Longest flights
This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. (February 2018) |
Over time, different airline companies have established a number of ultra-long haul non-stop flights. This article covers the longest flights among them. The opening of these super long routes can reduce the number of stops passengers must take to increase passenger comfort in the journey and reduce the time needed to travel between distant city pairs, although stopovers can also be rejuvenating in long distance travel.[1][2] It also can help build ego and build loyalty among a set of flyers.[3] And thus there is competition among airlines to establish the longest flight.[4]
Definition
The term "longest flight" can mean numerous different things. The most commonly used metric would be for distance between the origin airport and destination airport, but it can also refer to longest in term of time needed to fly the route or the distance actually flown by the aircraft (when a longer route can use the jet stream to actually reduce total travel time). Also, although the term is most commonly used to compare between different non-stop flights, direct flights with stops (same flight number used for full journey) might also be compared in some occasions.
Current longest route
The "world's longest flight" has disputed status due to the generality of such a claim. While the distance between two cities is constant, aircraft do not follow a straight path but will adjust the flight path based on headwinds and tailwinds and other weather events, and to avoid flying over certain countries because of politics or war.[5] Since October 11, 2018, the longest non-stop scheduled airline flight by great circle distance is Singapore Airlines Flights 21/22 between Singapore and Newark, New Jersey[6] at 15,344 kilometres (8,285 nmi; 9,534 mi).[7] Routings may avoid the shorter ground distance of a great circle route to use tailwinds to save time and fuel, shortening the equivalent still-air distance. Typically, the longest flights measured by ground distance traveled are Singapore Airline's flight 22 from Singapore to Newark. Both of these routes have the geometrically optimal great circle route near the North Pole, but rather choose to fly over the Pacific Ocean where the jet stream aids to save flying time and fuel. In general, both of these flights travel about 15,300 km (8,261 nmi; 9,507 mi) in ground distance, and it is not unheard of for particular flights to cover more than 16,000 km (8,639 nmi; 9,942 mi). However, for both of these flights, the great circle distance is among the top 30 longest.[8][9] Cathay Pacific flights from Hong Kong to New York City-JFK will also sometimes fly 15,000 km (8,099 nmi; 9,321 mi) ground routes, instead of a 12,984 km (7,011 nmi; 8,068 mi) great circle route, for the same reason.[10]
History
From 1943 to 1945, Qantas operated "The Double Sunrise", a weekly 5,652 kilometres (3,052 nmi; 3,512 mi) flight between Perth, Australia and Koggala Lagoon in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) with average flight times of 28 hours, using a Consolidated PBY Catalina.[11] One of these flights remains the record holder for longest time airborne (for a commercial flight) at 32 hours, 9 minutes.[12]
On October 1–2, 1957, a Trans World Airlines Lockheed L-1649 Starliner, the ultimate piston-engine airliner in terms of range and endurance, flew the inaugural 8,638 kilometres (4,664 nmi; 5,367 mi) London–San Francisco polar route in 23 hours, 19 minutes.[13] In June 1961, an El Al Boeing 707-320 flew a 9,137 kilometres (4,934 nmi; 5,677 mi) route from New York City-JFK to Tel Aviv averaging 9 hours, 33 minutes. This route was previously tested in December 1957 with a Bristol Britannia.[14] In August 1967, Aerolíneas Argentinas established its non-stop Boeing 707-320B service on a 10,063 kilometres (5,434 nmi; 6,253 mi) route between Madrid and Buenos Aires with a flight time of 12 hours.[15] The arrival of the more fuel-efficient turbofans made easier the possibility of longer flights. The Aerolíneas Argentinas route was the longest scheduled flight by distance until 1976, when the Boeing 747-SP entered service. In April 1976, Pan American World Airways set the new record with its 10,899 kilometres (5,885 nmi; 6,772 mi) New York City-JFK/Tokyo-Haneda route. In December, the airline set another record with Sydney–San Francisco, covering 11,937 kilometres (6,445 nmi; 7,417 mi).[citation needed]
The dissolution of the Soviet Union eventually opened the airspace over Russia, allowing new circumpolar routes to come into use for commercial airlines.[16] On March 1, 2001, Continental Airlines launched a 12,980 kilometres (7,009 nmi; 8,065 mi) non-stop service from Newark to Hong Kong flying Boeing 777 aircraft. The duration of the non-stop flight exceeded 16 hours.[16] Within a month, United Airlines started its own New York City-JFK to Hong Kong service with Boeing 747-400 aircraft, adding 11 kilometers to the distance.[16]
In June 2004, Singapore Airlines introduced Flight SQ 21, using the Airbus A340-500 on a 15,344 kilometres (8,285 nmi; 9,534 mi) great circle route from Newark to Singapore, passing within 130 kilometres (70 nmi; 81 mi) of the North Pole and taking a little over 18 hours.[17] This was immediately surpassed by return Flight SQ 22, which flew the current record of 16,600 kilometres (8,963 nmi; 10,315 mi) back to Newark.[18] Despite the greater distance, SQ 22 averaged a slightly shorter 17 hours, 45 minutes because of prevailing high-altitude winds.[19]
In the late 2000s/early 2010s, rising fuel prices coupled with the Great Recession caused the cancellation of many ultra-long haul, non-stop flights.[20] This included the services provided by Singapore Airlines from Singapore to both Newark and Los Angeles that was ended in late 2013.[21][22] But as fuel prices have since decreased and more fuel efficient aircraft have come into service, many ultra-long haul routes have been reinstated or newly scheduled.[20]
Record flights
A number of promotional or delivery flights have extended the record of longest non-stop flights by a commercial aircraft.
In August 1989, the first Qantas Boeing 747-400, the City of Canberra, set a non-stop distance record for a commercial aircraft by flying 17,016 kilometres (9,188 nmi; 10,573 mi) between London and Sydney in 20 hours, 9 minutes. The purpose was to publicize the airline's "Longreach" services with the 747-400. In addition to the five pilots, two cabin crew and sixteen passengers were aboard.[23]
This record held until June 16, 1993, when an Airbus A340-200, dubbed the World Ranger, flew from the Paris Air Show to Auckland, New Zealand in 21 hours 32 minutes and back in 21 hours, 46 minutes after a five-hour layover. This was the first non-stop flight between Europe and New Zealand.[24] The 19,277 kilometres (10,409 nmi; 11,978 mi) Paris to Auckland had 22 people aboard and five center tanks.[25]
The record was extended in July 1997, when a Boeing 777-200ER flew 20,044 kilometres (10,823 nmi; 12,455 mi) from Seattle to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on delivery to Malaysia Airlines.[26]
The record was further extended on November 9, 2005, by a Pakistan International Airlines Boeing 777-200LR. It traveled 21,602 kilometres (11,664 nmi; 13,423 mi) eastward from Hong Kong to London-Heathrow in roughly 22 hours, 22 minutes as opposed to a normal westward routing for that sector, which is much shorter at 9,648 kilometres (5,210 nmi; 5,995 mi).[27] Aboard were eight pilots and 27 passengers.[28]
Four months later, on March 25, 2006, British Airways (BA) used a similar Boeing 777-200ER to fly the longest commercial non-stop flight with paying passengers, when chartered by UK Prime Minister Tony Blair and his entourage of staff and journalists to fly from meetings in Brussels, traveling non-stop to ensure their attendance at the closing ceremonies of the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne.[29] The flight, covering 17,157 kilometres (9,264 nmi; 10,661 mi) and lasting 18 hours, 45 minutes, included a BA staff of 20 to facilitate cockpit and cabin crew rotation during the flight.[29]
Airliners
The longest range Airbus jetliner in service is the A350-900ULR, which is capable of flying 18,000 kilometres (9,700 nmi; 11,000 mi).[30][31] The A340-500, which is capable of flying 16,670 kilometres (9,000 nmi; 10,360 mi) with 293 passengers. The A380 is capable of flying 15,200 kilometres (8,200 nmi; 9,400 mi) with 544 passengers. The regular A350-900 can fly 15,000 kilometres (8,100 nmi; 9,300 mi) with 325 passengers.
The longest range Boeing airliner in service is the 777-200LR, which can cover 17,446 kilometres (9,420 nmi; 10,840 mi) with 317 passengers. The announced Boeing 777-8X will be capable of flying 16,110 kilometres (8,700 nmi; 10,010 mi) with 350 to 375 passengers.[32] A longer range variant of the 777-8X could enable economical non-stop flights on the 17,016-kilometre (9,188 nmi; 10,573 mi) Kangaroo Route between London and Sydney in about 19 hours.[33]
Many long-haul, non-stop routes that have been uneconomical are being made viable by newer aircraft like the Airbus A330neo, the Airbus A350 XWB, the Boeing 777X, and the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.[34]
Longest passenger flights
Non-stop flights (top 10, by great circle distance)
The following table lists the world's longest non-stop scheduled passenger routes by "great circle" distance. The actual distance flown, however, can be longer than the great circle distance for a variety of reasons, such as avoiding severe weather, taking advantage of favorable winds aloft, detouring around closed airspace, and diverting around war zones.
For the purposes of this table, multiple flights operated by the same airline between the same airports are counted as one flight, while different airlines operating between the same airports are counted separately. Also, each airport pair is counted separately, even though some cities have multiple airports supporting long-range flights (e.g. Kennedy and Newark airports serving New York City and Haneda and Narita serving Tokyo).
Rank (Dist.) |
From | To | Airline | Flight number |
Distance | Scheduled duration |
Aircraft type | First flight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Newark | Singapore | Singapore Airlines | SQ 21 | 15,344 km (9,534 mi; 8,285 nmi) | 18:30 to 18:45 | Airbus A350-900ULR | 11 October 2018Note 1[35] |
2 | Auckland | Doha | Qatar Airways | QR 921 | 14,535 km (9,032 mi; 7,848 nmi) | 17:40 to 18:20 | Boeing 777-200LRNote 2 | 5 February 2017[36] |
3 | Perth | London–Heathrow | Qantas | QF 9 | 14,499 km (9,009 mi; 7,829 nmi)[37] | 17:20 | Boeing 787-9 | 24 March 2018[38] |
4 | Auckland | Dubai | Emirates | EK 449 | 14,200 km (8,823 mi; 7,667 nmi) | 17:05 to 17:20 | Airbus A380-800 | 2 March 2016 |
5 | Los Angeles | Singapore | Singapore Airlines | SQ 37, SQ 35 | 14,113 km (8,769 mi; 7,620 nmi) | 15:00 to 17:50 | Airbus A350-900ULR | 2 November 2018[39] |
6 | Houston | Sydney | United Airlines | UA 101 | 13,834 km (8,596 mi; 7,470 nmi) | 17:30 | Boeing 787-9 | 18 January 2018[40] |
7 | Dallas/Fort Worth | Sydney | Qantas | QF 8[41] | 13,804 km (8,577 mi; 7,454 nmi) | 16:50 to 17:05 | Airbus A380-800 | 29 September 2014Note 3[42][43] |
8 | New York–JFK | Manila | Philippine Airlines | PR 127 | 13,712 km (8,520 mi; 7,404 nmi) | 17:10 to 17:30 | Airbus A350-900 | 29 October 2018[44] |
9 | San Francisco | Singapore | United Airlines | UA 1, UA 29 | 13,593 km (8,446 mi; 7,340 nmi) | 16:25 to 17:20 | Boeing 787-9 | 1 June 2016[45] |
Singapore Airlines | SQ 31, SQ 33 | 16:30 to 17:35 | Airbus A350-900 Airbus A350-900ULR |
23 October 2016[46] | ||||
10 | Johannesburg | Atlanta | Delta Air Lines | DL 201 | 13,581 km (8,439 mi; 7,333 nmi) | 16:03 to 16:55 | Boeing 777-200LR | 1 June 2009[47] |
- Notes
^Note 1 Previously operated between June 29, 2004 and November 23, 2013 with an Airbus A340-500.
^Note 2 After Qatar Airways began nonstop flights between Doha and Auckland on February 5, 2017, the flight is currently operated by Boeing 777-200LR aircraft.[48][49]
The 777-200LR is a temporary solution. In the near future, it will be an Airbus A350-900 but currently there are not enough available.[50]
^Note 3 The date given for the start of Qantas Flight 8 is when it began flying non-stop after switching to the Airbus A380-800 from the Boeing 747-400ER. Previously, QF 8 required a stop in Brisbane, though the eastbound QF 7 from Sydney was always non-stop. The first flight of QF 7 was May 16, 2011.[51]
^Note 4 This is the date that Aeroméxico began flying the route with a Boeing 787-8, replacing the Boeing 777-200ER.
Direct flights with stops
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2018) |
A direct flight between an origin and final destination has an intermediate stop, with all segments having the same flight number and using the same aircraft. In the following table, the "Origin to final destination distance" column lists the great circle distance between the origin and final destination, excluding the stop. The "All sectors distance" column lists the total great circle distance from the origin to the stop to the final destination.
# | Airline | Flight | Origin | Destination | Stop | Origin-Dest. | All sectors | Duration | Aircraft |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Air New Zealand | NZ 1[a] | London—Heathrow | Auckland | Los Angeles | 18,354 km (9,910 nmi) | 19,248 km (10,393 nmi) | 26:25 | B777-300ER |
2 | Air China | CA 907 | Beijing—Capital | São Paulo—Guarulhos | Madrid—Barajas | 17,578 km (9,491 nmi) | 17,584 km (9,495 nmi) | 21:30 to 22:05 | B787-9 |
3 | Qantas | QF 1 | Sydney | London—Heathrow | Singapore | 17,016 km (9,188 nmi) | 17,176 km (9,274 nmi) | 22:15 | A380 |
British Airways | BA 16 | 21:45 to 22:00 | B777-300ER | ||||||
4 | Qantas | QF 9 | Melbourne | London—Heathrow | Perth | 16,904 km (9,127 nmi) | 17,205 km (9,290 nmi) | 21:20 | B787-9 |
5 | Singapore Airlines | SQ 52 | Singapore | Houston | Manchester, U.K. | 15,981 km (8,629 nmi) | 18,545 km (10,013 nmi) | 24:45 | A350-900 |
6 | French Bee | BF 710 | Paris—Orly | Papeete | San Francisco | 15,728 km (8,492 nmi) | 15,742 km (8,500 nmi) | 21:00 | A350-900 |
7 | Air Tahiti Nui | TN 7 | Paris—CDG | Papeete | Los Angeles | 15,715 km (8,485 nmi) | 15,715 km (8,485 nmi) | 20:10 to 20:25 | A340-300 |
Air France | AF 76 | 20:05 to 20:25 | B777-200 | ||||||
8 | Air Canada | AC 33 | Toronto—Pearson | Sydney | Vancouver | 15,551 km (8,397 nmi) | 15,838 km (8,552 nmi) | 20:15 to 20:37 | B777-200LR |
9 | Qantas | QF 16 | New York—JFK | Brisbane | Los Angeles | 15,508 km (8,374 nmi) | 15,508 km (8,374 nmi)[b] | 21:00 | B787-9 |
10 | Singapore Airlines | SQ 26 | Singapore | New York—JFK | Frankfurt | 15,348 km (8,287 nmi) | 16,488 km (8,903 nmi) | 21:15 to 22:20 | A380 |
Discontinued non-stop flights
Rank | From | To | Airline | Flight number |
Distance | Scheduled duration (hh:mm) |
Aircraft type | Final flight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Los Angeles | Singapore | United Airlines | UA 37 | 14,114 km (8,770 mi; 7,621 nmi) | 15:00 to 17:10 | Boeing 787-9 | 25 October 2018[55][56] |
2 | New York City—JFK | Bangkok | Thai Airways | TG 793 | 13,965 km (7,540 nmi; 8,677 mi) | 17:00 | Airbus A340-500 | 1 July 2008[57] |
3 | Mumbai | Atlanta | Delta Air Lines | DL 185 | 13,696 km (7,395 nmi; 8,510 mi) | 17:55 | Boeing 777-200LR | 23 October 2009Note 3 |
4 | Dallas/Fort Worth | Brisbane | Qantas | QF 8 | 13,364 km (7,216 nmi; 8,304 mi) | 16:05 | Boeing 747-400ER | 28 September 2014 Now operates to Sydney. |
5 | Los Angeles | Bangkok | Thai Airways International | TG 795 | 13,309 km (7,186 nmi; 8,270 mi) | 17:20 | Airbus A340-500 | 30 April 2012 |
6 | Abu Dhabi | San Francisco | Jet Airways | 9W 6598 | 13,129 km (7,089 nmi; 8,158 mi) | 16:00 | Boeing 777-300ER | 26 April 2016[58] |
Etihad Airways | EY 183 | Boeing 777-200LR | 28 October 2017 | |||||
7 | Johannesburg | Washington, D.C. | South African Airways | SA 208 | 13,091 km (7,069 nmi; 8,134 mi) | 17:00 | Airbus A340-600 | 30 April 2009[59] |
8 | New York City—JFK | Hong Kong | United Airlines | UA 821 | 12,991 km (7,015 nmi; 8,072 mi) | 15:40 | Boeing 747-400 | 30 August 2001Note 4 |
9 | Abu Dhabi | Dallas/Fort Worth | Etihad Airways | EY 161 | 12,990 km (8,072 mi; 7,014 nmi) | 16:05 to 16:30 | Boeing 777-200LR | 24 March 2018[60][61] |
10 | Mumbai | Chicago | Air India | AI 145 | 12,962 km (6,999 nmi; 8,054 mi) | 17:00 | Boeing 777-200LR | 30 October 2010Note 5 |
- Notes
^Note 1 Service began on June 28, 2004, at which point it was the longest non-stop commercial flight. This flight from 2008 to 2013 was business class only, with 100 seats.[62][63]
^Note 2 Service began on February 3, 2004, at which point it was the longest non-stop commercial flight.[62][63]
^Note 3 This was the longest flight ever operated by Delta Air Lines.[64]
^Note 4 Service began on April 1, 2001, at which point it was the longest non-stop commercial flight.[65]
^Note 5 Air India stopped its nonstop flights from Mumbai to New York City and Chicago when the airline shifted their primary hub to Delhi.[66]
^Note 6 This flight now operates via London on the Boeing 787-8, and from November 15 onwards will be completely discontinued.
Airlines and aircraft types for non-stop flights
The sections below gives two separate views. The first one lists all the commercial aircraft types used for serving non-stop flights and their currently scheduled and operating longest flight. The second section attempts to list all the passenger airline companies in the world and their longest scheduled non-stop flight currently in operation.
By aircraft type
Current
The table below lists the current longest (by great circle distance) non-stop flights operated by different types of aircraft.
- Notes
^Note 1 some QF74 flights are run by basic -400, some by -400ER version. Registration aircraft VH-OJS and VH-OJT are basic -400 as can be seen on https://www.flightradar24.com/data/flights/qf74
Records
The table below lists the longest (by great circle distance) ever (Current and Historical) regularly scheduled non-stop revenue flights operated by different types of aircraft.
Note: table does not include special promotional or delivery flights, such as shown above.
Aircraft | Type | Route | Statute miles | Kilometers | Scheduled duration | Airline | Flight number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boeing 737-200 | Jetliner | Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk to Beijing Capital | 1,385 | 2,229 | 03 hr 50 min | SAT Airlines | HZ 171 |
Airbus A318 | Jetliner | New York-JFK to London-City | 3,460 | 5,569 | 07 hr 30 min | British Airways | BA 4/2 |
Airbus A319 | Jetliner | Düsseldorf to Chicago | 4,230 | 6,808 | 09 hr 15 min | Lufthansa | LH 436 |
Airbus A340-500 | Jetliner | Newark to Singapore | 9,535 | 15,345 | 18 hr 50 min | Singapore Airlines | SQ 21 |
Airbus A340-600 | Jetliner | New York to Hong Kong | 8,067 | 12,983 | 15 hr 20 min | Cathay Pacific | CX 831 |
Airbus A350-900 | Jetliner | San Francisco to Singapore | 8,446 | 13,593 | 16 hr 55 min | Singapore Airlines | SQ 31 |
Airbus A350-1000 | Jetliner | Washington D.C to Hong Kong | 8,154 | 13,122 | 15 hr 55 min | Cathay Pacific | CX 869 |
Airbus A380-800 | Jetliner | Auckland to Dubai | 8,825 | 14,203 | 17 hr 15 min | Emirates | EK 449 |
Boeing 737-700 | Jetliner | Amsterdam to Houston | 5,002 | 8,058 | 10 hr 40 min | KLM | KL 663 |
Boeing 747-400 | Jetliner | New York to Hong Kong | 8,067 | 12,983 | 15 hr 50 min | United Airlines | UA 821 |
Boeing 747-400ER | Jetliner | Sydney to Dallas/Fort Worth | 8,578 | 13,804 | 15 hr 25 min | Qantas | QF 7 |
Boeing 757-200 | Jetliner | Cancún to Buenos Aires | 4,269 | 6,870 | Mexicana Airlines | MX 1690 | |
Boeing 767-300ER | Jetliner | Munich to São Paulo/Guarulhos | 6,131 | 9,867 | 12 hr 40 min | Varig | RG 743 |
Boeing 777-200ER | Jetliner | Newark to Hong Kong | 8,065 | 12,980 | 15 hr 30 min 15 hr 50 min |
Continental Airlines United Airlines |
CO 98 UA 179 |
Boeing 777-200LR | Jetliner | Auckland to Doha | 9,031 | 14,534 | 17 hr 40 min | Qatar Airways | QR 921 |
Boeing 777-300ER | Jetliner | Los Angeles to Dubai | 8,339 | 13,420 | 16 hr 35 min | Emirates | EK 217 |
Boeing 787-8 | Jetliner | Shanghai to Mexico CIty | 8,026 | 12,917 | 16 hr 40 min | Aeromexico | AM 97/99 |
Boeing 787-9 | Jetliner | Perth to London | 8,991 | 14,470 | 17 hr 00 min | Qantas | QF 9 |
Bombardier CS100 | Jetliner | Zurich to Manchester | 625 | 1,006 | 02 hr 00 min | Swiss Global Air Lines | LX 390 |
Bombardier CS300 | Jetliner | Riga to Abu Dhabi | 2714 | 4,368 | 05 hr 50 min | airBaltic | BT 797 |
Consolidated PBY Catalina | Seaplane | Nedlands to Koggala | 3,495 | 5,625 | avg. 28 hr
max. 33 hr |
Qantas | |
Concorde | Jetliner | Singapore to Bahrain[67] | 3,935 | 6,332 | 04 hr 25 min | Singapore Airlines | SQ 301/16 |
Lockheed Constellation | Propliner | Paris-Orly to San Francisco[68] | 5,593 | 9,001 | 22 hr 10 min 21 hr 55 min |
Trans World Airlines | TW 871 |
Tupolev Tu-114 | Propliner | Murmansk to Havana | 5,339 | 8,592 | 14–15 hours[69] | Aeroflot | |
Tupolev Tu-204 | Jetliner | Saint Petersburg to Vladivostok[citation needed] | 4,072 | 6,554 | Vladivostok Air | ||
Boeing 737-400 | Jetliner | Mumbai to Kuala Lumpur | 2251 | 3623 | 5hrs 20min | Malaysia Airlines | MH 152 |
See also
Notes
- ^ first flight: November 24, 1994[52]
- ^ The direct orthodromic route from New York to Brisbane directly overflies Los Angeles; there is no difference in total difference when adding in the Los Angeles stop.[53][54]
- ^ A Boeing 767-300ER serves this route during the summer months while a Boeing 757-200 serves the route during the winter months.
References
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{{cite news}}
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ignored (|url-status=
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- ^ Mutzabaugh, Ben (March 9, 2016). "Qatar Airways announces new world's longest flight". USA Today. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
- ^ "Stuff".
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- ^ "United Airlines Announces Nonstop Service Between Los Angeles and Singapore". United Hub. June 1, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
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{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Delta ends nonstop flights to India". Global Atlanta. July 9, 2009. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
- ^ "United to Begin Daily Nonstop Service Between New York-JFK and Hong Kong". Retrieved November 21, 2012.
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- ^ IAD-NCE is chartered operation, CCS-CDG is one-off, IAD-CDG is shorter than this. The SIN-BAH-LHR flight is jointly operated by BA/SQ but the SIN-BAH segment is under SQ callsign
- ^ LAX-LHR longer in time but shorter distance
- ^ Peter G Dancey (2017). Soviet Aircraft Industry. Fonthill Media. p. 276.