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Ruhollah Khomeini's life in exile

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Khomeini, leader of Iranian revolution

Ruhollah Khomeini was the leader of the Iranian revolution from 1964 to 1989. He spent time in exile in Turkey, Iraq and France. Khomeini returned to Iran on 3 June 1989 and led the organized Iranian revolution to victory.

Background

Ruhollah Mousavi was born on September 24, 1902 in Khomeyn, Iran. When he was six months old, his father was killed by a local landlord, at the time of Reza Shah[1][clarification needed] Khomeini's maternal grandfather, Mirza Ahmad Mojtahed-e Khonsari was the cleric issuing a fatwa to forbid usage of Tobacco during the Tobacco Protest.[2][3] Khomeini was the leader of the Iranian revolution in 1979 which resulted in the overthrow of the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran.

In 1920, Khomeini began his education in the seminary in Arak. After one year, following the transfer of his tutor, Ayatollah Haeri Yazdi to the Islamic seminary in Qom, he went to Dar al-Shafa school in Qom.[4][5]

Political activity

In Iran, Shia clergy or Ulama hold a special place in society.[6] In 1961 following the death of Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, Khomeini became Shi'ah religious leader and marja.[7]

Khomeini with people

His first public opposition to the Shah was against the White Revolution in 1963. In January 1963, the Shah announced the "White Revolution", a six-point program of reform calling for land reform, nationalization of the forests, the sale of state-owned enterprises to private interests, electoral changes to enfranchise women and allow non-Muslims to hold office, profit-sharing in industry, and a literacy campaign in the nation's schools. On the other hand, he and many religious leaders considered the revolution had trends of Westernizing the country and would in their mind threaten the traditional Islamic lifestyle of the common folk.[8]

On the day of the martyrdom of Imam Jafar al-Sadiq, the Shah's guards attacked the students and the people.[9] On the afternoon of Ashura (3 June 1963), Khomeini presented a lecture at the Feyziyeh Madrasa[10] and he inculpated the Shah as a "wretched miserable man" and he advised the Shah to change his ways, otherwise the day will come that people will be happy to see him leave, drawing parallels to the caliph Yazid, who is perceived as a 'tyrant' by Shias.[11][12]

On 5 June 1963 at 3 am, two days after, Khomeini was detained and transferred to Tehran. When this news was broadcast, large protest demonstrations were held in Qom, Tehran, Mashhad, Varamin, Kashan and other cities. The Shah's guards killed and injured several people. That event is now referred to as the Movement of 15 Khordad.[13] On 3 August, the Shah released Khomeini from jail and placed him under house arrest.[14]

On 26 October 1964, Khomeini's second opposition was about capitulation. He condemned the Shah because of the diplomatic immunity he granted to American citizens, civilian or military personnel in Iran.[7] On 4 November 1964 Khomeini was arrested by SAVAK. He was then taken to Mehrabad international airport in Tehran and sent to Turkey.[15]

Life in exile

Khomeini in exile at Bursa, Turkey without clerical dress

On 4 November 1964, he was secretly taken to AnkaraTurkey, . On 5 September 1965 he went to Najaf, Iraq and remained there until Saddam Hussein deported him. Finally, on 6 October 1978, he went to Paris.[16]

Turkey

A week after he entered Turkey, he was sent to Bursa and he stayed there for 11 months. He was hosted by a colonel in the Turkish Military intelligence named Ali Cetiner in his own residence.[17] There, according to Turkish law, he did not have the right to wear clerical dress. Khomeini was not allowed to meet with people. On 3 December 1964, his son, Mostafa, joined him.[18] Khomeini studied and wrote a book entitled Tahrir al-Wasilah in Bursa.[19] On September 5, 1965, Khomeini left turkey and went to Najaf in Iraq.[20]

Iraq

File:Rouhollah Khomeini in exile, Najaf, Pilgrimage the shrine of Imam Ali (3).jpg
Rouhollah Khomeini in exile, Najaf, Pilgrimage the shrine of Imam Ali

On 8 September 1965, Khomeini entered Iraq.[20] He was destined to spend thirteen years. The seminary of Najaf was one of the most prestigious seminaries in the world and there were great scholars there who had a great deal of power among the people. Iraq did not have good political relations with the Shah.[21] The reasons for Khomeini's exile to Najaf by the Shah's regime:[18]

  1. The regime hoped to diminish the role of Khomeini despite the reputable Ulama such as Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei in Najaf.
  2. Because of intense pressure and popular protests.
  3. Scholars and Khomeini's followers began to communicate with him in Bursa.
  4. A Savak thought that his apparent affects the Turk.[22]

Khomeini and Mostafa entered Iraq. He went to Kadhimiya and stayed in the company of Mohammad al-Husayni al-Shirazi for two days before going to Karbala. From there he went to the city of Najaf.[23]

After a while, his wife and second son Ahmad joined them in Najaf.[23] Khomeini began teaching Fiqh in the Sheikh Morteza Ansari Madrassah which captivated students mainly from Iran, Iraq, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Persian Gulf states.[24] On April 1967, Khomeini wrote the two letters, once to Ulama in order to in order to persuade them for trying to overthrow the Shah's regime and another to Amir-Abbas Hoveyda for Condemning him to create a thievery and terror regime. Also, Khomeini forbade to deal with Israel.[25] After about 4 years, between 21 January and 8 February (1970), he gave lectures about Vilayat-e Faqih ya Hukumat-i Islami. The theory in Shia Islam which holds that Islam gives a faqīh (Islamic jurist) custodianship over people.[26]

This was his most famous and influential work, and laid out his ideas on governance (at that time):

  • That the laws of society should be made up only of the laws of God (Sharia), which cover "all human affairs" and "provide instruction and establish norms" for every "topic" in "human life."[26]
  • Since Shariah, or Islamic law, is the proper law, those holding government posts should have knowledge of Sharia. Since Islamic jurists or faqih have studied and are the most knowledgeable in Sharia, the country's ruler should be a faqih who "surpasses all others in knowledge" of Islamic law and justice,[27] (known as a marja'), as well as having intelligence and administrative ability. Rule by monarchs and/or assemblies of "those claiming to be representatives of the majority of the people" (i.e. elected parliaments and legislatures) has been proclaimed "wrong" by Islam.[28]
  • This system of clerical rule is necessary to prevent injustice, corruption, oppression by the powerful over the poor and weak, innovation and deviation of Islam and Sharia law; and also to destroy anti-Islamic influence and conspiracies by non-Muslim foreign powers.[29] The theory in Shia Islam which holds that Islam gives a faqīh (Islamic jurist) custodianship over people.

To formed an Islamic government, Two things were needed:[30]

  1. Overthrow of the shah
  2. Establishment to theocracy

Khomeini mooted this theory in his book, Kashf al-Asrar for the first time.[24] Up 1971 to 1975, Khomeini commented to hold celebration 2500 years, while Poverty was expanding in Iran and was changed the Iranian calendar from Hijri to Imperial( Shahanshahi ).[25] On November 1977, Shah's overthrow began with the thuggery of Khomeini's son, Mostafa, by Shah's agents(Savak).[25][24]

File:Ruhollah Khomeini in Neauphle-le-Château (37).jpg
Imam Khomeini, in Neauphle-le-Château, Paris, France

France

On September 24, 1978, according to a meeting held in New York between Iraqi and Iranian foreign minister, Khomeini for political activities reject in Iraq. On October 11, 1978, after Khomeini was moved to Neauphle-le-Château outside Paris, France. From the advantages this decision was to keep faraway clerics and Ulama.[31] Citiation in Frances such as some communication facilities and political atmosphere make more efficient relation with people in Iran. In France, because of journalists and the press, Khomeini's speeches were published rapidly in global media.[24] khomeini wanted to people that continued protests against the government.[32] On 17 January 1979, Shah went to the US and never to return. On Thursday, 1 February 1979, return to Iran.[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ruhollah Khomeini". britannica. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  2. ^ writer, staff. "Imam Khomeini's Biography".
  3. ^ Moin, Baqer. Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah. I.B.Tauris; Reprint edition (July 15, 2009). ISBN 978-1-84511-790-0.
  4. ^ Moin, Baqer. Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah. I.B.Tauris; Reprint edition (July 15, 2009). p. 28. ISBN 978-1-84511-790-0.
  5. ^ Milani, Mohsen M. The Making Of Iran's Islamic Revolution: From Monarchy To Islamic Republic, Second Edition. Westview Press; 2 edition (November 21, 1994). p. 85. ISBN 978-0-8133-8476-4.
  6. ^ Moin, Baqer. Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah. I.B.Tauris; Reprint edition (July 15, 2009). p. 31. ISBN 978-1-84511-790-0.
  7. ^ a b Fadaee, Simin. Social Movements in Iran: Environmentalism and Civil Society (Iranian Studies). Routledge; 1 edition (March 29, 2012). p. 55. ISBN 978-0-415-69357-8.
  8. ^ [1] Archived 24 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Koya, Abdar Rahman. Imam Khomeini: Life, Thought and Legacy. Islamic Book Trust (June 1, 2010). p. 32. ISBN 978-9675062254.
  10. ^ Sharifi Isaloo, Amin. Power, Legitimacy and the Public Sphere: The Iranian Taziyeh Theatre Ritual. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-367-08541-4.
  11. ^ "Moin, Khomeini". 2000. p. 104.
  12. ^ "Nineteen Years on Departure of Islamic Republic Founder".
  13. ^ Hiro, Dilip. Iran Under the Ayatollahs (Routledge Revivals). Routledge; 1 edition (February 16, 2013). p. 47. ISBN 978-0-415-66969-6.
  14. ^ Hiro, Dilip. Iran Under the Ayatollahs (Routledge Revivals). Routledge; 1 edition (February 16, 2013). p. 48. ISBN 978-0-415-66969-6.
  15. ^ Hiro, Dilip. Iran Under the Ayatollahs (Routledge Revivals). Routledge; 1 edition (February 16, 2013). p. 49. ISBN 978-0-415-66969-6.
  16. ^ Mutalib, Hussin. Islam, Muslims and the Modern State: Case-Studies of Muslims in Thirteen Countries. Palgrave Macmillan (June 18, 1996). ISBN 978-0-333-66969-3.
  17. ^ Sciolino, Elaine (27 August 2000). "nyt.com The People's Shah". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  18. ^ a b Algar, Dr. Hamid. "Imam Khomeini: A Short Biography". The Institute for the Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini.
  19. ^ Moin, Baqer. Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah. I.B.Tauris; Reprint edition (July 15, 2009). pp. 135–137. ISBN 978-1-84511-790-0.
  20. ^ a b Koya, Abdar Rahman. Iman Khomeini: Life, Thought and Legacy. Islamic Book Trust (June 1, 2010). p. 36. ISBN 978-9675062254.
  21. ^ Woods, Kevin M. Saddam's Generals: Perspectives of the Iran-Iraq War. Institute for Defense Analysis; 1st edition (October 28, 2011). p. 89. ISBN 978-0-16-089613-2.
  22. ^ Moin, Baqer. Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah. I.B.Tauris; Reprint edition (July 15, 2009). p. 138. ISBN 978-1-84511-790-0.
  23. ^ a b Al-Awsat, Asharq. "Khomeini: From Ataturk Avenue to the Holy City of Najaf".
  24. ^ a b c d Koya, Abdar Rahman. Imam Khomeini: Life, Thought and Legacy. Islamic Book Trust (June 1, 2010). p. 37. ISBN 978-9675062254.
  25. ^ a b c d Koya, Abdar Rahman. Imam Khomeini: Life, Thought and Legacy. Islamic Book Trust (June 1, 2010). p. 38. ISBN 978-9675062254.
  26. ^ a b Islam and Revolution (1981), pp. 29–30.
  27. ^ Islam and Revolution (1981), p. 59.
  28. ^ Islam and Revolution, (1981), p. 31, 56
  29. ^ Islam and Revolution (1981), p. 54.
  30. ^ Hovsepian-Bearce, Yvette Hovsepian-Bearce. The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran (UCLA Center for Middle East Development (CMED) series). Routledge; 1 edition (May 20, 2017). p. 9. ISBN 978-1-138-08655-5.
  31. ^ Chehabi, H.E. Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini. Cornell University Press; 1 edition (January 1, 1990). p. 242. ISBN 978-0-8014-2416-8.
  32. ^ Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p.203
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