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2014 Bangladeshi general election

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Bangladeshi general election, 2014
← 2008 5 January 2014 2018 →
All 300 seats in the Jatiya Sangsad
151 seats are needed for a majority
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Sheikh Hasina Rowshan Ershad Khaleda Zia
Party AL Jatiya Party BNP
Leader since 1981 2013 1984
Leader's seat Gopalganj-3 Mymensingh-4 did not contest
Last election 230 seats 27 seats 30 seats
Seats won 234 seats 34 seats boycotted
Seat change Increase 4 Increase 7 Decrease30
Popular vote 36,173,883 5,167,698
Percentage 79.14% 11.31% 0%
Prime Minister before election

Sheikh Hasina
AL

Subsequent Prime Minister

Sheikh Hasina
AL

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General elections were held in Bangladesh on 5 January 2014, in accordance with the constitutional requirement that the election must take place within the 90-day period before the expiration of the term of the Jatiya Sangshad on 24 January 2014. The elections were controversial, with almost all major opposition parties boycotting and 153 of the total 300 seats being uncontested. Around 21 people were killed on election day.[1]

The elections were preceded by government crackdown on the opposition and BNP and Opposition leader Khaleda Zia was put under house arrest.[2] There were also widespread arrests of opposition members, violence and strikes by the opposition, attacks on religious minorities, and extrajudicial killings by the government.[3]

The elections were criticized by the United States, United Kingdom, European Union and the United Nations.[4]

Background

Throughout most of 2013, Bangladesh Nationalist Party and its alliance of 18 opposition parties led by three-time former Prime Minister and Opposition Leader Khaleda Zia called more than 85 days of nationwide general strikes and blockades that brought the entire country to a grinding halt. The opposition demanded that the ruling Awami League party led by the current Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina amend the constitution, dissolve the parliament after their full five-year term ended on 24 January 2014, and then hand over power to a non-partisan interim government or a caretaker government that would be run by technocrats for 90 days. The job of a Caretaker Government of Bangladesh would then be to work in tandem with the Bangladesh Election Commission by helping them to organise, arrange, and oversee the general election held on 5 January and transfer power to a newly elected government. As most of the demands were not met within the stipulated time frame, all opposition parties boycotted the polls.[5] Hasina had offered an all party interim election cabinet government which would include opposition parties till the election but this was rejected by Zia.[6][7]

Date

Since the ninth parliament's mandate expires on 24 January 2014, according to the constitution of Bangladesh's Article 123(2)(a) requires a general election to be held between the dates of 26 October 2013 and 24 January 2014 or rather within 90 days before the expiration of the Parliament.[8] On 25 November 2013, the Bangladesh Election Commission announced that the 10th general election would be held on 5 January 2014.[9][10]

Boycott

Following months of protests, strikes and blockades, the 18-party opposition alliance led by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party formally announced a boycott of the election citing unfair conditions for the election.[11] On 3 December 2013, Jatiya Party, led by former president Hussain Mohammad Ershad, also announced its intention to boycott the election. European Union representatives met BNP leader Khaleda Zia and asked her not to boycott the election and to stop the strikes and shutdowns and instead resort to dialogue with the government.[12][13] In a video message, Tarique Rahman, the senior vice-chairman of the BNP called for a boycott of the election saying that "the time has come for all of us to prevent and boycott the 5 January polls. Not for personal interest but for the sake of the country's existence".[14] The opposition had also called for the government to resign so an interim non-partisan administration could lead the country through the election period.[15]

Protests and violence

See also: 2013–2014 Satkhira clashes

On the night of 4 December 2013, Jatiya Party leader H. M. Ershad threatened to kill himself after security forces besieged his home following his decision to boycott the election.[16] On 13 December, he was confined to a military hospital following his arrest from his Baridhara residence by security forces. According to the RAB commander, Ershad had been taken there at his own request.[17] Zia was also put under house arrest since 29 December at her Gulshan residence.[18] The Bangladesh Army was deployed throughout the country on 26 December on the request of the election commission to maintain law and order. The army would stay on the streets until 9 January 2014.[19]

On 13 December, Jamaat-e-Islami's Abdul Quader Mollah became the first person to be executed for war crimes relation to the Bangladesh Independence War resulting in violent protests by the Islamist opposition. Two ruling party activists were hacked to death in Kalaroa, while the Jamaat-e-Islami's activists firebombed train stations and blockaded roads. Another person died in clashes between police and Jamaat-e-Islami supporters in Noakhali, while a driver was killed after the party's activists chased him down. The opposition alliance called for a general strike on Sunday 15 December.[20]

On 29 December 2013 the BNP called for a "March for Democracy" towards Dhaka, in defiance of a police ban, to protest against the election. Zia said: "The government is autocratic and illegal. It should step down immediately".[21] One person was killed by the police in the centre of Dhaka, while a guard was killed in a blast at a train station.[21] Some supporters of the ruling Awami League also clashed with opposition activists outside the Bangladesh Supreme Court.[21][22][23] The BNP accused the police of barring Zia's car from leaving in order for her to lead the march.[23] Thousands of security forces, mainly police, were present to prevent the opposition activists from rallying.[24] Outside of the Supreme Court, police threw hot and coloured water from water cannons to disperse the protesters.[22] Sheikh Hasina, while agreeing with the right of the opposition to protest, said: "You can wage anti-government agitation. But make sure people are not killed by your movement."[25][26] A train was derailed by opposition activists in Gaibandha leading to three deaths.[27][28]

On 30 December, the 18-party opposition alliance announced a non-stop blockade of roads, railways and waterways across the country from 1 January 2014 in order to resist the scheduled election. The decision came after they were barred from holding national demonstrations the previous day. The protest was termed the "March for Democracy."[29] A general strike was called for 4, 5 and 6 January by the opposition parties.

On 3 and 4 January, opposition activists attacked potential polling centres across Bangladesh. They set fire to over 100 centres in Lakshmipur, Rajshahi, Pirojpur, Sylhet, Jhenaidah, Natore, Sirajganj and Brahmanbaria.[30][31]

Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban (2014)

At least 18 people died in election day violence after security forces fired on protesters and opposition activists torched over 100 voting centres.[15] In total 21 people died on the day and about 400 voting centers were disrupted.[1] BNP and Jamaat-e-Islami activists also attacked their Awami League counterparts and Hindus in eight villages under Thakurgaon Sadar Upazila leaving 15 people injured and their houses and shops vandalised and looted. Further, a Hindu temple along with idols inside it were also attacked. The attacks spread through eight villages including Jhakua, Jhardanga, Baniyapara and Mondoppara. Hundreds of Hindus from these villages had fled fearing further attacks. On 7 January, two Hindus temples, Radha Gobind Mandir and Kali Mandir, were burnt by people suspected to be BNP party members.[32][33][34] Fearing rape threats, female members of Hindu families were sent away to their relatives' homes by their families in Abhaynagar of Jessore, Dinajpur, and Thakurgaon.[35] Attacks also occurred in Dinajpur, Rangpur, Bogra, Lalmonirhat, Rajshahi, Chittagong and Jessore.[36]

Crackdown on the opposition

Before the election there were reports of opposition leaders and members being killed and arbitrarily arrested by the police. According to Human Rights Watch and US Department of State, Bangladesh police arrested "thousands" of opposition members.[3]

The government also interfered with opposition parties' organization of political events.[37] In December 2013, police prevented opposition from holding pre-election rallies, citing security reasons. The police also prevented BNP supports from organizing outside the party headquarters.[38]

Often opposition leaders were detained shortly after they announced strikes to protest the elections.[3] In one case, authorities arrested 203 opposition and leaders and activists on December 26, immediately after the opposition announced it would be holding a "March for Democracy" on December 29. By December 28, one day before the rally, the police had arrested more than thousand BNP and Jamaat members.[3] Many of these were released in the evening or after the election.[3] In another case, BNP vice president Hafizuddin Ahmed was arrested immediately after he urged "non-stop demonstrations" until the elections. The police charged him with firebombing a bus in 2013. After the election, he was released.[3]

Khaleda Zia was prevented from leaving her home to attend a rally on December 26,[3] and kept under house arrest until the election.[2] The government denied Zia was under house arrest. Zia's advisor Shamsher Mobin Chowdhury and Enam Ahmed Chowdhury were arrested on December 29.[3]

Media shutdown

Prior to the election, the government restricted opposition broadcasting.[37] In 2013, ruling Awami League shut down TV stations and detained a prominent newspaper editor. The government said the measure was necessary to curb violence, but opposition saw this as politically motivated.[39]

Monitors

As a result of the boycott, the election commission suggested that the Awami League had already secured victory in 127 of the 153 uncontested seats. Similarly, Rowshan Ershad's (wife of H. M. Ershad) Jatiya Party had already won 21 uncontested seats, Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal won three seats, the Workers Party won two seats and the Jatiya Party (Manju) won one seat.[40] The E.U., the U.S. and the Commonwealth announced that they would not send observers since they were concerned about the credibility of the election due to the boycott.[41][42][43]

Opinion polls

The ruling Awami League suffered electoral losses when, according to The Economist, the opposition BNP "thrashed the League in mayoral elections in June and July, notably in Gazipur in the industrial belt, hitherto one of the League’s safest constituencies"[44] and polling data showed a plunge in the government’s popularity.[45] Similarly, just prior to the election, an opinion poll indicated the incumbent Awami League would lose to the BNP in a direct contest.[46]

In the weeks following the election, a poll was conducted by Democracy International (DI), a US-based organization. They reported that the Awami League did have slightly more support than BNP, but acknowledged that the study's margin of error meant that the results were a "statistical dead heat".[47]

Results

The incumbent Bangladesh Awami League won the election with a safe majority, winning 234 seats. The election was controversial however as the opposition alliance boycotted the election.

As a result of the boycott, 153 of the 300 seats were uncontested,[48] of which Awami League won 127 by default, the Jatiya Party (Ershad) led by Rowshan Ershad won 20, the JSD won three, the Workers Party won two and the Jatiya Party (Manju) won one.[49]

Results of 139 seats, out of remaining 147 seats (which were contested), were released, with the Awami League winning 105, the Jatiya Party (Ershad) winning 13, the Workers Party winning four, the JSD winning two and the Tarikat Federation and BNF winning one each.[49] The remaining 8 constituencies election were suspended due to violence and re-election to be held.[49] The newly elected MPs were sworn in on 9 January.[50]

As a result of the boycott and violence voter turnout was lower than the previous few elections at only 51%, and as low as 22% in the capital, Dhaka.[42][51]

Party Votes % Seats ±
style="background-color:Template:Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color"| Awami League 36,173,883 79.14 234 +1
style="background-color:Template:Jatiya Party (Ershad)/meta/color"| Jatiya Party (Ershad) 5,167,698 11.31 34 +10
Workers Party 939,581 2.06 6 +4
Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal 798,644 1.75 5 +2
Jatiya Party (Manju) 0.3 2 +2
Bangladesh Tarikat Federation 0.3 2 +2
Bangladesh Nationalist Front 0.3 1 +1
style="background-color:Template:Independent (politics)/meta/color"| Independents 4.7 15 +13
Repoll ordered – – 1 –
Invalid/blank votes 1,551,585 – – –
Total 47,262,168 100 300 0
Registered voters/turnout 92,007,113 51.37 – –
Sources: Parliament of Bangladesh, IFES

Reactions

The day after the result, Hasina said that the boycott should "not mean there will be a question of legitimacy. People participated in the poll and other parties participated." However, she also said she offered Zia a role in a new government. "Look, I tried my best, I told you, I offered ministry, I offered to share power with our opposition. I have done as much as I can do but they didn't respond. Now if they realise that they made a mistake in not participating in the election, perhaps then they may come forward to discuss with us or make an offer. If they come forward to discuss with us, they have to leave all these terrorist activities behind because what they are doing it is absolutely killing people, killing police, killing innocent people."[46] Information Minister Hasanul Haq Inu added that the turnout did not matter: "What is important is that the people defied violence."[1] BNP Vice President Shamsher Chowdhury said that the low turnout indicated a desire for a new election. "This government must declare this election null and void and we need a new election organised by a non-party government. The government should not waste any more time."

International

  •  United Nations: UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon lamented that the election was neither peaceful nor inclusive.[4] He criticised both the BNP and the Awami League saying they should "resume meaningful dialogue and to urgently address the expectations of the people of Bangladesh for an inclusive political process."[46]
  •  United States: The United States said the election "did not appear to credibly express the will of the Bangladeshi people".
  •  United Kingdom: The United Kingdom expressed "disappointment" at the low voter turnout and criticized acts of violence and political harassment that had taken place.[52]

Media

Dhaka's The Daily Star featured an editorial that called the election in the country's history and that the Awami League won "a predictable and hollow victory, which gives it neither a mandate nor an ethical standing to govern effectively." In similarly criticising the opposition, the editorial mentioned that "political parties have the right to boycott elections. They also have the right to motivate people to side with their position. But what is unacceptable is using violence and intimidation to thwart an election."[15]

Aftermath

In the aftermath of the election, violence continued and the government continued the crackdown on the opposition. Police carried out raids and arrested opposition leaders. Other opposition leaders and members went into hiding, citing harassment by authorities.[53] By January 21, the government had arrested 7,015 activists and leaders of opposition, and placed a bounty of 100,000 taka ($1,300) on the heads of other protest leaders.[54] Many of the protesters had destroyed vehicles and blockaded roads, and 29 people had died in the unrest.[54]

This led to the 2015 Bangladeshi political crisis.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Bangladesh ruling party sweeps violent vote". Al Jazeera English.
  2. ^ a b "Bangladesh's former prime minister Khaleda Zia 'under house arrest'".
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Democracy in the Crossfire". April 29, 2014.
  4. ^ a b "Violent Bangladesh poll 'not credible'".
  5. ^ "Bangladesh paralysed by opposition strike". Al Jazeera English. 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
  6. ^ "Bangladesh PM Hasina proposes all-party election cabinet". BBC News. 2013-10-18. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
  7. ^ "PM calls on BNP to name reps to poll-time cabinet". New Age. Dhaka. 2013-10-19. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
  8. ^ Hafez Ahmed. "Polls between Oct 26, 2013 and Jan 24, 2014". Daily Sun. Dhaka. Archived from the original on 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2013-05-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "Bangladesh to hold parliamentary elections in January". BBC News. 2013-11-25. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
  10. ^ "National election Jan 5". The Independent. Dhaka. 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
  11. ^ "Bangladesh opposition to boycott elections". Al Jazeera English.
  12. ^ "EU envoys urge BNP not to boycott polls". The Independent. Dhaka. 2013-12-25. Archived from the original on 2013-12-27. Retrieved 2013-12-25. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "EU tells Khaleda to not boycott polls". Bangladesh Chronicle. 2013-11-07. Archived from the original on 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
  14. ^ "Tarique calls for poll boycott". bdnews24.com. 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  15. ^ a b c "Bangladesh: Ruling Awami League wins election marred by boycott and violence". The Independent. London.
  16. ^ "Ershad threatens suicide". Gulf Times.
  17. ^ "Ershad led away from home". Gulf Times.
  18. ^ "Bangladesh's former prime minister Khaleda Zia 'under house arrest'". The Telegraph. London.
  19. ^ "Bangladesh: Army deployed ahead of controversial January 5 polls". ibnlive.
  20. ^ "Bangladesh execution sparks violent protests". Al Jazeera English.
  21. ^ a b c "Bangladesh activists clash with police at polls protest". BBC News.
  22. ^ a b "Awami League cadres attack on Bangladesh Supreme Court with police back up; creates unprecedented mayhem". CNN iReport.
  23. ^ a b "Protester killed during clashes in Bangladesh". Al Jazeera English.
  24. ^ "Police Deploy in Bangladesh for Opposition Rally". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Stop killing people: Bangladesh PM Hasina to Khaleda Zia". Business Standard. New Delhi. 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
  26. ^ "Stop killing people: Sheikh Hasina tells Khaleda Zia". Jagran Post. 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
  27. ^ "Bangladesh opposition accused of fatal train derailment". BBC News. 2013-12-04. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
  28. ^ "Bangladesh train derailed in protest". The Peninsula Qatar. 2013-11-28. Archived from the original on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2013-12-30. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "Indefinite blockade in Bangladesh from Jan 1". Business Standard. New Delhi.
  30. ^ "More polling centres set on fire". bdnews24.com. 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  31. ^ "Bangladesh hit by general strike on poll eve". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  32. ^ "2 temples torched in Bagerhat". The Daily Star. 2014-01-09.
  33. ^ "Attacks on minorities trigger protest, immediate trial of perpetrators demanded". Dhaka Tribune. 2014-01-11.
  34. ^ "32 BNP, Jamaat men arrested". Dhaka Herald. 2011-01-11.
  35. ^ "Hindus send females away: Males stay back at houses damaged by BNP-Jamaat in 4 districts". The Daily Star.
  36. ^ "Hundreds of Hindus attacked in post-poll violence in Bangladesh take shelter in temples". India Today.
  37. ^ a b "Bangladesh: 2014 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices". US Department of State.
  38. ^ "Political Clashes Grow in Bangladesh's Capital".
  39. ^ "Bangladesh media suffers crackdown".
  40. ^ "Single candidate in 154 seats". The Guardian.
  41. ^ "Election monitors to boycott Bangladesh polls". Al Jazeera English.
  42. ^ a b Barry, Ellen (5 January 2014). "Low Turnout in Bangladesh Elections Amid Boycott and Violence". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  43. ^ Alam, Julhas (2014-01-05). "Violence, low turnout mar elections in Bangladesh". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  44. ^ "Bangladesh's volatile politics: The battling begums". The Economist. 2013-08-10. Archived from the original on 2013-08-11. {{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ "Justice and vengeance in Bangladesh: Swing votes". The Economist. 2013-09-21. Archived from the original on 2013-09-19. {{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ a b c "Bangladesh PM open for talks if unrest ends". Al Jazeera English.
  47. ^ "Awami League will win if elections are held today: poll". Business Standard. New Delhi. 2014-02-04. Retrieved 2014-02-04. The study, conducted by US-based Democracy International a week after the BNP-boycotted the January 5 polls, found that if the elections were fully participatory, 42.7 per cent people would have voted for the Awami League, while 35.1 per cent would have preferred the BNP.
  48. ^ Last elections IPU
  49. ^ a b c "Repolls ordered in 8 constituencies". bdnews24.com. 14 September 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  50. ^ "Newly elected Bangladesh MPs sworn in". Al Jazeera English.
  51. ^ Barry, Ellen (6 January 2014). "Bangladesh ruling party wins after boycotted vote". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  52. ^ Baroness Warsi comments on Bangladesh election results
  53. ^ "Bangladesh opposition members go into hiding following violent national election".
  54. ^ a b "Bangladesh arrests 7,000 opposition activists".
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