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Orders of magnitude (molar concentration)

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This page lists examples of the orders of magnitude of molar concentration. Source values are parenthesized where unit conversions were performed.

All orders

List of orders of magnitude for molar concentration
Factor (Molarity) SI prefix Value Item
10−24 yM 1.66 yM 1 elementary entity per litre[1]
8.5 yM airborne bacteria in the upper troposphere (5100/m3)[2]
10−23
10−22
10−21 zM 3.6 zM solar neutrinos on Earth (6.5×1010 /cm2⋅s)[3]
10−20 12 zM radon in ambient, outdoor air in the United States (0.4 pCi/L ≈ 7000/L)[4]
10−19 686 zM cosmic microwave background photons in outer space (413/cm3)[5]
10−18 aM
10−17
10−16
10−15 fM 2 fM bacteria in surface seawater (1×109/L)[6]
10−14 20 fM virions in surface layer North Atlantic seawater (10×109/L)[7]
50–100 fM gold in seawater[8]
10−13
10−12 pM 7.51–9.80 pM normal range for erythrocytes in blood in an adult male ((4.52–5.90)×1012/L)[9][10]
10−11 10–100 pM gold in undersea hydrothermal fluids[8]
10−10 170 pM upper bound for healthy insulin when fasting[11]
10−9 nM 5 nM inhaled osmium tetroxide is immediately dangerous to life or health (1 mg Os/m3)[12]
10−8
10−7 101 nM hydronium and hydroxide ions in pure water at 25 °C (pKW = 13.99)[13]
10−6 µM
10−5
10−4 180–480 µM normal range for uric acid in blood[9]
570 µM inhaled carbon monoxide induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breathes and death in < 3 min (12800 ppm)[14]
10−3 mM 0.32–32 mM normal range of hydronium ions in stomach acid (pH 1.5–3.5)[15]
5.5 mM upper bound for healthy blood glucose when fasting[16]
7.8 mM upper bound for healthy blood glucose 2 hours after eating[16]
10−2 cM 20 mM neutrinos during a supernova, 1 AU from the core (1058 over 10 s)[17]
44.6 mM pure ideal gas at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa[18]
10−1 dM 140 mM sodium ions in blood plasma[9]
480 mM sodium ions in seawater[19]
100 M
101 daM 40 M pure solid hydrogen (86 g/L)[20]
55.5 M pure water at 3.984 °C, its maximum atmospheric value (0.9999720 g/cm3)[21]
102 hM 118.8 M pure osmium at 20 °C (22.587 g/cm3)[22]
103 kM
104 24 kM helium in the solar core (150 g/cm3 ⋅ 65%)[23]
105
106 MM
107
108 122.2 MM nuclei in a white dwarf from a 3 M☉ progenitor star (106.349 g/cm3)[24]
109 GM
1012 TM
1015 PM
1017 228 PM nucleons in atomic nuclei (2.3×1017 kg/m3 = 1.37×1044/m3)[25]
1077 3.9×1077 M the Planck concentration (2.4×10104/m3), inverse of the Planck volume

SI multiples

SI multiples of molar (M)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 M dM decimolar 101 M daM decamolar
10−2 M cM centimolar 102 M hM hectomolar
10−3 M mM millimolar 103 M kM kilomolar
10−6 M μM micromolar 106 M MM megamolar
10−9 M nM nanomolar 109 M GM gigamolar
10−12 M pM picomolar 1012 M TM teramolar
10−15 M fM femtomolar 1015 M PM petamolar
10−18 M aM attomolar 1018 M EM examolar
10−21 M zM zeptomolar 1021 M ZM zettamolar
10−24 M yM yoctomolar 1024 M YM yottamolar
10−27 M rM rontomolar 1027 M RM ronnamolar
10−30 M qM quectomolar 1030 M QM quettamolar

See also

References

  1. ^ 1/L ÷ NA ≈ 1.66 yM
  2. ^ DeLeon-Rodriguez, Natasha; Lathem, Terry L.; Rodriguez-R, Luis M.; Barazesh, James M.; Anderson, Bruce E.; Beyersdorf, Andreas J.; Ziemba, Luke D.; Bergin, Michael; Nenes, Athanasios; Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T. (12 February 2013). "Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (7): 2575–2580. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212089110. ISSN 0027-8424. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  3. ^ Bahcall, John N.; Serenelli, Aldo M.; Basu, Sarbani (1 March 2005). "New Solar Opacities, Abundances, Helioseismology, and Neutrino Fluxes". The Astrophysical Journal. 621 (1): L85 – L88. doi:10.1086/428929. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  4. ^ "Radon Toxicity Case Study: What are the Standards and Regulations for Environmental Radon Levels? | ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education - CSEM". www.atsdr.cdc.gov. CDC. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  5. ^ Smoot, George F. (13 May 1997). "The Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum". arXiv:astro-ph/9705101. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  6. ^ Gamfeldt, Lars; Lefcheck, Jonathan S.; Byrnes, Jarrett E. K.; Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Griffin, John N. (March 2015). "Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next?". Oikos. 124 (3): 252–265. doi:10.1111/oik.01549.
  7. ^ Bergh, Øivind; Børsheim, Knut Yngve; Bratbak, Gunnar; Heldal, Mikal (August 1989). "High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments". Nature. 340 (6233): 467–468. doi:10.1038/340467a0. ISSN 0028-0836. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  8. ^ a b "Gold in seawater". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 98 (2): 208–221. 1 May 1990. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B. ISSN 0012-821X. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  9. ^ a b c Reference ranges for blood tests
  10. ^ "Erythrocyte Count (RBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". Medscape. 7 January 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  11. ^ "Insulin: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". Medscape. WebMD. 22 April 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  12. ^ "CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Osmium tetroxide (as Os) - NIOSH Publications and Products". www.cdc.gov. CDC. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  13. ^ Bandura, Andrei V.; Lvov, Serguei N. (2006). "The Ionization Constant of Water over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Density" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 35 (1): 15–30. Bibcode:2006JPCRD..35...15B. doi:10.1063/1.1928231.
  14. ^ Goldstein, Mark (December 2008). "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 34 (6): 538–542. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014. PMID 19022078.
  15. ^ Marieb EN, Hoehn K (2010). Human anatomy & physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-9591-1.
  16. ^ a b "Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org.
  17. ^ "nature physics portal - looking back - Neutrinos and neutrino mass from a supernova". www.nature.com. Nature Publishing Group 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  18. ^ Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm3/mol
  19. ^ 0.469 mol/kg at an average density of 1.025 kg/L
  20. ^ Dewar, James (1899). "Sur la solidification de l'hydrogène". Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 18: 145–150.
  21. ^ Franks, Felix, ed. (1974). The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water (2 ed.). New York: Plenum Press. p. 376. ISBN 9781468483345.
  22. ^ Arblaster, J. W. (1995). "Osmium, the Densest Metal Known". Platinum Metals Review. 39 (4): 164.
  23. ^ "Helio- and Asteroseismology". solar-center.stanford.edu. Stanford SOLAR Center. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  24. ^ Fields, C. E.; Farmer, R.; Petermann, I.; Iliadis, C.; Timmes, F. X. (20 May 2016). "Properties of Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs From Monte Carlo Stellar Models". The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (1): 46. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/46. Retrieved 30 November 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  25. ^ "The Atomic Nucleus". www.cyberphysics.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
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