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This article is about the 1942 Disney animated film. For the original novel, see Bambi, a Life in the Woods. For other uses, see Bambi (disambiguation).

Bambi
Original theatrical release poster
Directed bySupervising director
David Hand
Sequence directors
James Algar
Samuel Armstrong
Graham Heid
Bill Roberts
Paul Satterfield
Norman Wright
Story byStory direction
Perce Pearce
Story adaptation
Larry Morey
Story development
Vernon Stallings
Melvin Shaw
Carl Fallberg
Chuck Couch
Ralph Wright
Produced byWalt Disney
Starringsee below
Music byFrank Churchill
Edward H. Plumb
Production
company
Distributed byRKO Radio Pictures
Release dates
  • August 9, 1942 (1942-08-09) (World Premiere-London)
  • August 13, 1942 (1942-08-13) (Premiere-New York City)
  • August 21, 1942 (1942-08-21) (U.S.)[1]
Running time
70 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$858,000[2]
Box office$267.4 million[3]

Bambi is a 1942 American animated film directed by David Hand (supervising a team of sequence directors), produced by Walt Disney and based on the book Bambi, a Life in the Woods by Austrian author Felix Salten. The film was released by RKO Radio Pictures on August 13, 1942, and is the fifth Disney animated feature film. It is notable for being a wonderful masterpiece.

The main characters are Bambi, a mule deer; his parents (the Great Prince of the forest and his unnamed mother); his friends Thumper (a pink-nosed rabbit); and Flower (a skunk); and his childhood friend and future mate, Faline. For the movie, Disney took the liberty of changing Bambi's species into a mule deer from his original species of roe deer, since roe deer are not native to North America, and the mule deer is more widespread in the United States.[4] The film received three Academy Award nominations: Best Sound (Sam Slyfield), Best Song (for "Love Is a Song" sung by Donald Novis) and Original Music Score.[5]

In June 2008, the American Film Institute presented a list of its "10 Top 10"—the best ten films in each of ten classic American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. Bambi placed third in animation.[6] In December 2011, the film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress.[7]

Plot

A doe gives birth to a fawn named Bambi, who will one day take over the position of Great Prince of the Forest, a title currently held by Bambi's father, who guards the woodland creatures from the dangers of hunters. The fawn is quickly befriended by an eager, energetic rabbit named Thumper, who helps to teach him to walk and speak. Bambi grows up very attached to his mother, with whom he spends most of his time. He soon makes other friends, including a young skunk named Flower and a female fawn named Faline. Curious and inquisitive, Bambi frequently asks about the world around him and is cautioned about the dangers of life as a forest creature by his loving mother. One day out in a meadow, Bambi briefly sees The Great Prince but does not realize that he is his father. As the great prince wanders uphill, he discovers the human hunter named "Man" by all the animals is coming and rushes down to the meadow to get everyone to safety. Bambi is briefly separated from his mother during that scene but is escorted to her by the Great Prince as the three of them make it back in the forest just as Man fires his gun.

During Bambi's first winter, he and Thumper play in the snow while Flower hibernates. One day his mother takes him along to find food, when Man shows up again. As they escape his mother is shot and killed by the hunter, leaving the little fawn mournful and alone. Taking pity on his abandoned son, the Great Prince leads Bambi home as he reveals to him that he is his father. Next year, Bambi has matured into a young stag, and his childhood friends have entered young adulthood as well. They are warned of "twitterpation" by Friend Owl and that they will eventually fall in love, although the trio view the concept of romance with scorn. However, Thumper and Flower soon both encounter their beautiful romantic counterparts and abandon their former thoughts on love. Bambi himself encounters Faline as a beautiful doe. However, their courtship is quickly interrupted and challenged by a belligerent older stag named Ronno, who attempts to force Faline away from Bambi. Bambi successfully manages to defeat Ronno in battle and earn the rights to the doe's affections.

Bambi is awakened shortly afterward by the smell of smoke, he follows it and discovers it leads to a hunter camp. Bambi is warned by his father that Man has returned with more hunters. The two flee to safety, although Bambi is separated from Faline in the turmoil and searches for her along the way. He soon finds her cornered by Man's vicious hunting dogs, which he manages to ward off. Meanwhile, at the "Man's" camp their campfire, unattended, spreads into the forest, resulting in a wildfire from which the forest residents flee in fear. Bambi, his father, Faline, and the forest animals manage to reach shelter on a riverbank. The following spring, Faline gives birth to twins under Bambi's watchful eye as the new Great Prince of the Forest.

Cast

Notes

^ Sources differ on whether Sutherland actually voiced Young Adult Bambi.[9]

Production

Development

In 1933, Sidney Franklin, a producer and director at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, purchased the film rights to Felix Salten's novel Bambi, A Life in the Woods, intending to adapt it as a live-action film. After years of experimentation, he eventually decided that it would be too difficult to make such a film and he sold the film rights to Walt Disney in April 1937.[10] Disney began work on crafting an animated adaptation immediately, intending it to be the company's second feature-length animated film and their first to be based on a specific, recent work.[10] However, the original novel was written for an adult audience, and was considered too "grim" and "somber" for a regular light-hearted Disney film.[10] The artists also discovered that it would be challenging to animate deer realistically.[11] These difficulties resulted in Disney putting production on hold while the studio worked on several other projects.[10] In 1938, Disney assigned Perce Pearce and Carl Fallberg to work on the film's storyboards, but attention was soon drawn away as the studio began working on Fantasia.[10] Finally, on August 17, 1939, production on Bambi began in earnest, but progressed slowly owing to changes in the studio personnel, location, and methodology of handling animation at the time.[10]

Writing

There were many interpretations of the story. As Mel Shaw claimed

The story of Bambi had a so many possibilities, you could go off on a million tangents. I remember one situation when Walt became involved with himself. He said 'Suppose we have Bambi step on an ant hill and we cut inside and see all the damage he's done to the ant civilization'. We spent weeks and weeks developing the ants, and then all of a sudden we decided, you know, we're way off the story, this has got nothing to do with the story of Bambi. We also had a family of grasshoppers, and they get into a family squabble of this or that, and Bambi is watching all of this, and here's the big head of Bambi in the grasshoppers. And what's that got to do with the story, and this would go on many times.[11]

Originally the film was intended to have six individual bunny characters, similar to the dwarfs in Snow White. However Perce Pearce suggested that they could instead have five generic rabbits and one rabbit with a different color than the rest, with one tooth, would have a very distinct personality.[12] This character later became known as Thumper.

There originally was a brief shot in the scene where Bambi's mother dies of her jumping over a log and getting shot by man. Larry Morey, however, felt the scene was too dramatic, and that it was emotional enough to justify having her death occurring off screen.[11][12] Walt Disney was also eager to show man burned to death by his fire that he inadvertently started, but this was discarded when it was decided not to show man at all.[11] There was also a scene involving two autumn leaves conversing like an old married couple before parting ways and falling to the ground, but Disney found that talking flora did not work in the context of the film, and instead a visual metaphor of two realistic leaves falling to the ground was used instead.[12] Disney and his story team also developed the characters consisting of a squirrel and a chipmunk that were to be a comic duo reminiscent of Laurel and Hardy. However, after years of experimentation, Walt felt that the story should focus on the three principal characters: Bambi, Thumper and Flower.[12] The squirrel and chipmunk make only brief appearances in the final film.

The writing was completed in July 1940, by which time the film's budget had increased to $858,000.[10]

Animation

Although the animators had animated deer in Snow White, they were animated, in the words of Eric Larson, "like big flour sacks".[11] Disney wanted the animals in Bambi to be more realistic and expressive than those in Snow White. He had Rico LeBrun, a painter of animals, come and lecture to the animators on the structure and movement of animals.[13] The animators visited the Los Angeles Zoo and Disney set up a small zoo at the studio with animals such as rabbits, ducks, owls, and skunks, and a pair of fawns named Bambi and Faline so that the artists could see first-hand the movement of these animals.[12][13][14] Rico LeBurn's sketches depicted realistic animals, but as characters they lacked personality. Marc Davis created the final design of Bambi by incorporating LeBurn's realistic study of deer anatomy but exaggerating the character's face by making his proportions baby-like (short snout, big eyes, etc.).[11] Although there were no humans in Bambi, live-action footage of humans was used for one scene: actress Jane Randolph and Ice Capades star Donna Atwood acted as live-action references for the scene where Bambi and Thumper are on the icy pond.[15] The animators learned a lot about animals during the film's production, giving them a broader spectrum of animation styles to use in future projects.[16]

The backgrounds for the film were inspired by the Eastern American woodlands. One of the earliest and best-known artists for the Disney studio, Maurice "Jake" Day, spent several weeks in the Vermont and Maine forests, sketching and photographing deer, fawns, and the surrounding wilderness areas.[17] However his first sketches were too "busy" as the eye did not know where to focus.[11] Tyrus Wong, a Chinese animator, showed Day some of his impressionistic paintings of a forest. Day liked the paintings and appointed him art director of the film.[11] Wong's backgrounds were revolutionary since they had more detail around the center and less around the edges, thus leading a viewer's eye to the characters.[12]

Due to World War II, which began in Europe in 1939, Pinocchio and Fantasia failed at the box office. Facing financial difficulty, Disney was forced to cut 12 minutes from the film before final animation to save production costs.[10]

Release

Bambi was released in theaters in 1942, during World War II, and was Disney's 5th full-length animated film. The film was re-released to theatres in 1947, 1957, 1966, 1975, 1982, and 1988. It was then made available in North America on home video in 1989 and in the UK in 1994. Even in home video, it has seen multiple releases, including three VHS releases — in 1989 (Classics Version), 1997 (Masterpiece Collection Version), and 2005 (Platinum Edition version), one Betamax release in 1989 (Classics version), two Laserdisc releases in 1989 (Classics version) and 1997 (Masterpiece Collection version) — and most recently a digitally-remastered and restored Platinum Edition DVD.[18] The Platinum Edition DVD went on moratorium on January 31, 2007.[19]

Bambi was released as a Diamond Edition on March 1, 2011,[20] consisting of a Blu-ray and DVD combo pack. This release included multiple bonus features not previously included in Bambi home releases: a documentary entitled Inside Walt’s Story Meetings – Enhanced Edition, two deleted scenes, a deleted song, an image gallery, and a game entitled Disney’s Big Book of Knowledge: Bambi Edition.[21] This release also marked the first use of "Disney Second Screen",[22] a feature which is accessed via a computer or iPad app download that syncs with the Blu-ray disc,[23] allowing the viewer to follow along by interacting with animated flip-books, galleries and trivia while watching the movie.[20] A UK version of Diamond Edition was released on February 7, 2011.[24]

In honor of the film's 75th anniversary, Bambi was released as part of the Walt Disney Signature Collection on May 23, 2017 (digital) and June 6, 2017 (Blu-ray/DVD/digital combo pack).

Reception

Bambi lost money at the box office for its first release; out of its $1.7 million budget, it only grossed back $1.64 million.[25][26]

The film was released during World War II and lacked access to much of the European market.[27] Roy Disney sent a telegram to his brother Walt after the New York opening of the film that read: "Fell short of our holdover figure by $4,000. Just came from Music Hall. Unable to make any deal to stay third week ... Night business is our problem."[27]

The film is now France's 24th biggest film of all time in terms of admissions with 10.7 million tickets sold.[28]

At the time of the film's release, Bambi received mixed reviews from the critics, mainly because of the lack of fantasy elements in the film and objection towards a dramatic story of animals and their struggle to survive in the woods and avoid the threat of humans.[29] Hunters spoke out against the movie, and in a 1942 edition of the magazine Outdoor Life, editor Raymond Brown wrote that the film was "... the worst insult ever offered in any form to American sportsmen."[30] The New York Times claimed, "In the search for perfection, Mr. Disney has come perilously close to tossing away his whole world of cartoon fantasy."[29] Film critic Manny Farber called it "... entirely unpleasant ..." and agreed with The New York Times statement saying, "In an effort to trump the realism of flesh and blood movies, he [Disney] has given up fantasy, which was pretty much the magic element".[29] Even Disney's daughter Diane complained, saying that Bambi's mother did not need to die. When Walt claimed that he was only following the book, Diane protested, saying that he had taken other liberties before and that Walt Disney could do whatever he wanted.[29]

Today, however, Bambi is viewed as a classic and recouped a considerable amount during the 1947 re-release and subsequent re-issues.[27] The film holds a 90% "Fresh" rating from critics on Rotten Tomatoes.[31] Critics Mick Martin and Marsha Porter call the film "the crowning achievement of Walt Disney's animation studio".[32]

English film historian Leslie Halliwell wrote that Bambi was "one of Disney's most memorable and brilliant achievements with a great comic character in Thumper and a climactic forest fire sequence that is genuinely thrilling". He concluded that it was "a triumph of the animator's arts."[33]

In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its "10 Top 10" – the best ten films in ten classic American film genres – after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. Bambi was acknowledged as the third best film in the animation genre.[34] It is also listed in the Top 25 Horror Movies of all Time by Time magazine. Bambi, Time states, "has a primal shock that still haunts oldsters who saw it 40, 50, 65 years ago."[35]

Legacy

The off-screen villain "Man" has been placed No. 20 on AFI's List of Heroes and Villains.[36]

Some critics have cited parallels between Frank Churchill's theme music for "Man" (which consisted of 3 simple notes) and John Williams's theme music in Jaws (which consists of two notes).[37]

Former Beatle Paul McCartney has credited the shooting death of Bambi's mother for his initial interest in animal rights.[38]

Soon after the film's release, Walt Disney allowed his characters to appear in fire prevention public service campaigns. However, Bambi was only loaned to the government for a year, so a new symbol was needed, leading to the creation of Smokey Bear.[citation needed] Bambi and his mother also make a cameo appearance in the satirical 1955 Donald Duck short No Hunting: drinking from a forest stream, the deer are startled by a sudden trickle of beer cans and other debris, and Bambi's mother tells him, "Man is in the forest. Let's dig out."

In 2006, the Ad Council, in partnership with the United States Forest Service, started a series of Public Service Announcements that feature footage from Bambi and Bambi II for wildfire prevention. During the ads, as the Bambi footage is shown, the screen will momentarily fade into black with the text "Don't let our forests...become once upon a time", and usually (but not always) ending the ads with Bambi's line "Mother, what we gonna do today?" followed by Smokey Bear saying "Only you can prevent wildfires" as the Smokey logo is shown on the screen. The ads air on various television networks, and the Ad Council has also put them on YouTube.[39]

In December 2011, Bambi was among the films selected for preservation in the Library of Congress' National Film Registry.[40] In its induction, the Registry said that the film was one of Walt Disney's favorites and that it has been "recognized for its eloquent message of nature conservation."[41]

American Film Institute

Bambi II

Main article: Bambi II

Set in the middle of Bambi, Bambi II shows the Great Prince of the Forest struggling to raise the motherless Bambi, and Bambi's doubts about his father's love. The film was released direct-to-video on February 7, 2006. While the film was a direct-to-video release in the United States and other countries, including Canada, China, Hong Kong, Japan and Taiwan, it was a theatrical release in some countries, including Australia, Austria, Brazil, Dominican Republic, France, Mexico, the United Kingdom and some other European countries.[citation needed]

Copyrights

The copyrights for Bambi, A Life in the Woods were inherited by Anna Wyler, Salten's daughter, who renewed them in 1954. After her death, Wyler's husband sold the rights to Twin Books, a publishing company which subsequently filed a lawsuit against Disney, claiming Disney owed it money for the continued licensing for the use of the book. Disney countered by claiming that Salten had published the story in 1923 without a copyright notice, thus it immediately entered into the public domain. Disney also argued that if the claimed 1923 publication date was accurate, then the copyright renewal filed in 1954 had been registered after the deadline and was thus invalid. The courts initially upheld Disney's view; however, in 1996, the Ninth Circuit Court reversed the decision on appeal.[42]

References

  1. ^ "Bambi: Detail View". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on July 11, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Barrier, J. Michael (2003). "Disney, 1938–1941". Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford University Press. pp. 269–274, 280. ISBN 978-0-19-516729-0. Archived from the original on May 24, 2014. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Bambi". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "Bambi and That Other Guy". Bio.Miami.edu.
  5. ^ "The 15th Academy Awards (1943) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10". American Film Institute. June 17, 2008. Archived from the original on May 18, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "Bambi joins Library of Congress film trove | IOL". Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Gez, Didier (2012). Walt's People-Volume 12: Talking Disney with the Artists who Knew Him. Xlibris. ISBN 978-1477147894. P.59.
  9. ^ Tom Heintjes (May 24, 2012). "Animating Ideas: The John Sutherland Story". Cartoonician.com. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Barrier, Michael, 1999, Hollywood Cartoons, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h The Making of Bambi: A Prince is Born, Bambi Blu-Ray, 2011
  12. ^ a b c d e f Inside Walt's Story Meetings, Bambi 2011 Blu-ray
  13. ^ a b Thomas, Bob (1997). "6: Expansion and War: Bambi". Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Hercules. pp. 90–1. ISBN 978-0-7868-6241-2.
  14. ^ "Walt Disney Collection: Walt's Masterworks". Archived from the original on February 28, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "Bambi Character History". Disney Archives. Archived from the original on April 27, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Finch, Christopher (2004). "7: Dumbo and Bambi". The Art of Walt Disney: From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdoms. pp. 217–222. ISBN 978-0-8109-4964-5.
  17. ^ Maurice E. Day, Animator, 90; Drew Deer for Movie 'Bambi': Obituary in the New York Times, published May 19, 1983)
  18. ^ Wray, James (February 26, 2005). "How They Restored Bambi". Monsters and Critics. Archived from the original on February 3, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ McCutcheon, David (September 29, 2006). "Disney Closes the Vault". IGN. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved July 14, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ a b "'Bambi (Two-Disc Diamond Edition)' Blu-ray Fully Detailed". High Def Digest. December 10, 2010. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Grabert, Jessica (December 8, 2010). "Bambi Returns From The Forest on Blu-Ray". Cinema Blend. Archived from the original on December 20, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Snider, Mike (February 24, 2011). "Second Screen creates a 'Bambi' for multitaskers". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 27, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Lawler, Richard (December 8, 2010). "Disney announces Bambi Blu-ray/DVD combo for March 1st, debuts new Second Screen PC/iPad app". Engadget. Archived from the original on February 5, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Bambi – Diamond Edition Double Play (Blu-ray + DVD)". Amazon.com. February 7, 2011. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Michael, Barrier, 1999, Hollywood Cartoons, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom
  26. ^ Variety puts the figure at $1.5 million - "101 Pix Gross in Millions" Variety 6 Jan 1943 p 58 Archived September 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ a b c "Walt's Masterworks: Bambi". Disney. Archived from the original on February 28, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "Top250 Tous Les Temps En France (reprises incluses)". Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  29. ^ a b c d Gabler, Neal(2006)-Walt Disney: The Triumph of American Imagination, Alfred A. Knopf Inc, New York City
  30. ^ Bjorkman, James. "Bambi (1942) - A Disney Movie Learning Experience Straight From Walt". Animated Film Reviews. Archived from the original on May 18, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Bambi (1942)" Archived February 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  32. ^ Mick Martin,Marsha Porter DVD&Video Guide 2005.Ballantine 2004.ISBN 0-345-44995-9
  33. ^ Halliwell, Leslie; Walker, John (1999). Halliwell's Film Guide 2000. HarperCollins. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-00-653165-4.
  34. ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10". American Film Institute. June 17, 2008. Archived from the original on May 18, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "Top 25 Horror Movies of All Time by Time Magazine". October 29, 2007. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2013{{inconsistent citations}}{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  36. ^ "AFI's 100 Greatest Heroes & Villains". AFI.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ Tylski, Alexandre. "A Study of Jaws' Incisive Overture" Archived October 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Film Score Monthly. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  38. ^ "Bambi was cruel". bbb.co.uk. December 12, 2005. Archived from the original on December 15, 2005. Retrieved January 29, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ "Smokey Bear PSAs". Ad Council. July 2, 2010. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Ben Nuckols (December 28, 2011). "Forrest Gump, Hannibal Lecter join film registry". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Cox Newspapers. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ "2011 National Film Registry More Than a Box of Chocolates". Library of Congress. December 28, 2011. Archived from the original on July 4, 2014. Retrieved December 28, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ Schons, Paul. "Bambi, the Austrian Deer". Germanic-American Institute. Archived from the original on August 8, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

Further reading

  • Wills, John (2015). "Felix Salten's Stories: The Portrayal of Nature in Bambi, Perri and The Shaggy Dog". In Jackson, Kathy Merloch; West, Mark I. (eds.). Walt Disney, from Reader to Storyteller: Essays on the Literary Inspirations. Jefferson (N.C.): McFarland. pp. 45–61. ISBN 978-0-7864-7232-1.
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