Dhuwal language

Dhuwal
Dhuwal
Dhay'yi
Native to	Australia
Region	Northern Territory
Ethnicity	Daii, Dhuwal, Dhuwala
Native speakers	5,171 (2016 census)
Language family	Pama–Nyungan Yolŋu languages Southern (Dhuwal) Dhuwal; ; ;
Standard forms	Dhuwaya;
Dialects	Gupapuyngu; Gumatj; Djambarrpuyngu; Djapu; Liyagalawumirr; Guyamirlili; Dhalwangu [Dhay'yi]; Djarrwark [Dhay'yi];
Signed forms	Yolŋu Sign Language
Official status
Official language in	Northern Territory (as lingua franca for aborigines)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously:; dwu – Dhuwal; djr – Djambarrpuyngu; gnn – Gumatj; guf – Gupapuyngu; dax – Dayi (Dhay'yi); dwy – Dhuwaya
Glottolog	dhuw1248 Dhuwal-Dhuwala; dayi1244 Dayi
AIATSIS	N198 Dhuwal, N199 Dhuwala, N118 Dhay'yi
ELP	Dhuwala

Dhuwal (also Dual, Duala) is one of the Yolŋu languages spoken by Aboriginal Australians in the Northern Territory, Australia. Although all Yolŋu languages are mutually intelligible to some extent, Dhuwal represents a distinct dialect continuum of eight separate varieties.

Dialects

Dialects of the Yirritja moiety are (a) Gupapuyngu and Gumatj; those of the Dhuwa moiety are (b) Djambarrpuyngu, Djapu, Liyagalawumirr, and Guyamirlili (Gwijamil). In addition, it would appear that the Dhay'yi (Dayi) dialects, (a) Dhalwangu and (b) Djarrwark, are part of the same language.^[4]

Ethnologue divides Dhuwal into four languages, plus Dayi and the contact variety Dhuwaya:

Dhuwal proper, Datiwuy, Dhuwaya, Liyagawumirr, Marrangu, and Djapu: 600 speakers
Djampbarrpuyŋu, 2,760 speakers
Gumatj, 240 speakers
Gupapuyngu, 330 speakers
Dhay'yi (Dayi) and Dhalwangu, 170 speakers

Numbers are from the 2006 census.

Dhuwaya is a stigmatized contact variant used by the younger generation in informal contexts, and is the form taught in schools, having replaced Gumatj ca. 1990.

Orthography

Probably every Australian language with speakers remaining has had an orthography developed for it, in each case in the Latin script. Sounds not found in English are usually represented by digraphs, or more rarely by diacritics, such as underlines, or extra symbols, sometimes borrowed from the International Phonetic Alphabet. Some examples are shown in the following table.

Language	Example	Translation	Type
Pitjantjatjara dialect of the Western Desert language	paṉa	'earth, dirt, ground; land'	diacritic (underline) indicates the retroflex nasal ([ɳ])
Wajarri	nhanha	'this, this one'	digraph indicating the dental nasal ([n̪])
Yolŋu languages	yolŋu	'person, man'	'ŋ' represents the velar nasal (borrowed from the International Phonetic Alphabet)

References

^ ABS. "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
^ http://www.ethnologue.com/language/djr
^ N198 Dhuwal at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (see the info box for additional links)
^ Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxvi. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1.

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[1] ABS. "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2017-10-29.

[2] ttp://www.ethnologue.com/language/djr

[AIATSIS-3] N198 Dhuwal at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (see the info box for additional links)

[4] Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxvi. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1.

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