Women in the United States House of Representatives

Women have served in the United States House of Representatives since the 1917 entrance of Jeannette Rankin from Montana, a member of the Republican Party. Over 300 women have since served as U.S. Representatives. As of January 2019, there are 102 women in the U.S. House of Representatives (not counting four female territorial delegates), making women 23.4% of the total of U.S. Representatives.^[1]

Women have been elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from 46 of the 50 states. The states that have not elected a woman to the U.S. House of Representatives are Alaska, Mississippi, North Dakota and Vermont—though Alaska, Mississippi and North Dakota have elected women to the United States Senate. Women have also been sent to congress from 5 of the 6 territories of the United States; the only Territory that has not sent a woman to the U.S. House of Representatives is the Northern Mariana Islands. California has elected more women to Congress than any other state, with 41 U.S. Representatives elected since 1923. To date, no woman has ever been elected from more than one state at different times or as a third party member in her career though one was elected as an Independent.

Firsts

Sometimes called the "Lady of the House", Jeannette Rankin entered the U.S. House of Representatives in 1917 as the first woman in Congress.

Jeannette Rankin entered the U.S. House of Representatives in 1917 as the first woman in either chamber of Congress.^[2] Florence Prag Kahn entered the U.S. House of Representatives in 1925 as the first Jewish woman in either chamber of Congress.^[3]

U.S. Representative Vera Buchanan died in 1955, making her the first woman in either chamber to die in office.^[4] Patsy Mink, an Asian American, entered the U.S. House of Representatives in 1965 as the first woman of color in either chamber of Congress.^[5]^[6] U.S. Representative Charlotte Reid became the first woman to wear pants in the U.S. House of Representatives or U.S. Senate in 1969.^[7]

Shirley Chisholm entered the U.S. House of Representatives in 1969 as the first African American woman in either chamber of Congress.^[8] U.S. Representative Yvonne Brathwaite Burke became the first member of the U.S. House of Representatives or U.S. Senate to give birth while in office and first person to be granted maternity leave by the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives in 1973, with the birth of her daughter Autumn.^[9]^[10]

The gym of the U.S. House of Representatives (with the exception of its swimming pool) first opened to women in 1985, the gym having previously been male-only. The swimming pool opened to women in 2009, the pool having previously been male-only.^[11] Ileana Ros-Lehtinen entered the U.S. House of Representatives in 1989 as the first Latina in either chamber of Congress.^[12] Tammy Baldwin entered the U.S. House of Representatives in 1999 as the first openly gay woman in either chamber of Congress.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Nancy Pelosi became the first female House Minority Whip in 2002.^[16] She went on to become the first and only to date female Speaker of the United States House of Representatives in 2007.^[17] Also in 2007, Mazie Hirono entered the U.S. House of Representatives as the first female Buddhist in either chamber of Congress.

In 2011, the U.S. House of Representatives got its first women’s bathroom near the chamber (Room H-211 of the U.S. Capitol).^[18] Tulsi Gabbard entered the U.S. House of Representatives in 2013 as the first Hindu person in either chamber of Congress.^[19]^[20] Also in 2013, Kyrsten Sinema entered the U.S. House of Representatives as the first openly bisexual woman in either chamber of Congress.

In the 2018 general elections, there was a wave of firsts elected to the United States House of Representatives for the 116th Congress. A record-breaking 103 women have been elected or re-elected into the United States House of Representatives, causing many to call it the "Year of the Woman".^[21] Ilhan Omar and Rashida Tlaib became the first Muslim women ever elected to either house of Congress, with Tlaib the first Palestian-American woman elected to Congress and Omar the first Somali American of either gender to be elected. Also in this election, Angie Craig became the first lesbian mother to be elected to Congress. Sharice Davids became the first lesbian Native American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. Deb Haaland became the first Native American woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez became the youngest woman to be elected into either house of Congress.

Widow's succession

Mae Ella Nolan was the first woman elected to her husband's seat in Congress, which is sometimes known as the widow's succession. In the early years of women in Congress, the seat was held only until the next election and the women retired after that single Congress. She thereby became a placeholder merely finishing out her late husband's elected term. As the years progressed, however, more and more of these widow successors sought re-election. These women began to win their own elections.

38 widows have won their husbands' seats in the House, and eight in the Senate. The only current example is Representative Doris Matsui of California. The most successful example is Margaret Chase Smith of Maine, who served a total of 32 years in both houses and became the first woman elected to both the House and the Senate. She began the end of McCarthyism with a famous speech, "The Declaration of Conscience", became the first major-party female presidential candidate and the first woman to receive votes at a national nominating convention, and was the first (and highest ranking to date) woman to enter the Republican Party Senate leadership (in the third-highest post of Chairwoman of the Senate Republican Conference). The third woman elected to Congress, Winnifred Huck, was similarly elected to her father's seat.

Number of women

Number of women in the United States House of Representatives and Senate by Congress

Number of women in the United States Congress (1917–2021):^[24]^[25]

Congress	Years	in Congress	%
65th	1917–1919	1	0.2%
66th	1919–1921	0	0%
67th	1921–1923	4	0.7%
68th	1923–1925	1	0.2%
69th	1925–1927	3	0.6%
70th	1927–1929	5	0.9%
71st	1929–1931	9	1.7%
72nd	1931–1933	8	1.5%
73rd	1933–1935	8	1.5%
74th	1935–1937	8	1.5%
75th	1937–1939	9	1.7%
76th	1939–1941	9	1.7%
77th	1941–1943	10	1.9%
78th	1943–1945	9	1.7%
79th	1945–1947	11	2.1%
80th	1947–1949	8	1.5%
81st	1949–1951	10	1.9%
82nd	1951–1953	11	2.1%
83rd	1953–1955	15	2.8%
84th	1955–1957	18	3.4%
85th	1957–1959	16	3.0%
86th	1959–1961	19	3.5%
87th	1961–1963	20	3.7%
88th	1963–1965	14	2.6%
89th	1965–1967	13	2.4%
90th	1967–1969	12	2.2%
91st	1969–1971	11	2.1%
92nd	1971–1973	15	2.8%
93rd	1973–1975	16	3.0%
94th	1975–1977	19	3.6%
95th	1977–1979	20	3.7%
96th	1979–1981	17	3.2%
97th	1981–1983	23	4.3%
98th	1983–1985	24	4.5%
99th	1985–1987	25	4.7%
100th	1987–1989	26	4.9%
101st	1989–1991	31	5.8%
102nd	1991–1993	33	6.2%
103rd	1993–1995	55	10.3%
104th	1995–1997	59	11.0%
105th	1997–1999	66	12.3%
106th	1999–2001	67	12.5%
107th	2001–2003	75	14.0%
108th	2003–2005	77	14.4%
109th	2005–2007	85	15.9%
110th	2007–2009	94	17.6%
111th	2009–2011	96	17.9%
112th	2011–2013	96	17.9%
113th	2013–2015	101^[26]	19.1%
114th	2015–2017	104	19.4%
115th	2017–2019	104	19.4%
116th	2019–2021	127	23.7%

Number of women in the United States House of Representatives by party

Notes: "% of party" is taken from voting members at the beginning of the Congress, while numbers and "% of women" include all female House members of the given Congress

Congress	Years	Women total	Republican	% of women	% of party	Democratic	% of women	% of party
65th	1917–1919	1	1	100%	0.5%	0	0.0%	0.0%
66th	1919–1921	0	0	0.0%	0.0%	0	0.0%	0.0%
67th	1921–1923	3	3	100%	0.3%	0	0.0%	0.0%
68th	1923–1925	1	1	100%	0.4%	0	0.0%	0.0%
69th	1925–1927	3	2	66.7%	0.4%	1	33.3%	0.5%
70th	1927–1929	5	3	60.0%	1.3%	2	40.0%	0.5%
71st	1929–1931	9	5	55.6%	1.9%	4	44.4%	1.8%
72nd	1931–1933	7	3	42.9%	1.4%	4	57.1%	1.4%
73rd	1933–1935	7	3	42.9%	1.7%	4	57.1%	1.0%
74th	1935–1937	6	2	33.3%	1.9%	4	66.7%	1.2%
75th	1937–1939	6	1	16.7%	1.1%	5	83.3%	1.2%
76th	1939–1941	8	4	50.0%	1.2%	4	50.0%	0.8%
77th	1941–1943	9	5	55.6%	3.1%	4	44.4%	0.7%
78th	1943–1945	8	6	75.0%	2.9%	2	25.0%	0.5%
79th	1945–1947	11	5	45.5%	2.6%	6	54.5%	1.7%
80th	1947–1949	7	5	71.4%	2.0%	2	28.6%	1.1%
81st	1949–1951	9	4	44.4%	2.3%	5	55.6%	1.5%
82nd	1951–1953	10	6	60.0%	3.0%	4	40.0%	0.9%
83rd	1953–1955	12	7	58.3%	2.7%	5	41.7%	2.3%
84th	1955–1957	17	7	41.2%	3.0%	10	58.8%	3.4%
85th	1957–1959	15	6	40.0%	3.0%	9	60.0%	3.8%
86th	1959–1961	17	8	47.1%	5.2%	9	52.9%	2.8%
87th	1961–1963	18	7	38.9%	3.5%	11	61.1%	3.4%
88th	1963–1965	12	6	50.0%	2.8%	6	50.0%	2.3%
89th	1965–1967	11	4	36.4%	2.9%	7	63.6%	2.0%
90th	1967–1969	11	5	45.5%	2.7%	6	54.5%	2.4%
91st	1969–1971	10	4	40.0%	2.1%	6	60.0%	2.5%
92nd	1971–1973	13	3	23.1%	1.1%	10	76.9%	3.5%
93rd	1973–1975	16	2	12.5%	1.0%	14	87.5%	5.0%
94th	1975–1977	19	5	26.3%	2.8%	14	73.7%	4.8%
95th	1977–1979	18	5	27.8%	3.5%	13	72.2%	4.5%
96th	1979–1981	16	5	31.3%	3.2%	11	68.8%	4.0%
97th	1981–1983	21	10	47.6%	4.7%	11	52.4%	3.7%
98th	1983–1985	22	9	40.9%	5.5%	13	59.1%	4.4%
99th	1985–1987	23	11	47.8%	6.0%	12	52.2%	4.3%
100th	1987–1989	24	11	45.8%	6.2%	13	54.2%	4.3%
101st	1989–1991	29	13	44.8%	6.0%	16	55.2%	5.6%
102nd	1991–1993	30	9	30.0%	5.5%	21	70.0%	7.0%
103rd	1993–1995	48	12	25.0%	6.8%	36	75.0%	13.6%
104th	1995–1997	50	18	36.0%	7.4%	32	64.0%	14.7%
105th	1997–1999	57	18	31.6%	6.6%	39	68.4%	17.0%
106th	1999–2001	58	17	29.3%	7.6%	41	70.7%	18.5%
107th	2001–2003	62	18	29.0%	8.1%	44	71.0%	19.0%
108th	2003–2005	63	21	33.3%	9.2%	42	66.7%	18.5%
109th	2005–2007	71	25	35.2%	9.9%	46	64.8%	20.9%
110th	2007–2009	78	21	26.9%	9.9%	57	73.1%	20.2%
111th	2009–2011	79	17	21.5%	9.6%	62	78.5%	21.5%
112th	2011–2013	79	24	30.4%	9.9%	55	69.6%	23.8%
113th	2013–2015	82	20	24.4%	8.2%	62	75.6%	29.0%
114th	2015–2017	88	23	26.2%	8.9%	65	73.8%	33.0%
115th	2017–2019	89	25	25.3%	8.7%	64	74.7%	32.0%
116th	2019–2021	102	13	12.7%	6.5%	89	87.3%	37.9%

Percentage of women by party and year

List of female members

This is a complete list of women who have served as U.S. Representatives or delegates of the United States House of Representatives, ordered by seniority. Members are grouped by the apportionment period in which such member commenced serving. This list includes women who served in the past and who continue to serve in the present.

1917 to 1932

Name (lifespan)	Party	District	Years	Notes
Jeannette Rankin (1880–1973)	Republican	Montana at-large	March 4, 1917 – March 4, 1919	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the 1918 United States Senate election in Montana First woman elected to a national office
Jeannette Rankin (1880–1973)	Republican	Montana's 1st	January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1943	Retired
Alice Robertson (1854–1931)	Republican	Oklahoma's 2nd	March 4, 1921 – March 4, 1923	Lost reelection First woman to defeat an incumbent congressman
Winnifred Huck (1882–1936)	Republican	Illinois at-large	November 7, 1922 – March 4, 1923	Lost renomination Succeeded her father in a special election First woman incumbent defeated in a primary First woman to win a special election
Mae Nolan (1886–1973)	Republican	California's 5th	January 23, 1923 – March 4, 1925	Retired Succeeded her husband
Florence Kahn (1866–1948)	Republican	California's 4th	March 4, 1925 – January 3, 1937	Lost reelection First woman to be reelected First Jewish woman elected Succeeded her husband
Mary Norton (1875–1959)	Democratic	New Jersey's 12th	March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1933	First Democratic woman elected Redistricted
Mary Norton (1875–1959)	Democratic	New Jersey's 13th	March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1951	Retired
Edith Rogers (1881–1960)	Republican	Massachusetts's 5th	June 30, 1925 – September 10, 1960	Died in office Succeeded her husband
Katherine G. Langley (1888–1948)	Republican	Kentucky's 7th	March 4, 1927 – March 4, 1931	Retired Succeeded her husband (though not immediately) Daughter of James M. Gudger Jr.
Pearl Oldfield (1876–1962)	Democratic	Arkansas's 2nd	January 9, 1929 – March 4, 1931	Retired Succeeded her husband
Ruth McCormick (1880–1944)	Republican	Illinois at-large	March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1931	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1930 United States Senate election in Illinois Daughter of Mark Hanna
Ruth Owen (1885–1954)	Democratic	Florida's 4th	March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933	Lost renomination Daughter of William Jennings Bryan Later became United States Ambassador to Denmark
Ruth Pratt (1877–1965)	Republican	New York's 17th	March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933	Lost reelection
Effiegene Wingo (1883–1962)	Democratic	Arkansas's 4th	November 4, 1930 – March 4, 1933	Retired Succeeded her husband
Willa Eslick (1878–1961)	Democratic	Tennessee's 7th	August 14, 1932 – March 4, 1933	Not eligible for reelection having not qualified for nomination Succeeded her husband

1933 to 1942

Name (lifespan)	Party	District	Years	Notes
Virginia E. Jenckes (1877–1975)	Democratic	Indiana's 6th	March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1939	Lost reelection
Kathryn O'Loughlin-McCarthy (1894–1952)	Democratic	Kansas's 6th	March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935	Lost reelection
Isabella Greenway (1886–1953)	Democratic	Arizona at-large	October 2, 1933 – January 3, 1937	Retired
Marian W. Clarke (1880–1953)	Republican	New York's 34th	December 28, 1933 – January 3, 1935	Retired Succeeded her husband
Caroline O'Day (1869–1943)	Democratic	New York at-large	January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1943	Retired
Nan Honeyman (1881–1970)	Democratic	Oregon's 3rd	January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1939	Lost reelection
Elizabeth Gasque (1886–1989)	Democratic	South Carolina's 6th	September 13, 1938 – January 3, 1939	Retired Succeeded her husband
Jessie Sumner (1898–1994)	Republican	Illinois's 18th	January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1947	Retired
Clara G. McMillan (1894–1976)	Democratic	South Carolina's 1st	November 7, 1939 – January 3, 1941	Retired Succeeded her husband
Frances P. Bolton (1885–1977)	Republican	Ohio's 22nd	February 27, 1940 – January 3, 1969	Lost reelection Succeeded her husband
Margaret Chase Smith (1897–1995)	Republican	Maine's 2nd	June 3, 1940 – January 3, 1949	Retired to run successfully for the 1948 United States Senate election in Maine Succeeded her husband Later first woman elected to the United States Senate in a general election without previously being appointed, elected in a special election, or succeeding a husband
Florence Gibbs (1890–1964)	Democratic	Georgia's 8th	October 1, 1940 – January 3, 1941	Retired Succeeded her husband
Katharine Byron (1903–1976)	Democratic	Maryland's 6th	May 27, 1941 – January 3, 1943	Retired Succeeded her husband
Veronica Boland (1899–1982)	Democratic	Pennsylvania's 11th	November 3, 1942 – January 3, 1943	Retired Succeeded her husband

1943 to 1952

Name (lifespan)	Party	District	Years	Notes
Clare Boothe Luce (1903–1987)	Republican	Connecticut's 4th	January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1947	Retired Later became United States Ambassador to Italy and United States Ambassador to Brazil
Winifred C. Stanley (1909–1996)	Republican	New York at-large	January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1945	Retired
Willa L. Fulmer (1884–1968)	Democratic	South Carolina's 2nd	November 7, 1944 – January 3, 1945	Retired Succeeded her husband
Emily Douglas (1899–1994)	Democratic	Illinois at-large	January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947	Lost reelection
Helen Gahagan-Douglas (1900–1980)	Democratic	California's 14th	January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1951	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1950 United States Senate election in California
Chase G. Woodhouse (1890–1984)	Democratic	Connecticut's 2nd	January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947	Lost reelection
Chase G. Woodhouse (1890–1984)	Democratic	Connecticut's 2nd	January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1951	Lost reelection
Helen Mankin (1896–1956)	Democratic	Georgia's 5th	February 12, 1946 – January 3, 1947	Lost renomination
Eliza Pratt (1902–1981)	Democratic	North Carolina's 8th	May 25, 1946 – January 3, 1947	Retired
Georgia Lusk (1893–1971)	Democratic	New Mexico at-large	January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949	Lost renomination
Katharine St. George (1894–1983)	Republican	New York's 29th	January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953	Redistricted
		New York's 28th	January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963	Redistricted
		New York's 27th	January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965	Lost reelection
Reva Bosone (1895–1983)	Democratic	Utah's 2nd	January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1953	Lost reelection
Cecil M. Harden (1894–1984)	Republican	Indiana's 6th	January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1959	Lost reelection
Edna F. Kelly (1906–1997)	Democratic	New York's 10th	November 8, 1949 – January 3, 1963	Redistricted
Edna F. Kelly (1906–1997)	Democratic	New York's 12th	January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1969	Lost renomination
Marguerite S. Church (1892–1990)	Republican	Illinois's 13th	January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1963	Retired Succeeded her husband
Ruth Thompson (1887–1970)	Republican	Michigan's 9th	January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1957	Lost renomination
Elizabeth Kee (1895–1975)	Democratic	West Virginia's 5th	July 17, 1951 – January 3, 1965	Retired Succeeded her husband
Vera Buchanan (1902–1955)	Democratic	Pennsylvania's 33rd	July 24, 1951 – January 3, 1953	Succeeded her husband Redistricted
Vera Buchanan (1902–1955)	Democratic	Pennsylvania's 30th	January 3, 1953 – November 26, 1955	Died in office

1953 to 1962

Name (lifespan)	Party	District	Years	Notes
Gracie Pfost (1906–1965)	Democratic	Idaho's 1st	January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1962 United States Senate election in Idaho
Leonor Sullivan (1902–1988)	Democratic	Missouri's 3rd	January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1977	Retired
Elizabeth P. Farrington (1898–1984)	Republican	Hawaii's at-large	July 31, 1954 – January 3, 1957	Lost reelection Succeeded her husband First woman territorial delegate
Iris Blitch (1912–1993)	Democratic	Georgia's 8th	January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1963	Retired
Edith Green (1910–1987)	Democratic	Oregon's 3rd	January 3, 1955 – December 31, 1974	Retired
Martha Griffiths (1912–2003)	Democratic	Michigan's 17th	January 3, 1955 – December 31, 1974	Retired Later became Lieutenant Governor of Michigan
Coya Knutson (1912–1996)	Democratic	Minnesota's 9th	January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1959	Lost reelection
Kathryn E. Granahan (1894–1979)	Democratic	Pennsylvania's 2nd	November 6, 1956 – January 3, 1963	Retired Succeeded her husband Later became Treasurer of the United States
Florence P. Dwyer (1902–1976)	Republican	New Jersey's 6th	January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1967	Redistricted
Florence P. Dwyer (1902–1976)	Republican	New Jersey's 12th	January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1973	Retired
Catherine May (1914–2004)	Republican	Washington's 4th	January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1971	Lost reelection
Edna O. Simpson (1891–1984)	Republican	Illinois's 20th	January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1961	Retired Succeeded her husband
Jessica M. Weis (1901–1963)	Republican	New York's 38th	January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1963	Retired
Julia Hansen (1907–1988)	Democratic	Washington's 3rd	November 8, 1960 – December 31, 1974	Retired
Catherine Norrell (1901–1981)	Democratic	Arkansas's 6th	April 19, 1961 – January 3, 1963	Retired Succeeded her husband
Louise Reece (1898–1970)	Republican	Tennessee's 1st	May 16, 1961 – January 3, 1963	Retired Succeeded her husband Daughter of Guy D. Goff
Corinne Riley (1893–1979)	Democratic	South Carolina's 2nd	April 10, 1962 – January 3, 1963	Retired Succeeded her husband

1963 to 1972

Name (lifespan)	Party	District	Years	Notes
Charlotte Reid (1913–2007)	Republican	Illinois's 15th	January 3, 1963 – October 7, 1971	Resigned to become a member of the Federal Communications Commission Succeeded her husband as nominee before election
Irene Baker (1901–1994)	Republican	Tennessee's 2nd	January 7, 1964 – January 3, 1965	Retired Succeeded her husband
Patsy Mink (1927–2002)	Democratic	Hawaii's at-large	January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1971	Redistricted
		Hawaii's 2nd	January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1977	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the 1976 United States Senate election in Hawaii First Japanese American woman elected Later became Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
		Hawaii's 2nd	September 22, 1990 – September 28, 2002	Died in office
Lera Thomas (1900–1993)	Democratic	Texas's 8th	March 26, 1966 – January 3, 1967	Retired Succeeded her husband
Margaret Heckler (1931–2018)	Republican	Massachusetts's 10th	January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1983	Lost reelection Later became United States Secretary of Health and Human Services and United States Ambassador to Ireland
Shirley Chisholm (1924–2005)	Democratic	New York's 12th	January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1983	Retired First African American woman elected
Bella Abzug (1920–1998)	Democratic	New York's 19th	January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1973	Redistricted
Bella Abzug (1920–1998)	Democratic	New York's 20th	January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1977	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the 1976 United States Senate election in New York
Ella T. Grasso (1919–1981)	Democratic	Connecticut's 6th	January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1975	Retired to run successfully for Governor of Connecticut Previously served as Connecticut Secretary of State
Louise Day Hicks (1916–2003)	Democratic	Massachusetts's 9th	January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1973	Lost reelection
Elizabeth B. Andrews (1911–2002)	Democratic	Alabama's 3rd	April 4, 1972 – January 3, 1973	Retired Succeeded her husband

1973 to 1982

Name (lifespan)	Party	District	Years	Notes
Yvonne Burke (born 1932)	Democratic	California's 37th	January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975	Redistricted
Yvonne Burke (born 1932)	Democratic	California's 28th	January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979	Retired to run unsuccessfully for Attorney General of California
Marjorie Holt (1920–2018)	Republican	Maryland's 4th	January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1987	Retired
Elizabeth Holtzman (born 1941)	Democratic	New York's 16th	January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1981	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1980 United States Senate election in New York
Barbara Jordan (1936–1996)	Democratic	Texas's 18th	January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1979	Retired
Pat Schroeder (born 1940)	Democratic	Colorado's 1st	January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1997	Retired
Lindy Boggs (1916–2013)	Democratic	Louisiana's 2nd	March 20, 1973 – January 3, 1991	Retired Succeeded her husband Later became United States Ambassador to the Holy See
Cardiss Collins (1931–2013)	Democratic	Illinois's 7th	June 5, 1973 – January 3, 1997	Retired Succeeded her husband
Millicent Fenwick (1910–1992)	Republican	New Jersey's 5th	January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1982 United States Senate election in New Jersey Daughter of Ogden H. Hammond Later became United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture
Martha Keys (born 1930)	Democratic	Kansas's 2nd	January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979	Lost reelection
Marilyn Lloyd (1929–2018)	Democratic	Tennessee's 3rd	January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1995	Retired Succeeded her husband as nominee before election
Virginia D. Smith (1911–2006)	Republican	Nebraska's 3rd	January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1991	Retired
Gladys Spellman (1918–1988)	Democratic	Maryland's 5th	January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1981	After suffering a debilitating heart attack and slipping into a comatose state, her seat was declared vacant by the House
Helen Stevenson-Meyner (1929–1997)	Democratic	New Jersey's 13th	January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979	Lost reelection
Shirley Pettis (1924–2016)	Republican	California's 37th	April 29, 1975 – January 3, 1979	Retired Succeeded her husband
Barbara Mikulski (born 1936)	Democratic	Maryland's 3rd	January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1987	Retired to run successfully for the 1986 United States Senate election in Maryland
Mary Oakar (born 1940)	Democratic	Ohio's 20th	January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1993	Lost reelection
Beverly Byron (born 1932)	Democratic	Maryland's 6th	January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1993	Lost renomination Succeeded her husband
Geraldine Ferraro (1935–2011)	Democratic	New York's 9th	January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1985	Retired to run unsuccessfully as the Democrat nominee for Vice President of the United States during the 1984 United States presidential election Later became United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights
Olympia Snowe (born 1947)	Republican	Maine's 2nd	January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1995	Retired to run successfully for the 1994 United States Senate election in Maine
Bobbi Fiedler (born 1937)	Republican	California's 21st	January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1987	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the 1986 United States Senate election in California
Lynn Morley-Martin (born 1939)	Republican	Illinois's 16th	January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1991	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1990 United States Senate election in Illinois Later became United States Secretary of Labor
Marge Roukema (1929–2014)	Republican	New Jersey's 7th	January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1983	Redistricted
Marge Roukema (1929–2014)	Republican	New Jersey's 5th	January 3, 1983 – January 3, 2003	Retired
Claudine Schneider (born 1947)	Republican	Rhode Island's 2nd	January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1991	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1990 United States Senate election in Rhode Island
Barbara B. Kennelly (born 1936)	Democratic	Connecticut's 1st	January 12, 1982 – January 3, 1999	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Connecticut gubernatorial election, 1998 Previously served as Connecticut Secretary of State
Jean Spencer-Ashbrook (born 1934)	Republican	Ohio's 17th	June 29, 1982 – January 3, 1983	Retired Succeeded her husband
Katie Hall (1938–2012)	Democratic	Indiana's 1st	November 2, 1982 – January 3, 1985	Lost renomination

1983 to 1992

Name (lifespan)	Party	District	Years	Notes
Barbara Boxer (born 1940)	Democratic	California's 6th	January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993	Retired to run successfully for the 1992 United States Senate election in California
Nancy Johnson (born 1935)	Republican	Connecticut's 6th	January 3, 1983 – January 3, 2003	Redistricted
Nancy Johnson (born 1935)	Republican	Connecticut's 5th	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007	Lost reelection
Marcy Kaptur (born 1946)	Democratic	Ohio's 9th	January 3, 1983 – present
Barbara Vucanovich (1921–2013)	Republican	Nevada's 2nd	January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1997	Retired First Hispanic woman elected
Sala Burton (1925–1987)	Democratic	California's 5th	June 21, 1983 – February 1, 1987	Died in office Succeeded her husband
Helen Delich-Bentley (1923–2016)	Republican	Maryland's 2nd	January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1995	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the Maryland gubernatorial election, 1994
Jan Meyers (born 1928)	Republican	Kansas's 3rd	January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1997	Retired
Catherine Small-Long (born 1924)	Democratic	Louisiana's 8th	March 30, 1985 – January 3, 1987	Retired Succeeded her husband
Connie Morella (born 1931)	Republican	Maryland's 8th	January 3, 1987 – January 3, 2003	Lost reelection Later became United States Ambassador to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Liz J. Patterson (1939–2018)	Democratic	South Carolina's 4th	January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1993	Lost reelection Daughter of Olin D. Johnston
Pat Saiki (born 1930)	Republican	Hawaii's 1st	January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1991	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate special election in Hawaii, 1990 Later became Administrator of the Small Business Administration
Louise Slaughter (1929–2018)	Democratic	New York's 30th	January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1993	Redistricted
		New York's 28th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
		New York's 25th	January 3, 2013 – March 16, 2018	Died in office
Nancy Pelosi (born 1940)	Democratic	California's 5th	June 2, 1987 – January 3, 1993	Redistricted
		California's 8th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013	First woman party leader First woman Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Redistricted
		California's 12th	January 3, 2013 – present	Elected Speaker Again
Nita Lowey (born 1937)	Democratic	New York's 20th	January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1993	Redistricted
		New York's 18th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
		New York's 17th	January 3, 2013 – present	First female Chair of the House Appropriations Committee
Jolene Unsoeld (born 1931)	Democratic	Washington's 3rd	January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1995	Lost reelection
Jill Long-Thompson (born 1952)	Democratic	Indiana's 4th	March 20, 1989 – January 3, 1995	Lost reelection
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (born 1952)	Republican	Florida's 18th	August 29, 1989 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (born 1952)	Republican	Florida's 27th	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2019	Retired
Susan Molinari (born 1958)	Republican	New York's 14th	March 20, 1990 – January 3, 1993	Redistricted
Susan Molinari (born 1958)	Republican	New York's 13th	January 3, 1993 – August 2, 1997	Resigned to become co-host of CBS This Morning Daughter of Guy Molinari
Barbara-Rose Collins (born 1939)	Democratic	Michigan's 13th	January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993	Redistricted
Barbara-Rose Collins (born 1939)	Democratic	Michigan's 15th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1997	Lost renomination
Rosa DeLauro (born 1943)	Democratic	Connecticut's 3rd	January 3, 1991 – present
Eleanor Holmes-Norton (born 1937)	Democratic	DC at-large	January 3, 1991 – present
Joan Horn (born 1936)	Democratic	Missouri's 2nd	January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993	Lost reelection
Maxine Waters (born 1938)	Democratic	California's 29th	January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993	Redistricted
		California's 35th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
		California's 43rd	January 3, 2013 – present
Eva M. Clayton (born 1934)	Democratic	North Carolina's 1st	November 3, 1992 – January 3, 2003	Retired

1993 to 2002

Name (lifespan)	Party	District	Years	Notes
Corrine Brown (born 1946)	Democratic	Florida's 3rd	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
Corrine Brown (born 1946)	Democratic	Florida's 5th	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017	Lost renomination
Leslie L. Byrne (born 1946)	Democratic	Virginia's 11th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995	Lost reelection
Maria Cantwell (born 1958)	Democratic	Washington's 1st	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995	Lost reelection Later ran successfully for the 2000 United States Senate election in Washington
Pat Danner (born 1934)	Democratic	Missouri's 6th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2001	Retired
Jennifer Dunn (1941–2007)	Republican	Washington's 8th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2005	Retired
Karan English (born 1949)	Democratic	Arizona's 6th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995	Lost reelection
Anna Eshoo (born 1942)	Democratic	California's 14th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
Anna Eshoo (born 1942)	Democratic	California's 18th	January 3, 2013 – present
Tillie K. Fowler (1942–2005)	Republican	Florida's 4th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2001	Retired
Elizabeth Furse (born 1936)	Democratic	Oregon's 1st	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1999	Retired
Jane Harman (born 1945)	Democratic	California's 36th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1999	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the California gubernatorial election, 1998
Jane Harman (born 1945)	Democratic	California's 36th	January 3, 2001 – February 28, 2011	Resigned to become the Director, President, and Chief Executive Officer of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Eddie Johnson (born 1936)	Democratic	Texas's 30th	January 3, 1993 – present
Blanche Lincoln (born 1960)	Democratic	Arkansas's 1st	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1997	Retired Later ran successfully for the 1998 United States Senate election in Arkansas
Carolyn Maloney (born 1946)	Democratic	New York's 14th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
Carolyn Maloney (born 1946)	Democratic	New York's 12th	January 3, 2013 – present
Marjorie Margolies (born 1942)	Democratic	Pennsylvania's 13th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995	Lost reelection
Cynthia McKinney (born 1955)	Democratic	Georgia's 11th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1997	Redistricted
		Georgia's 4th	January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2003	Lost renomination
		Georgia's 4th	January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2007	Lost renomination Ran for President of the United States as the nominee of the Green Party for the 2008 United States presidential election
Carrie P. Meek (born 1926)	Democratic	Florida's 17th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003	Retired
Deborah Pryce (born 1951)	Republican	Ohio's 15th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2009	Retired
Lucille Roybal-Allard (born 1941)	Democratic	California's 33rd	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003	Retired Daughter of Edward R. Roybal
		California's 34th	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
		California's 40th	January 3, 2013 – present
Lynn Schenk (born 1945)	Democratic	California's 49th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995	Lost reelection
Karen Shepherd (born 1940)	Democratic	Utah's 2nd	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995	Lost reelection
Karen Thurman (born 1951)	Democratic	Florida's 5th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003	Lost reelection
Nydia Velázquez (born 1953)	Democratic	New York's 12th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
Nydia Velázquez (born 1953)	Democratic	New York's 7th	January 3, 2013 – present
Lynn Woolsey (born 1937)	Democratic	California's 6th	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013	Retired
Helen Chenoweth-Hage (1938–2006)	Republican	Idaho's 1st	January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2001	Retired
Barbara Cubin (born 1946)	Republican	Wyoming's at-large	January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2009	Retired
Enid Greene (born 1958)	Republican	Utah's 2nd	January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997	Retired
Sheila Jackson-Lee (born 1950)	Democratic	Texas's 18th	January 3, 1995 – present
Sue Kelly (born 1936)	Republican	New York's 19th	January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2007	Lost reelection
Zoe Lofgren (born 1947)	Democratic	California's 16th	January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
Zoe Lofgren (born 1947)	Democratic	California's 19th	January 3, 2013 – present
Karen McCarthy (1947–2010)	Democratic	Missouri's 5th	January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2005	Retired
Sue Myrick (born 1941)	Republican	North Carolina's 9th	January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2013	Retired
Lynn N. Rivers (born 1956)	Democratic	Michigan's 13th	January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2003	Lost renomination
Andrea Seastrand (born 1941)	Republican	California's 22nd	January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997	Lost reelection
Linda Smith (born 1950)	Republican	Washington's 3rd	January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1999	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1998 United States Senate election in Washington
Juanita Millender-McDonald (1938–2007)	Democratic	California's 37th	March 26, 1996 – April 22, 2007	Died in office
Jo Ann Emerson (born 1950)	Republican	Missouri's 8th	November 5, 1996 – January 3, 1997	Succeeded her husband
	Independent		January 3, 1997 – January 8, 1997	First woman elected as an Independent or third-party Changed parties
	Republican		January 8, 1997 – January 22, 2013	Resigned to become the President and Chief Executive Officer of the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
Julia Carson (1938–2007)	Democratic	Indiana's 10th	January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2003	Redistricted
Julia Carson (1938–2007)	Democratic	Indiana's 7th	January 3, 2003 – December 15, 2007	Died in office
Carolyn Cheeks-Kilpatrick (born 1945)	Democratic	Michigan's 15th	January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2003	Redistricted
Carolyn Cheeks-Kilpatrick (born 1945)	Democratic	Michigan's 13th	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2011	Lost renomination
Donna Christian-Christensen (born 1945)	Democratic	U.S. Virgin Island's at-large	January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2015	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 2014 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election
Diana DeGette (born 1957)	Democratic	Colorado's 1st	January 3, 1997 – present
Kay Granger (born 1943)	Republican	Texas's 12th	January 3, 1997 – present
Darlene Hooley (born 1939)	Democratic	Oregon's 5th	January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2009	Retired
Carolyn McCarthy (born 1944)	Democratic	New York's 4th	January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2015	Retired
Anne Northup (born 1948)	Republican	Kentucky's 3rd	January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2007	Lost reelection
Loretta Sánchez (born 1960)	Democratic	California's 46th	January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2003	Redistricted
		California's 47th	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
		California's 46th	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 2016 United States Senate election in California
Debbie Stabenow (born 1950)	Democratic	Michigan's 8th	January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2001	Retired to run successfully for the 2000 United States Senate election in Michigan
Ellen Tauscher (born 1951)	Democratic	California's 10th	January 3, 1997 – June 26, 2009	Resigned to become Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs
Lois Capps (born 1938)	Democratic	California's 22nd	March 10, 1998 – January 3, 2003	Redistricted
		California's 23rd	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
		California's 24th	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017	Retired Succeeded her husband
Mary Bono (born 1961)	Republican	California's 44th	April 7, 1998 – January 3, 2003	Redistricted
Mary Bono (born 1961)	Republican	California's 45th	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013	Lost reelection Succeeded her husband
Barbara Lee (born 1946)	Democratic	California's 9th	April 7, 1998 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
Barbara Lee (born 1946)	Democratic	California's 13th	January 3, 2013 – present
Heather Wilson (born 1960)	Republican	New Mexico's 1st	June 25, 1998 – January 3, 2009	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the 2008 United States Senate election in New Mexico Later became Secretary of the Air Force
Tammy Baldwin (born 1962)	Democratic	Wisconsin's 2nd	January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2013	Retired to run successfully for the 2012 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
Shelley Berkley (born 1951)	Democratic	Nevada's 1st	January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2013	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 2012 United States Senate election in Nevada
Judy Biggert (born 1937)	Republican	Illinois's 13th	January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2013	Lost reelection
Grace Napolitano (born 1936)	Democratic	California's 34th	January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2003	Redistricted
		California's 38th	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
		California's 32nd	January 3, 2013 – present
Jan Schakowsky (born 1944)	Democratic	Illinois's 9th	January 3, 1999 – present
Stephanie Tubbs Jones (1949–2008)	Democratic	Ohio's 11th	January 3, 1999 – August 20, 2008	Died in office
Jo Ann Davis (1950–2007)	Republican	Virginia's 1st	January 3, 2001 – October 6, 2007	Died in office
Susan Davis (born 1944)	Democratic	California's 49th	January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003	Redistricted
Susan Davis (born 1944)	Democratic	California's 53rd	January 3, 2003 – present
Melissa Hart (born 1962)	Republican	Pennsylvania's 4th	January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2007	Lost reelection
Betty McCollum (born 1954)	Democratic	Minnesota's 4th	January 3, 2001 – present
Shelley Moore-Capito (born 1953)	Republican	West Virginia's 2nd	January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2015	Retired to run successfully for the 2014 United States Senate election in West Virginia
Hilda Solis (born 1957)	Democratic	California's 31st	January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003	Redistricted
Hilda Solis (born 1957)	Democratic	California's 32nd	January 3, 2003 – February 24, 2009	Resigned to become United States Secretary of Labor
Diane Watson (born 1933)	Democratic	California's 32nd	June 5, 2001 – January 3, 2003	Redistricted
Diane Watson (born 1933)	Democratic	California's 33rd	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2011	Retired Previously served as United States Ambassador to Micronesia

2003 to 2012

Image	Name (lifespan)	Party	District	Years	Notes
	Marsha Blackburn (born 1952)	Republican	Tennessee's 7th	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2019	Retired to run successfully for the 2018 United States Senate election in Tennessee
	Madeleine Bordallo (born 1933)	Democratic	Guam's at-large	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2019	Lost renomination Previously served as Lieutenant Governor of Guam
	Ginny Brown-Waite (born 1943)	Republican	Florida's 5th	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2011	Retired
	Katherine Harris (born 1957)	Republican	Florida's 13th	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 2006 United States Senate election in Florida Previously served as Florida Secretary of State
	Denise Majette (born 1955)	Democratic	Georgia's 4th	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2005	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 2004 United States Senate election in Georgia
	Candice Miller (born 1954)	Republican	Michigan's 10th	January 3, 2003 – January 1, 2017	Retired to run successfully for Public Works Commissioner of Macomb County Previously served as Michigan Secretary of State
	Marilyn Musgrave (born 1949)	Republican	Colorado's 4th	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2009	Lost reelection
	Linda Sánchez (born 1969)	Democratic	California's 39th	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
	Linda Sánchez (born 1969)	Democratic	California's 38th	January 3, 2013 – present
	Stephanie Herseth-Sandlin (born 1970)	Democratic	South Dakota's at-large	June 1, 2004 – January 3, 2011	Lost reelection
	Melissa Bean (born 1962)	Democratic	Illinois's 8th	January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2011	Lost reelection
	Thelma Drake (born 1949)	Republican	Virginia's 2nd	January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2009	Lost reelection
	Virginia Foxx (born 1944)	Republican	North Carolina's 5th	January 3, 2005 – present
	Cathy McMorris-Rodgers (born 1969)	Republican	Washington's 5th	January 3, 2005 – present
	Gwen Moore (born 1951)	Democratic	Wisconsin's 4th	January 3, 2005 – present
Rep. Schwartz	Allyson Schwartz (born 1948)	Democratic	Pennsylvania's 13th	January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2015	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the 2014 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
	Debbie Wasserman-Schultz (born 1966)	Democratic	Florida's 20th	January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
	Debbie Wasserman-Schultz (born 1966)	Democratic	Florida's 23rd	January 3, 2013 – present
	Doris Matsui (born 1944)	Democratic	California's 5th	March 3, 2005 – January 3, 2013	Succeeded her husband Redistricted
	Doris Matsui (born 1944)	Democratic	California's 6th	January 3, 2013 – present
	Jean Schmidt (born 1951)	Republican	Ohio's 2nd	September 6, 2005 – January 3, 2013	Lost renomination
	Shelley Sekula-Gibbs (born 1953)	Republican	Texas's 22nd	November 13, 2006 – January 3, 2007	Lost election to full term
	Michele Bachmann (born 1956)	Republican	Minnesota's 6th	January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2015	Retired
	Nancy Boyda (born 1955)	Democratic	Kansas's 2nd	January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2009	Lost reelection
	Kathy Castor (born 1966)	Democratic	Florida's 11th	January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
	Kathy Castor (born 1966)	Democratic	Florida's 14th	January 3, 2013 – present
	Yvette Clarke (born 1964)	Democratic	New York's 11th	January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
	Yvette Clarke (born 1964)	Democratic	New York's 9th	January 3, 2013 – present
	Mary Fallin (born 1954)	Republican	Oklahoma's 5th	January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2011	Retired to run successfully for the 2010 Oklahoma gubernatorial election Previously served as Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma
	Gabrielle Giffords (born 1970)	Democratic	Arizona's 8th	January 3, 2007 – January 25, 2012	Resigned due to the injuries of being shot in the head at close range during an assassination attempt during the 2011 Tucson shooting
	Kirsten Gillibrand (born 1966)	Democratic	New York's 20th	January 3, 2007 – January 25, 2009	Resigned to accept appointment to the United States Senate Later ran successfully for the 2010 United States Senate special election in New York
	Mazie Hirono (born 1947)	Democratic	Hawaii's 2nd	January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2013	Retired to run successfully for the 2012 United States Senate election in Hawaii
	Laura Richardson (born 1962)	Democratic	California's 37th	January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2013	Lost reelection
	Carol Shea-Porter (born 1952)	Democratic	New Hampshire's 1st	January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2011	Lost reelection
				January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015	Lost reelection
				January 3, 2017 – January 3, 2019	Retired
	Betty Sutton (born 1963)	Democratic	Ohio's 13th	January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2013	Lost reelection
	Niki Tsongas (born 1946)	Democratic	Massachusetts's 5th	October 16, 2007 – January 3, 2013	Succeeded her husband (though not immediately) Redistricted
	Niki Tsongas (born 1946)	Democratic	Massachusetts's 3rd	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2019	Retired
	Jackie Speier (born 1950)	Democratic	California's 12th	April 8, 2008 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
	Jackie Speier (born 1950)	Democratic	California's 14th	January 3, 2013 – present
	Donna Edwards (born 1958)	Democratic	Maryland's 4th	June 17, 2008 – January 3, 2017	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the 2016 United States Senate election in Maryland
	Marcia Fudge (born 1952)	Democratic	Ohio's 11th	November 18, 2008 – present
	Kathy Dahlkemper (born 1957)	Democratic	Pennsylvania's 3rd	January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2011	Lost reelection
	Debbie Halvorson (born 1958)	Democratic	Illinois's 11th	January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2011	Lost reelection
	Lynn Jenkins (born 1963)	Republican	Kansas's 2nd	January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2019	Retired Previously served as Kansas Treasurer
	Mary Jo Kilroy (born 1949)	Democratic	Ohio's 15th	January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2011	Lost reelection
	Ann Kirkpatrick (born 1950)	Democratic	Arizona's 1st	January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2011	Lost reelection
			Arizona's 1st	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 2016 United States Senate election in Arizona
			Arizona's 2nd	January 3, 2019 – present
	Suzanne Kosmas (born 1944)	Democratic	Florida's 24th	January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2011	Lost reelection
	Cynthia Lummis (born 1954)	Republican	Wyoming's at-large	January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2017	Retired Previously served as Wyoming Treasurer
	Betsy Markey (born 1956)	Democratic	Colorado's 4th	January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2011	Lost reelection
	Chellie Pingree (born 1955)	Democratic	Maine's 1st	January 3, 2009 – present
	Dina Titus (born 1950)	Democratic	Nevada's 3rd	January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2011	Lost reelection
	Dina Titus (born 1950)	Democratic	Nevada's 1st	January 3, 2013 – present
	Judy Chu (born 1953)	Democratic	California's 32nd	June 19, 2009 – January 3, 2013	First Chinese American woman elected Redistricted
	Judy Chu (born 1953)	Democratic	California's 27th	January 3, 2013 – present
	Sandy Adams (born 1956)	Republican	Florida's 24th	January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013	Lost renomination
	Karen Bass (born 1953)	Democratic	California's 33rd	January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
	Karen Bass (born 1953)	Democratic	California's 37th	January 3, 2013 – present
	Diane Black (born 1951)	Republican	Tennessee's 6th	January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2019	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the 2018 Tennessee gubernatorial election
	Ann Marie Buerkle (born 1951)	Republican	New York's 25th	January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013	Lost reelection
	Renee Ellmers (born 1964)	Republican	North Carolina's 2nd	January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2017	Lost renomination
	Colleen Hanabusa (born 1951)	Democratic	Hawaii's 1st	January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2015	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the 2014 United States Senate special election in Hawaii
	Colleen Hanabusa (born 1951)	Democratic	Hawaii's 1st	November 14, 2016 – January 3, 2019	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the 2018 Hawaii gubernatorial election
	Vicky Hartzler (born 1960)	Republican	Missouri's 4th	January 3, 2011 – present
	Nan Hayworth (born 1959)	Republican	New York's 19th	January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013	Lost reelection
	Jaime Herrera-Beutler (born 1978)	Republican	Washington's 3rd	January 3, 2011 – present
	Kristi Noem (born 1971)	Republican	South Dakota's at-large	January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2019	Retired to run successfully for the 2018 South Dakota gubernatorial election
	Martha Roby (born 1976)	Republican	Alabama's 2nd	January 3, 2011 – present
	Terri Sewell (born 1965)	Democratic	Alabama's 7th	January 3, 2011 – present
	Frederica Wilson (born 1942)	Democratic	Florida's 17th	January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
	Frederica Wilson (born 1942)	Democratic	Florida's 24th	January 3, 2013 – present
	Kathy Hochul (born 1958)	Democratic	New York's 26th	June 1, 2011 – January 3, 2013	Lost reelection Later became Lieutenant Governor of New York
	Janice Hahn (born 1952)	Democratic	California's 36th	July 12, 2011 – January 3, 2013	Redistricted
	Janice Hahn (born 1952)	Democratic	California's 44th	January 3, 2013 – December 4, 2016	Retired to run successfully for Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
	Suzanne Bonamici (born 1954)	Democratic	Oregon's 1st	January 21, 2012 – present
	Suzan DelBene (born 1962)	Democratic	Washington's 1st	November 6, 2012 – present

2013 to present

Name (lifespan)	Party	District	Years	Notes
Joyce Beatty (born 1950)	Democratic	Ohio's 3rd	January 3, 2013 – present
Susan Brooks (born 1960)	Republican	Indiana's 5th	January 3, 2013 – present	Previously served as United States Attorney for the Southern District of Indiana
Julia Brownley (born 1952)	Democratic	California's 26th	January 3, 2013 – present
Cheri Bustos (born 1961)	Democratic	Illinois's 17th	January 3, 2013 – present
Tammy Duckworth (born 1968)	Democratic	Illinois's 8th	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017	Retired to run successfully for the 2016 United States Senate election in Illinois Previously served as Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Public and Intergovernmental Affairs
Elizabeth Esty (born 1959)	Democratic	Connecticut's 5th	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2019	Retired
Lois Frankel (born 1948)	Democratic	Florida's 22nd	January 3, 2013 – present
Tulsi Gabbard (born 1981)	Democratic	Hawaii's 2nd	January 3, 2013 – present	First Hindu elected to Congress
Michelle Lujan-Grisham (born 1959)	Democratic	New Mexico's 1st	January 3, 2013 – December 31, 2018	Resigned to run successfully for Governor of New Mexico
Ann McLane-Kuster (born 1956)	Democratic	New Hampshire's 2nd	January 3, 2013 – present
Grace Meng (born 1975)	Democratic	New York's 6th	January 3, 2013 – present
Gloria Negrete-McLeod (born 1941)	Democratic	California's 35th	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015	Retired to run unsuccessfully for San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors
Kyrsten Sinema (born 1976)	Democratic	Arizona's 9th	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2019	Retired to run successfully for the 2018 United States Senate election in Arizona First openly bisexual woman elected
Ann Wagner (born 1962)	Republican	Missouri's 2nd	January 3, 2013 – present	Previously served as United States Ambassador to Luxembourg
Jackie Walorski (born 1963)	Republican	Indiana's 2nd	January 3, 2013 – present
Robin Kelly (born 1956)	Democratic	Illinois's 2nd	April 11, 2013 – present
Katherine Clark (born 1963)	Democratic	Massachusetts's 5th	December 10, 2013 – present
Alma Adams (born 1946)	Democratic	North Carolina's 12th	November 12, 2014 – present
Barbara Comstock (born 1959)	Republican	Virginia's 10th	January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2019	Lost reelection
Debbie Dingell (born 1953)	Democratic	Michigan's 12th	January 3, 2015 – present	Succeeded her husband First woman to succeed her husband while he is still alive
Gwen Graham (born 1963)	Democratic	Florida's 2nd	January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2017	Retired Daughter of Bob Graham
Brenda Lawrence (born 1954)	Democratic	Michigan's 14th	January 3, 2015 – present
Mia Love (born 1975)	Republican	Utah's 4th	January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2019	Lost reelection First African-American Republican woman elected to Congress
Martha McSally (born 1966)	Republican	Arizona's 2nd	January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2019	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 2018 United States Senate election in Arizona Later appointed to the United States Senate
Stacey Plaskett (born 1966)	Democratic	U.S. Virgin Island's at-large	January 3, 2015 – present
Amata Radewagen (born 1947)	Republican	American Samoa's at-large	January 3, 2015 – present	Daughter of Peter Tali Coleman
Kathleen Rice (born 1965)	Democratic	New York's 4th	January 3, 2015 – present
Elise Stefanik (born 1984)	Republican	New York's 21st	January 3, 2015 – present
Norma Torres (born 1965)	Democratic	California's 35th	January 3, 2015 – present
Mimi Walters (born 1962)	Republican	California's 45th	January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2019	Lost reelection
Bonnie Watson-Coleman (born 1945)	Democratic	New Jersey's 12th	January 3, 2015 – present
Nanette Barragán (born 1976)	Democratic	California's 44th	January 3, 2017 – present
Lisa Blunt-Rochester (born 1962)	Democratic	Delaware at-large	January 3, 2017 – present
Liz Cheney (born 1966)	Republican	Wyoming's at-large	January 3, 2017 – present	Daughter of Dick Cheney
Val Demings (born 1957)	Democratic	Florida's 10th	January 3, 2017 – present
Jenniffer González (born 1976)	Republican	Puerto Rico's at-large	January 3, 2017 – present
Pramila Jayapal (born 1965)	Democratic	Washington's 7th	January 3, 2017 – present	First Indian American woman elected
Stephanie Murphy (born 1978)	Democratic	Florida's 7th	January 3, 2017 – present	First Vietnamese American woman elected
Jacky Rosen (born 1957)	Democratic	Nevada's 3rd	January 3, 2017 – January 3, 2019	Retiree to run successfully for the 2018 United States Senate election in Nevada
Claudia Tenney (born 1961)	Republican	New York's 22nd	January 3, 2017 – January 3, 2019	Lost reelection
Karen Handel (born 1962)	Republican	Georgia's 6th	June 26, 2017 – January 3, 2019	Lost reelection Previously served as Georgia Secretary of State
Debbie Lesko (born 1958)	Republican	Arizona's 8th	May 7, 2018 – present
Mary Gay Scanlon (born 1959)	Democratic	Pennsylvania's 7th	November 13, 2018 – January 3, 2019	Redistricted
Mary Gay Scanlon (born 1959)	Democratic	Pennsylvania's 5th	January 3, 2019 – present
Susan Wild (born 1957)	Democratic	Pennsylvania's 15th	November 27, 2018 – January 3, 2019	Redistricted
Susan Wild (born 1957)	Democratic	Pennsylvania's 7th	January 3, 2019 – present
Brenda Jones (born 1959)	Democratic	Michigan's 13th	November 29, 2018– January 3, 2019	Term expired
Cindy Axne (born 1965)	Democratic	Iowa's 3rd	January 3, 2019 – present
Angie Craig (born 1972)	Democratic	Minnesota's 2nd	January 3, 2019 – present
Sharice Davids (born 1980)	Democratic	Kansas's 3rd	January 3, 2019 – present	One of the first two Native American women (alongside Deb Haaland) elected to Congress
Madeleine Dean (born 1959)	Democratic	Pennsylvania's 4th	January 3, 2019 – present
Veronica Escobar (born 1969)	Democratic	Texas's 16th	January 3, 2019 – present
Abby Finkenauer (born 1988)	Democratic	Iowa's 1st	January 3, 2019 – present
Lizzie Fletcher (born 1975)	Democratic	Texas's 7th	January 3, 2019 – present
Sylvia Garcia (born 1950)	Democratic	Texas's 29th	January 3, 2019 – present
Deb Haaland (born 1960)	Democratic	New Mexico's 1st	January 3, 2019 – present	One of the first two Native American women (alongside Sharice Davids) elected to Congress
Jahana Hayes (born 1973)	Democratic	Connecticut's 5th	January 3, 2019 – present
Katie Hill (born 1987)	Democratic	California's 25th	January 3, 2019 – present
Kendra Horn (born 1976)	Democratic	Oklahoma's 5th	January 3, 2019 – present
Chrissy Houlahan (born 1968)	Democratic	Pennsylvania's 6th	January 3, 2019 – present
Susie Lee (born 1966)	Democratic	Nevada's 3rd	January 3, 2019 – present
Elaine Luria (born 1975)	Democratic	Virginia's 2nd	January 3, 2019 – present
Lucy McBath (born 1960)	Democratic	Georgia's 6th	January 3, 2019 – present
Carol Miller (born 1950)	Republican	West Virginia's 3rd	January 3, 2019 – present	Daughter of Samuel L. Devine
Debbie Mucarsel-Powell (born 1971)	Democratic	Florida's 26th	January 3, 2019 – present
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (born 1989)	Democratic	New York's 14th	January 3, 2019 – present	Youngest woman elected to Congress (at age 29)
Ilhan Omar (born 1981)	Democratic	Minnesota's 5th	January 3, 2019 – present	One of the first two Muslim women (alongside Rashida Tlaib) and first Somali-American elected to Congress
Katie Porter (born 1974)	Democratic	California's 45th	January 3, 2019 – present
Ayanna Pressley (born 1974)	Democratic	Massachusetts's 7th	January 3, 2019 – present
Kim Schrier (born 1968)	Democratic	Washington's 8th	January 3, 2019 – present
Donna Shalala (born 1941)	Democratic	Florida's 27th	January 3, 2019 – present	Previously served as United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
Mikie Sherrill (born 1972)	Democratic	New Jersey's 11th	January 3, 2019 – present
Elissa Slotkin (born 1976)	Democratic	Michigan's 8th	January 3, 2019 – present
Abigail Spanberger (born 1979)	Democratic	Virginia's 7th	January 3, 2019 – present
Haley Stevens (born 1983)	Democratic	Michigan's 11th	January 3, 2019 – present
Rashida Tlaib (born 1976)	Democratic	Michigan's 13th	January 3, 2019 – present	One of the first two Muslim women (alongside Ilhan Omar) and the first Palestinian-American woman elected to Congress
Xochitl Torres Small (born 1984)	Democratic	New Mexico's 2nd	January 3, 2019 – present
Lori Trahan (born 1973)	Democratic	Massachusetts's 3rd	January 3, 2019 – present
Lauren Underwood (born 1986)	Democratic	Illinois's 14th	January 3, 2019 – present
Jennifer Wexton (born 1968)	Democratic	Virginia's 10th	January 3, 2019 – present

Pregnancies

There have been ten female members of the House of Representatives who were pregnant and gave birth at least once during their tenure (one member three times).^[27]

Representatives who have been pregnant while in office
Congresswoman	State	Party	Date of delivery	Mother's age	Notes
Yvonne Brathwaite Burke	California	Democratic	November 23, 1973	41	The daughter, Autumn Burke, became notable in her own right.
Enid Greene Waldholtz	Utah	Republican	August 31, 1995	37	^[28]
Susan Molinari	New York	Republican	May 10, 1996	38	The child's father was fellow congressman Bill Paxon.^[29]
Blanche Lincoln	Arkansas	Democratic	June 1996	35	Chose not to run for re-election due to the pregnancy. Gave birth to twin boys.^[30]
Cathy McMorris Rodgers	Washington	Republican	April 29, 2007	37	^[31]
Kirsten Gillibrand	New York	Democratic	May 15, 2008	41	^[32]
Stephanie Herseth Sandlin	South Dakota	Democratic	December 15, 2008	38	The child's father was former congressman Max Sandlin.^[33]
Linda Sánchez	California	Democratic	May 13, 2009	40	Unmarried when pregnancy announced, married a month before delivery^[34]
Cathy McMorris Rodgers	Washington	Republican	December 1, 2010	41	First member to give birth in office twice^[35]
Jaime Herrera Beutler	Washington	Republican	July 15, 2013	34	^[36]
Cathy McMorris Rodgers	Washington	Republican	November 24, 2013	44	First member to give birth in office three times^[37]
Tammy Duckworth	Illinois	Democratic	November 18, 2014	46	Would later go on to become the first and thus far only woman to give birth while a sitting US Senator. ^[38]
Jaime Herrera Beutler	Washington	Republican	May 18, 2016	37	^[39]

References

^ http://cawp.rutgers.edu/women-us-house-representatives-2019
^ "RANKIN, Jeannette - US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov.
^ "Florence Prag Kahn". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
^ Mariotti, Renato (November 26, 2013). "Rep. Vera Buchanan dies in office, Nov. 26, 1955". Politico. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ "August House Publishers - Atlanta - Children's Book Publisher". August House Publishers - Atlanta - Children's Book Publisher.
^ "New Patterns - US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives".
^ "Update: First woman to wear pants on House floor, Rep. Charlotte Reid". Washington Post.
^ "CHISHOLM, Shirley Anita - US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov.
^ "Women in Government: A Slim Past, But a Strong Future". Ebony: 89–92, 96–98. August 1977.
^ "BURKE, Yvonne Brathwaite | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
^ Michelle Cottle, ed. (April 19, 2018). "Congress Can't Give Up Tradition". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
^ "Ileana Ros-Lehtinen".
^ Press, The Associated. "Tommy vs. Tammy rages on: Senate race down to the wire".
^ "Tammy Baldwin". Biography.
^ "Tammy Baldwin - Candidate for U.S. President, Republican Nomination - Election 2012". WSJ.com.
^ Jon M. Shepard (January 1, 2012). Cengage Advantage Books: Sociology. Cengage Learning. pp. 293–. ISBN 978-1-133-71002-8.
^ Blumberg, Antonia (March 7, 2018). "Nancy Pelosi Donates Historic Speaker's Gavel To The Smithsonian For Women's History Month". Huffington Post – via Huff Post.
^ "Women in U.S. House get new restroom near chamber". USA Today. July 21, 2011.
^ "Hindu-American Tulsi Gabbard wins Democratic primary in Hawaii". The Economic Times. August 12, 2012.
^ Stephen Prothero (January 3, 2013). "Column: A Hindu moment for Congress". Usatoday.com. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
^ Edmondson, Catie; Lee, Jasmine C. (November 28, 2018). "Meet the New Freshmen in Congress". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
^ The 2018 Midterms, In 4 Charts. FiveThirtyEight. By Rachael Dottle, Ella Koeze and Julia Wolfe. Nov. 13, 2018.
^ Women candidates for Congress 1974 - 2018. Center for American Women and Politics. There are separate columns for House and Senate numbers by election. Party and seat summary for major party nominees.
^ "Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2011" (PDF).
^ "The U.S. Made Zero Progress in Adding Women to Congress".
^ Parker, Ashley (April 12, 2018). "First Day of 113th Congress Brings More Women to Capitol" – via NYTimes.com.
^ Akers, Mary Ann (November 20, 2008). "Rep. Linda Sanchez Expecting a Baby". Washington Post.
^ Foster, David (November 19, 1995). "Ambitious Couple Thrived on Passion for Politics, Each Other : Congress: Enid Greene and Joe Waldholtz seemed born for each other. But his lies over money sabotaged fairy tale, perhaps her career". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press.
^ "Susan Molinari". womenincongress.house.gov.
^ Geranios, Nicholas K. (April 21, 2007). "Baby in the House: Pregnant congresswoman due to give birth next month". San Diego Union Tribune. Associated Press.
^ "It's A Boy". Spokesman Review. April 30, 2007.
^ "Son Born to New York Congresswoman". New York Times. Associated Press. May 16, 2008.
^ Woster, Kevin (December 16, 2008). "Something we can all agree on: Congratulations!". Rapid City Journal.
^ Akers, Mary Ann (May 13, 2009). "New Mama in the House: Linda Sanchez". Washington Post.
^ Barone, Michael; Chuck McCutcheon (2011). "Washington/Fifth District". The Almanac of American Politics (2012 ed.). University of Chicago Press, National Journal Group, Inc. pp. 1716–1718. ISBN 978-0-226-03808-7.
^ "Republican Rep. Jaime Herrera Beutler celebrates 'miracle' baby girl born with Potter's sequence". New York Daily News. July 29, 2013.
^ Korte, Gregory (November 25, 2013). "Rep sets congressional record -- mom x 3". USA Today. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
^ Skiba, Katherine (November 20, 2014). "Rep. Tammy Duckworth gives birth to daughter". Chicago Tribune.
^ Dake, Lauren (May 19, 2016). "Herrera Beutler gives birth to baby boy". The Columbian. Retrieved December 28, 2018.

External links

Women in Congress — Companion site to book produced by the Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives
Associated Press. "Husbands' deaths often propel widows to office". Columbia Daily Tribune, January 22, 2005. Retrieved February 15, 2005. (alternate source, via journalstar.com)
Maurer, Elizabeth. "Legislating History: 100 Years of Women in Congress". National Women's History Museum. 2017.

[1] ttp://cawp.rutgers.edu/women-us-house-representatives-2019

[2] "RANKIN, Jeannette - US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov.

[3] "Florence Prag Kahn". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.

[4] Mariotti, Renato (November 26, 2013). "Rep. Vera Buchanan dies in office, Nov. 26, 1955". Politico. Retrieved April 12, 2018.

[5] "August House Publishers - Atlanta - Children's Book Publisher". August House Publishers - Atlanta - Children's Book Publisher.

[6] "New Patterns - US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives".

[auto-7] "Update: First woman to wear pants on House floor, Rep. Charlotte Reid". Washington Post.

[8] "CHISHOLM, Shirley Anita - US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov.

[SlimPast-9] "Women in Government: A Slim Past, But a Strong Future". Ebony: 89–92, 96–98. August 1977.

[:0-10] "BURKE, Yvonne Brathwaite | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved May 4, 2016.

[theatlantic1-11] Michelle Cottle, ed. (April 19, 2018). "Congress Can't Give Up Tradition". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 27, 2018.

[12] "Ileana Ros-Lehtinen".

[13] Press, The Associated. "Tommy vs. Tammy rages on: Senate race down to the wire".

[14] "Tammy Baldwin". Biography.

[15] "Tammy Baldwin - Candidate for U.S. President, Republican Nomination - Election 2012". WSJ.com.

[Shepard2012-16] Jon M. Shepard (January 1, 2012). Cengage Advantage Books: Sociology. Cengage Learning. pp. 293–. ISBN 978-1-133-71002-8.

[17] Blumberg, Antonia (March 7, 2018). "Nancy Pelosi Donates Historic Speaker's Gavel To The Smithsonian For Women's History Month". Huffington Post – via Huff Post.

[content.usatoday.com-18] "Women in U.S. House get new restroom near chamber". USA Today. July 21, 2011.

[hindu-19] "Hindu-American Tulsi Gabbard wins Democratic primary in Hawaii". The Economic Times. August 12, 2012.

[20] Stephen Prothero (January 3, 2013). "Column: A Hindu moment for Congress". Usatoday.com. Retrieved April 27, 2018.

[21] Edmondson, Catie; Lee, Jasmine C. (November 28, 2018). "Meet the New Freshmen in Congress". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 11, 2019.

[4charts-22] The 2018 Midterms, In 4 Charts. FiveThirtyEight. By Rachael Dottle, Ella Koeze and Julia Wolfe. Nov. 13, 2018.

[CAWP-23] Women candidates for Congress 1974 - 2018. Center for American Women and Politics. There are separate columns for House and Senate numbers by election. Party and seat summary for major party nominees.

[24] "Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2011" (PDF).

[25] "The U.S. Made Zero Progress in Adding Women to Congress".

[26] Parker, Ashley (April 12, 2018). "First Day of 113th Congress Brings More Women to Capitol" – via NYTimes.com.

[27] Akers, Mary Ann (November 20, 2008). "Rep. Linda Sanchez Expecting a Baby". Washington Post.

[28] Foster, David (November 19, 1995). "Ambitious Couple Thrived on Passion for Politics, Each Other : Congress: Enid Greene and Joe Waldholtz seemed born for each other. But his lies over money sabotaged fairy tale, perhaps her career". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press.

[29] "Susan Molinari". womenincongress.house.gov.

[30] Geranios, Nicholas K. (April 21, 2007). "Baby in the House: Pregnant congresswoman due to give birth next month". San Diego Union Tribune. Associated Press.

[31] "It's A Boy". Spokesman Review. April 30, 2007.

[32] "Son Born to New York Congresswoman". New York Times. Associated Press. May 16, 2008.

[33] Woster, Kevin (December 16, 2008). "Something we can all agree on: Congratulations!". Rapid City Journal.

[34] Akers, Mary Ann (May 13, 2009). "New Mama in the House: Linda Sanchez". Washington Post.

[35] Barone, Michael; Chuck McCutcheon (2011). "Washington/Fifth District". The Almanac of American Politics (2012 ed.). University of Chicago Press, National Journal Group, Inc. pp. 1716–1718. ISBN 978-0-226-03808-7.

[36] "Republican Rep. Jaime Herrera Beutler celebrates 'miracle' baby girl born with Potter's sequence". New York Daily News. July 29, 2013.

[37] Korte, Gregory (November 25, 2013). "Rep sets congressional record -- mom x 3". USA Today. Retrieved November 23, 2014.

[38] Skiba, Katherine (November 20, 2014). "Rep. Tammy Duckworth gives birth to daughter". Chicago Tribune.

[39] Dake, Lauren (May 19, 2016). "Herrera Beutler gives birth to baby boy". The Columbian. Retrieved December 28, 2018.

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