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Anthony Eden

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For the eponymous hat, see Anthony Eden hat
The Rt Hon. Sir Anthony Eden
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
In office
7 April 1955 – 9 January 1957
Preceded bySir Winston Churchill
Succeeded byHarold Macmillan
Personal details
Born12 June 1897
West Auckland, County Durham
Died14 January 1977
Alvediston, Salisbury, Wiltshire
Political partyConservative
SpousesBeatrice Beckett and Clarissa Eden, Countess of Avon

Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (June 12, 1897– January 14, 1977), British politician, was Foreign Secretary for three periods between 1935 and 1955, including World War II and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1955 to 1957. He is mainly remembered for his role in the politically disastrous Suez Crisis of 1956. In a 2004 poll [1] of 139 political science academics organised by MORI, Eden was voted the least successful British Prime Minister of the 20th Century. This echoed the outcome of an earlier survey by BBC Radio's The Westminster Hour, ranking the British Prime Ministers of the 20th Century. [2]

Early career

Eden was born in West Auckland, County Durham, into a very conservative landowning family, and attended Eton. He was a younger son of Sir William Eden, baronet, from an old titled family. His mother, Sybil Grey, was a member of the famous Grey family of Northumberland (see below). During the First World War, he reached the rank of captain, received a Military Cross, and at the age of twenty-one became the youngest brigade-major in the British Army; at a conference in the early 1930s he and Hitler observed that they had probably fought on opposite sides of the trenches in the Ypres sector. After the war he studied at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated in oriental languages. (He was fluent in French, German and Persian and also spoke Russian and Arabic). After fighting a hopeless seat in the November 1922 General Election, Captain Eden, as he was still known, was elected Member of Parliament for Warwick and Leamington in the December 1923 General Election, as a Conservative. In that year also he married Beatrice Beckett. They had three sons, one of whom died shortly after birth, but the marriage was not a success and broke up under the strain of Eden's political career.

During the 1924-9 Conservative Government Eden was first Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Home Secretary, Sir William Joynson Hicks, and then in 1926 to the Foreign Secretary Sir Austen Chamberlain. In 1931 he held his first ministerial office as Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs. In 1934 he was appointed Lord Privy Seal and Minister for the League of Nations in Stanley Baldwin's Government. Like many of his generation who had served in the First World War, Eden was strongly anti-war and strove to work through the League of Nations to preserve European peace. He was however among the first to recognise that peace could not be maintained by appeasement of Nazi Germany and fascist Italy. He privately opposed the policy of the Foreign Secretary, Sir Samuel Hoare, of trying to appease Italy during its invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935. When Hoare resigned after the failure of the Hoare-Laval Pact, Eden succeeded him as Foreign Secretary.

At this stage in his career Eden was considered as something of a leader of fashion. He regularly wore a Homburg hat (similar to a bowler hat but with an upturned brim), which became known in Britain as an "Anthony Eden".

He had an elder brother called Timothy and a younger brother, Nicholas, who had been killed when the HMS Indefatigable had been sunk at the Battle of Jutland in 1916.

Foreign Secretary and resignation (1935-38)

Eden became Foreign Secretary at a time when Britain was having to adjust its foreign policy to face the rise of the fascist powers. He supported the policy of non-interference in the Spanish Civil War, and supported Neville Chamberlain in his efforts to preserve peace through reasonable concessions to Germany. He did not protest when Britain and France failed to oppose Hitler's reoccupation of the Rhineland in 1936. But in February 1938, he resigned because he could not accept Chamberlain's opening of negotiations with Italy. This made him an ally of Winston Churchill, then a rebel backbench Conservative MP and leading critic of appeasement, whose sleeplessness on the night of Eden's resignation was later recounted in his wartime memoirs (The Gathering Storm, 1948). There was much speculation that Eden would become a rallying point for all the disparate opponents of Chamberlain, but instead he maintained a low profile, avoiding confrontation though he opposed the Munich Agreement and abstained in the vote on it in the House of Commons. As a result Eden's position declined heavily amongst politicians, though he remained popular in the country at large - in later years he was often wrongly supposed to have resigned in protest at the Munich Agreement.

Second World War (1939-45)

In September 1939, on the outbreak of war, Eden, who had briefly rejoined the army with the rank of major, returned to Chamberlain's government as Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, but was not in the War Cabinet. As a result he was not considered a candidate for the Premiership when Chamberlain resigned after Germany invaded France in May 1940 and Churchill became Prime Minister. Churchill appointed Eden Secretary of State for War. Later in 1940 he returned to the Foreign Office, and in this role became a member of the executive committee of the Political Warfare Executive in 1941. Although he was one of Churchill's closest confidants, his role in wartime was restricted because Churchill conducted the most important negotiations, with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin, himself, but Eden served loyally as Churchill's lieutenant. Nevertheless he was in charge of handling much of the relations between Britain and de Gaulle during the last years of the war. In 1942 he was given the additional job of Leader of the House of Commons.

Eden meeting Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Quebec Conference in 1943

Post-War

Opposition (1945-51)

After the Labour Party won the 1945 elections, Eden went into opposition as Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party. Many felt that Churchill should have retired and allowed Eden to become party leader, but Churchill refused to consider this and Eden was too loyal to press him. He was in any case depressed during this period by the break-up of his first marriage and the death of his eldest son, Simon Eden, in the last days of the war.

Return to Government (1951-55)

In 1951, the Conservatives returned to office and Eden became Foreign Secretary for a third time. Churchill was largely a figurehead in this government and Eden had effective control of British foreign policy for the first time, as the Cold War grew more intense. He dealt effectively with the various crises of the period, although Britain was no longer the world power it had been before the war. In 1950 he and Beatrice Eden were finally divorced and in 1952 he married Churchill's niece, Lady Clarissa Spencer-Churchill (b. 1920) -- a nominal Roman Catholic who was fiercely criticized by Catholic writer Evelyn Waugh for marrying a divorced man -- a marriage much more successful than his first had been. In 1953 Eden underwent a series of operations at Boston's Lahey Clinic to correct a minor gall bladder complaint. Unfortunately Eden's health never fully recovered; this was to undermine his subsequent career. In 1954 he was made a Knight of the Garter. Natalie Bird And Sarah Banks

Prime Minister (1955-57)

File:Anthony-Eden-arms.PNG
Arms of Anthony Eden

In April 1955 Churchill finally retired, and Sir Anthony succeeded him as Prime Minister. Eden was a very popular figure, as a result of his long wartime service and his famous good looks and charm. On taking office he immediately called a general election, at which the Conservatives were returned with an increased majority. But Sir Anthony had never held a domestic portfolio and had little experience in economic matters. He left these areas to his lieutenants such as Rab Butler, and concentrated largely on foreign policy, forming a close alliance with U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower. His famous words "Peace comes first, always" added to his already substantial popularity.

Suez (1956)

This alliance proved illusory, however, when in 1956 Sir Anthony, in conjunction with France, tried to prevent Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt, from nationalising the Suez Canal, which had been owned since the 19th century by British and French shareholders in the Suez Canal Company. Sir Anthony, drawing on his experience in the 1930s, saw Nasser as another Mussolini. Sir Anthony considered the two men aggressive nationalist socialists determined to invade other countries. Others believed that Nasser was acting from legitimate patriotic concerns.

In October 1956, after months of negotiation and attempts at mediation had failed to dissuade Nasser, Britain and France, in conjunction with Israel, invaded Egypt and occupied the Suez Canal Zone. But Eisenhower immediately and strongly opposed the invasion. The U.S. President was an advocate of decolonisation, because it would liberate colonies, strengthen U.S. interests, and presumably make other Arab and African leaders more sympathetic to the United States. Eden had ignored Britain's financial dependence on the U.S. in the wake of World War II, and was forced to bow to American pressure to withdraw. The Suez Crisis is widely taken as marking the end of Britain (along with France, whose forces had been defeated at Dien Bien Phu in Indo-China two years earlier) as a world power.

The Suez fiasco ruined, in many eyes, Sir Anthony's reputation for statesmanship and led to a breakdown in his health. His Chancellor, Harold Macmillan, despite having been one of the architects of Suez, manoeuvred Eden into resignation and succeeded him as Prime Minister in January 1957. Eden retained his personal popularity and was made Earl of Avon in 1961.

Suez in retrospect

Events connected with the Middle East towards the end of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st centuries (including the "9/11" attacks on New York and Washington in 2001 and the Iraq War of 2003) caused some commentators, including in America, to re-evaluate sympathetically Eden's stance over Suez. His official biographer Robert Rhodes James had done likewise in 1986. Such arguments turned mostly on whether, as a matter of policy, the Suez operation was fundamentally flawed or whether, as such "revisionists" thought, the lack of American support conveyed the impression that the West was divided and weak. Anthony Nutting, who resigned as a Foreign Office Minister over Suez, expressed the former view in 1967, the year of the Arab-Israeli Six-Day War, when he wrote that "we had sown the wind of bitterness and we were to reap the whirlwind of revenge and rebellion" (No End of a Lesson). Conversely, D. R. Thorpe, another of Eden's biographers, suggested that had the Suez venture succeeded, "there would almost certainly have been no Middle East war in 1967, and probably no [Yom Kippur] war in 1973 also" (Eden, 2003).

Retirement (1957-77)

In retirement Eden lived quietly with his second wife Clarissa, formerly Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, niece of Sir Winston, in 'Rose Bower' by the banks of the River Ebble in Broad Chalke, Wiltshire and published a highly acclaimed personal memoir, Another World (1976), as well as several volumes of political memoirs. He sat for extensive interviews for the famed multi-part Thames Television production, The World at War, which was broadcast in 1974. He also featured frequently in Marcel Ophüls' 1971 documentary Le chagrin et la pitié, discussing the occupation of France in a wider geopolitical context. He spoke impeccable, if accented, French [3]. From 1945-1973, Eden was Chancellor of the University of Birmingham, England.

On a trip to the United States in 1976-77 to spend Christmas and New Year with Averell and Pamela Harriman, his health rapidly deteriorated. At his family's request, James Callaghan arranged for an RAF plane that was already in America to divert to Miami to fly him home. The Earl of Avon died from liver cancer in Salisbury in 1977 at the age of 79; born in the year of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, he thus died in the year of Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee. Eden's papers are housed at the University of Birmingham Special Collections.

Eden's surviving son, Nicholas Eden (1930-1985), known as Viscount Eden until 1977, was also a politician and was a minister in the Thatcher government until his premature death from AIDS at the age of 54.

His eldest son, Simon Eden, died whilst on operational duty with the RAF in Burma during the Second World War. There was a close bond between Anthony Eden and Simon, and Simon's death was a great personal shock to Anthony Eden.

Anthony Eden is buried in the country churchyard at Alvediston, just 3 miles upstream from 'Rose Bower' at the source of the River Ebble.

The Eden Government

Changes

  • December 1955 - Rab Butler succeeds Harry Crookshank as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons. Harold Macmillan succeeds Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Selwyn Lloyd succeeds Macmillan as Foreign Secretary. Sir Walter Monckton succeeds Lloyd as Minister of Defence. Iain Macleod succeeds Monckton as Minister of Labour and National Service. Lord Selkirk succeeds Lord Woolton as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. The Minister of Public Works, Patrick Buchan-Hepburn, enters the Cabinet. The Minister of Pensions and National Insurance leaves the Cabinet upon Peake's retirement.
  • October 1956: Sir Walter Monckton becomes Paymaster-General. Anthony Henry Head succeeds Monckton as Minister of Defence.

The Grey-Eden connection

Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey = Elizabeth Grey
|
------------------------------------------
| |
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey William Grey
Prime Minister = Maria Shireff
|                                         |---------|
Georgina Plowden = Sir William Grey       |   Winston Churchill
|                                         |
Sir William Eden = Sybil Grey     John Strange Churchill
|                                         |
Anthony Eden========Clarissa Spencer-Churchill  
Prime Minister
Template:Succession box two to two
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Warwick and Leamington
1923–1957 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Lord Privy Seal
1934–1935 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Foreign Secretary
1935–1938 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
1939–1940 		Succeeded by
Preceded by War Secretary
1940 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Foreign Secretary
1940–1945 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Leader of the House of Commons
1942–1945 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Foreign Secretary
1951–1955 		Succeeded by
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
New Creation
 Earl of Avon
1961–1977 		Succeeded by
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References

Anthony Eden, Memoirs (3 volumes), CASSELL, 1960, 1962, 1965

Film: Marcel Ophüls, Le chagrin et la pitié, 1971

Further reading

  • Thorpe, D.R. Eden: The Life and Times of Anthony Eden, First Earl of Avon, 1897–1977. London: Chatto and Windus, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0701167440); London: Pimlico, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0712665056).


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