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LoRa

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LoRa
A LoRa module
Developed bySemtech
Connector typeSPI/I2C
Compatible hardwareSX1278
Physical range10km+

LoRa (Long Range) is a patented[1] digital wireless data communication technology developed by Cycleo of Grenoble, France, and acquired by Semtech in 2012.[2]

Features

LoRa uses license-free sub-gigahertz radio frequency bands like 169 MHz, 433 MHz, 868 MHz (Europe) and 915 MHz (North America). LoRa enables long-range transmissions (more than 10 km in rural areas) with low power consumption.[3] The technology is presented in two parts: LoRa, the physical layer and LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network), the upper layers.

LoRa is a spread spectrum modulation technique derived from chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technology, and is the first low-cost implementation of chirp spread spectrum for commercial usage.[4] In January 2018, new LoRa chipsets were announced, with reduced power consumption, increased transmission power, and reduced size.[5]

LoRa devices has geolocation capabilities used for triangulating positions of devices via timestamps from gateways.[6]

LoRa and LoRaWAN permit long-range connectivity for Internet of Things (IoT) devices in different types of industries.[7]

LoRa PHY

The LoRa physical layer protocol is closed and proprietary; therefore, there is no freely available official documentation. However, several people have analyzed it and documented their findings.[8][9]

LoRaWAN

LoRaWAN is the network on which LoRa operates, and can be used by IoT for remote and unconnected industries. LoRaWAN is a media access control (MAC) layer protocol but mainly is a network layer protocol for managing communication between LPWAN gateways and end-node devices as a routing protocol, maintained by the LoRa Alliance. Version 1.0 of the LoRaWAN specification was released in June 2015.[10] In basic terms, one can consider LoRaWAN to be a new WiFi to connect new IoT devices across every industry.

LoRaWAN defines the communication protocol and system architecture for the network, while the LoRa physical layer enables the long-range communication link. LoRaWAN is also responsible for managing the communication frequencies, data rate, and power for all devices.[11] Devices in the network are asynchronous and transmit when they have data available to send. Data transmitted by an end-node device is received by multiple gateways, which forward the data packets to a centralized network server.[12] The network server filters duplicate packets, performs security checks, and manages the network. Data is then forwarded to application servers.[13] The technology shows high reliability for the moderate load, however, it has some performance issues related to sending acknowledgements.[14]

Platforms based on LoRaWAN

Platforms based on LoRaWAN include:

  • Wavebricks is building a globally distributed, crowd-sourced and open IoT data and geolocalization network, owned and operated by its users. Wavebricks aimed to be a decentralized LoRaWAN infrastructure, allowing multiple network servers to work with one another. Wavebricks is developed by Strataggem which provides network infrastructure, ruggerized gateways, and custom nodes for smart cities, industry 4.0, smart agriculture and robotics. Wavebricks combines centimetric positioning technology and IoT communication in a unique service[15].
  • Globalsat, both a public LoRaWAN and private LoRa Nodes solution provider for WW, include Europe, United States, Asia regions and the Japan market.[16]
  • Fleet Space Technologies uses LoRaWAN to provide massive connectivity to IoT sensors and devices in rural, remote and offshore areas.
  • ThingsConnected, a free platform provided by the UK Digital Catapult[17]
  • The Things Network: The Things Network is building a globally distributed, crowd-sourced and open IoT data network, owned and operated by its users. Using low power, long range technologies, The Things Network provides an end-to-end stack: from nodes, to gateways, network server, device management and integrations with major cloud providers and IoT platforms. All fully secure and configurable by the end user.[18]
  • iFrogLab, public LoRaWAN and LoRa provider for North America and Taiwan.[19]
  • IoT-X, platform from Stream Technologies for public and private networks.[20]
  • A2A PtNetSuite from A2A Group offer a distributed LoRaWAN Network in Lombardy with the possibility to set up new custom coverage all over Italy. We implement from LoRaWAN protocol the packet forwarder for gateways, Network Server for public network on premise or as a service and offer to partners or customers various end-device, compliant to our network. We also have developed a KIT with Arduino Arduino KIT [21]
  • ResIOT.io, platform for private, public networks and IoT projects.[22]
  • OpenChirp, open management layer on top of LoRaWAN, developed at Carnegie Mellon University, for data context, storage, visualization, and access control.[23] The primary objective is to simplify the experience of adding and operating new devices in the network, as well as improving performance for communities that share bandwidth and locality.[24][25]
  • Everynet, provides a platform and gateways for Lora use in the Americas, Europe, China.
  • Actility offers ThingPark Wireless, a network management platform for public LoRaWAN deployments and ThingPark Enterprise, for dedicated and private networks.[26]
  • Senet, public LoRaWAN provider in North America.[27]
  • LORIOT.io, global public LoRaWAN operator and platform for private and public networks.[28]
  • The LPWAN ecosystem comprises analytics vendors, such as Semtech Corporation (U.S.), LORIOT (Switzerland), NWave Technologies (U.K.), SIGFOX (France), WAVIoT (Texas, U.S.), Actility (France), Ingenu (San Diego, U.S.), Link Labs (Maryland, U.S.), Weightless SIG, and Senet, Inc. (Portsmouth, U.K.), ResIOT and UNIDATA [29](Italy) and various others such as service providers and enterprises. Other stakeholders of the Low Power Wide Area Network market include telecom operators such as Vodafone (U.K.) and Orange (France), among others who integrate these smart devices and sell them to end users to cater to their unique business requirements.
  • SenRa, public LoRaWAN provider in India.[30]

See also

  • IEEE 802.11ah – another non-proprietary low-power long-range standard

References

  1. ^ EP2763321 from 2013 and U.S. patent 7,791,415 from 2008
  2. ^ "LoRa, LoRaWAN and LORIOT.io". LORIOT. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
  3. ^ Ramon Sanchez-Iborra; Jesus Sanchez-Gomez; Juan Ballesta-Viñas; Maria-Dolores Cano; Antonio F. Skarmeta (2018). "Performance Evaluation of LoRa Considering Scenario Conditions". Sensors.
  4. ^ "What is LoRa and how does it work?". enterpriseiotinsights.com. Retrieved 2019-02-09.
  5. ^ "Powering IoT's Next Generation". electronics360.globalspec.com. Retrieved 2019-02-11. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  6. ^ Fargas, Bernat Carbones; Petersen, Martin Nordal. "GPS-free Geolocation using LoRa in Low-Power WANs" (PDF). DTU Library. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Ram, Prashant (2018-08-07). "LPWAN, LoRa, LoRaWAN and the Internet of Things". Coinmonks. Retrieved 2019-02-09.
  8. ^ Matthew Knight; Balint Seeber (2016). "Decoding LoRa: Realizing a Modern LPWAN with SDR".
  9. ^ Jesus Sanchez-Gomez; Ramon Sanchez-Iborra (2017). "Experimental comparison of LoRa and FSK as IoT-communication-enabling modulations". IEEE Global Communications Conference (Globecom'17).
  10. ^ Version 1.0 of the LoRaWAN specification released.
  11. ^ "LoRaWAN For Developers". www.lora-alliance.org. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
  12. ^ "A Comprehensive Look At LPWAN For IoT Engineers & Decision Makers". www.link-labs.com. Retrieved 2017-06-22. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  13. ^ LoRa Alliance (2015). "LoRaWAN: What is it?" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  14. ^ Bankov, D.; Khorov, E.; Lyakhov, A. (November 2016). "On the Limits of LoRaWAN Channel Access". 2016 International Conference on Engineering and Telecommunication (EnT): 10–14. doi:10.1109/ent.2016.011.
  15. ^ "strataggem.com". Retrieved 2018-07-11.
  16. ^ www.globalsat.com.tw. "IoT/M2M". www.globalsat.com.tw.
  17. ^ "Things Connected". Retrieved 2017-07-19.
  18. ^ Network, The Things. "The Things Network". The Things Network. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
  19. ^ "iFROG LAB". iFROG LAB.
  20. ^ Technologies, Stream. "Stream Technologies - Low Power Wide Area Networks - LoRa". www.stream-technologies.com. Retrieved 2017-05-17.
  21. ^ "A2A Smart City". Retrieved 2019-01-07.
  22. ^ "ResIOT.io". Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  23. ^ "OpenChirp". OpenChirp. 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  24. ^ Dongare, A.; Hesling, C.; Bhatia, K.; Balanuta, A.; Pereira, R. L.; Iannucci, B.; Rowe, A. (March 2017). "OpenChirp: A Low-Power Wide-Area Networking architecture". 2017 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops): 569–574. doi:10.1109/percomw.2017.7917625.
  25. ^ Gund, Devin (2017). "LPWAN Policy Research". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  26. ^ "ThingPark Wireless | Thingpark". www.thingpark.com. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  27. ^ "Senet - Internet of Things Network for IoT Devices". www.senetco.com.
  28. ^ "LORIOT.io". Retrieved 2017-07-24.
  29. ^ "The LoRaWAN network of Unidata for the Internet of Things-".
  30. ^ "SenRa - Growing Connectivity". www.senraco.com.

Further reading

  • Lee, Chang-Jae, Ki-Seon Ryu, and Beum-Joon Kim. "Periodic ranging in a wireless access system for mobile station in sleep mode." U.S. Patent No. 7,194,288. 20 March 2007.
  • Quigley, Thomas J., and Ted Rabenko. "Latency reduction in a communications system." U.S. Patent No. 7,930,000. 19 April 2011.
  • Bankov, D.; Khorov, E.; Lyakhov, A. "On the Limits of LoRaWAN Channel Access". 2016 International Conference on Engineering and Telecommunication (EnT): 10–14.
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