition leaders claimed that over 100 people had died due to demonetisation.[177][178][179] In March 2017, the government stated that they received no official report on deaths connected to demonetisation.[180]

A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) was filed in Madras High Court by M Seeni Ahamed, General Secretary of the Indian National League, to scrap the decision of demonetisation. The High Court dismissed the PIL stating that it could not interfere in monetary policies of the government.[181] Similar PILs were also filed in the Supreme Court of India.[182] In November 2017, the Supreme Court of India referred all cases related to demonetisation to constitutional bench to review the legality of the demonetisation, implementation irregularities and violation of people's rights by limits on cash withdrawals.[183]

The government had initially announced that any person who is unable to deposit the demonetised banknotes by 31 December 2016 would be given an opportunity to do so until a later date.[2] However, the government allowed only Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) to deposit demonetised banknotes after 31 December 2016.[184] As a result, many people were left stranded with demonetised banknotes. People petitioned the courts to allow deposit of the demonetised banknotes.[185] In November 2017 the Supreme Court dismissed 14 petitions related to demonetization, andasked petitioners to file pleas with a constitutional bench which would deal with cases related to demonetisation.[186]

Reactions

Reactions of economists

Most economists across the ideological spectrum, except some prominent ones, were broadly critical of the demonetisation as an economic policy.[187]

Indian-American economist Jagdish Bhagwati praised the demonetisation.[188] Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, severely criticised the demonetisation move calling it a "despotic action" among other things.[189][190][191] Former Senior Vice-President and Chief Economist of the World Bank, Kaushik Basu, called it a 'major mistake' and said that the 'damage' is likely to be much greater than any possible benefits.[192][193][194] Pronab Sen, former Chief Statistician and Planning Commission of India member, called it a "hollow move" since it did not really address any of the purported goals of tackling black money or fake currency.[195] Prabhat Patnaik, a former professor of economics at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi called the move 'witless' and 'anti-people'. He criticised the simple way in which black money was assumed as "a hoard of cash", saying that it would have little effect in eliminating "black activities" while "causing much hardship to common people."[196]

Economist and journalist, T. N. Ninan wrote in the Business Standard that demonetisation 'looks like a bad idea, badly executed on the basis of some half-baked notions'.[197] Steve Forbes described the move as 'Sickening And Immoral'.[198] He stated that "What India has done is commit a massive theft of people's property without even the pretense of due process--a shocking move for a democratically elected government."[198] Nobel laureate Paul Krugman said that it is difficult to see gains from demonetisation, while there may be significant costs to it.[199] Economic analyst Vivek Kaul stated in a BBC article that "demonetisation had been a failure of epic proportions."[15]

Reactions of industrialists

The decision met with mixed initial reactions. Several bankers like Arundhati Bhattacharya (Chairperson of State Bank of India) and Chanda Kochhar (MD & CEO of ICICI Bank) appreciated the move in the sense that it would help curb black money.[200] Businessmen Anand Mahindra (Mahindra Group), Sajjan Jindal (JSW Group), Kunal Bahl (Snapdeal and FreeCharge) also supported the move adding that it would also accelerate e-commerce.[200] Infosys founder N. R. Narayana Murthy praised the move.[201][202]

Deepak Parekh (Chairman of HDFC) had initially appreciated the decision of demonetisation, but later said that the move had derailed the economy, and expressed skepticism about its outcome.[203][204] Industrialist Rajiv Bajaj criticised the demonetisation, saying that not just the execution, but the concept of demonetisation was wrong in itself.[205]

Political reactions

The Indian National Congress spokesperson Randeep Surjewala welcomed the move but remained skeptical on the consequences that would follow.[206] Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar supported the move.[207][208][209] The demonetisation also got support from Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Nara Chandrababu Naidu.[210][211][212] Former Chief Election Commissioner of India S. Y. Quraishi said demonetisation could lead to long term electoral reforms.[213] Indian social activist Anna Hazare hailed demonetisation as a revolutionary step.[214][215][216] The former President of India Pranab Mukherjee welcomed the demonetisation move by calling it bold step.[217][218][219][220] Chief Ministers of several Indian states like Mamata Banerjee,[221] Arvind Kejriwal[222] and Pinarayi Vijayan[223] have criticised and led major protests against the decision in their states and in parliament. Initially, the move to demonetise and try to hinder black money was appreciated, but the manner in which it was carried out by causing hardships to common people was criticised.[224]

Several government ministers had declared before the demonetisation that they were holding large amounts of cash, including Arun Jaitley, who had more than 65 lakh rupees in cash. This led to questions being raised about whether and when the ministers had deposited the cash they held.[225][226]

A Parliamentary panel report in April 2017 stated that rural households and honest taxpayers were the worst hit by demonetisation.[227] It said that it was not just the poor that suffered, but the manufacturing sector was impacted too.[228] According to the panel, demonetisation created significant disruption throughout economy, because it was carried out without prior study or research.[229][230] A Indian National Congress led opposition which includes 13 political parties, opposed the government on the issue of demonetisation in the Winter Session of the Indian Parliament.[231][232][233][234]

On 16 November 2016, Mamta Banerjee led a delegation comprising political parties of Trinamool Congress, Aam Aadmi Party, BJP ally Shiv Sena and National Conference to Rashtrapati Bhawan to protest against the decision of demonetisation. A memorandum was submitted to the President of India Pranab Mukherjee demanding rollback of the decision.[235][11]

In the demonetisation debate on the first day of the winter session of Parliament at the Rajya Sabha, Pramod Tiwari from the Indian National Congress compared Narendra Modi to Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler and Muammar Gaddafi.[236] Prem Chand Gupta, a member of the Rashtriya Janata Dal, questioned a statement of Modi from the unscheduled TV broadcast on 8 November, "If it was planned 10 months ago, how did RBI Governor Urjit Patel sign on new note?". Praful Patel, a member of the Nationalist Congress Party, stated that "the government was not even prepared to recalibrate the ATMs while announcing the move. People's suffering are unimaginable. Nobody is questioning the government's intention, but you are unprepared to execute the move". Later, the former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Mayawati stated the situation to "a financial emergency", by saying "It looks as if Bharat has shut down." Also, Sitaram Yechury from Communist Party of India, questioned the government on the demonetisation move by stating "only 6% of black money in India is in cash to drive his point that demonetisation won't curb illicit wealth."[237]

On 17 November 2016, a rally against demonetisation, led by the Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal and his West Bengal counterpart Mamata Banerjee at Azadpur Mandi, the biggest vegetable and fruits wholesale market in New Delhi was organised.[238]

On 24 November 2016, the former prime minister Manmohan Singh said "this scheme will hurt small industries, the farming sector. The GDP can decline by about 3 per cent due to this move". He termed the demonetisation as an "organised loot, legalised plunder of the common people".[239][240]

Strikes were organised across India. Opposition parties like Indian National Congress, Bahujan Samaj Party, Trinamool Congress,[241] DMK, JD(U), AIADMK, Nationalist Congress Party, Left, Rashtriya Janata Dal and the Samajwadi Party[242] decided to observe 'Akrosh Diwas' as, a protest campaign day on 28 November [243][244] and launch protests in front of banks, demanding that money be returned to people.[245] In the state of Bihar, 15 trains were blocked and stranded, while the states of West Bengal, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh saw protest marches and rallies led by opposition parties.[246] In the state of Kerala, shops and business establishments were shut, with school and colleges closed throughout the state, while movements of private vehicles were also disrupted in Northern Kerala.[246]

International reactions

By and large, initial international response was positive which saw the move as a bold crackdown on corruption.[247][248][249] International Monetary Fund (IMF) issued a statement supporting Modi's efforts to fight corruption by the demonetisation policy.[247]

Chinese state media Global Times praised the move and termed it as "fierce fight against black money and corruption."[248] Former Prime Minister of Finland and Vice-President of European Commission Jyrki Katainen welcomed the demonetisation move stressing that bringing transparency will strengthen Indian economy.[250][251] BBC's South Asia Correspondent Justin Rowlatt in his article praised the move for its secrecy.[252] Tim Worstall termed the demonetisation as welcome macroeconomic effect in his article in Forbes magazine.[253] Swedish Minister of Enterprise Mikael Damberg supported the move by calling it bold decision.[249]

The demonetisation also came in for sharp criticism from media outside India,[254][255] with the New York Times saying that the demonetisation was "atrociously planned" and that it did not appear to have combatted black money,[256][257] while an article in The Guardian stated that "Modi has brought havoc to India".[254] The Harvard Business Review called it "a case study in poor policy and even poorer execution"[258] The frequent change in the narrative on objectives of the demonetisation to its visible impact on the poorest of the poor made other critiques calling government's narrative as spins in view of the "pointless suffering on India's poorest."[259]

Political impact

Akshay Mangala, an Assistant Professor at Harvard Business School, called the move "the politics of visible disruption". He noted that the people might attribute the implementation shortcomings to institutional weakness while the government could take credit for its attempt to curb the black money. He also noted that it may result in the public opinion in favour of the government which is led by the BJP if the opposition parties, led by INC, fail to form the countervailing narrative.[260] MIT associated academics Abhijit Banerjee and Namrata Kala also opined the same.[187]

The BJP and its allies formed the government in six out of seven state legislative assemblies which went to elections in 2017 including the most populous state Uttar Pradesh.[187][261][262][263] BJP improved its performance in Uttarakhand[261][263][264] and Himachal Pradesh.[265][266] In Manipur and Goa, INC secured the plurality while BJP came second and formed the government with help of allies.[263][267] In Gujarat, BJP worsened its performance but retained the majority.[268][265] The BJP and its allies lost to the INC in Punjab.[263]

See also

References

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