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Orthodox Church of Ukraine

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Orthodox Church of Ukraine
Православна церква України
St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kiev
PrimateEpiphanius I
Parishes7,000 approx.[1][2]
Monasteries73
Eparchies (dioceses)51
Bishops62
LanguageUkrainian, Church Slavonic[3]
LiturgyByzantine Rite
HeadquartersSt. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery, Kiev[a][5][6]
TerritoryUkraine
FounderUnification council of the Orthodox churches of Ukraine
Origin15 December 2018
Kiev
Independence5 January 2019 (autocephaly officially granted by a tomos)[7][8][9]
RecognitionRecognized only by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
Merger ofUkrainian Orthodox Church – Kiev Patriarchate,
Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church,
Metropolitans Symeon Shostatsky and Oleksandr Drabynko of the UOC-MP
Members43.9% of the Ukrainian population (January 2019, study by SOCIS)[10]
Other name(s)Ukrainian Orthodox Church
Official websitehttps://www.pomisna.info [11]
Part of a series on the
Eastern Orthodox Church
Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)
Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator, Hagia Sophia
Overview
Background
Organization
Autocephalous jurisdictions
Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion:

Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure:

Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches:

Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church:


Autonomous jurisdictions

Semi-Autonomous:

Episcopal assemblies
Noncanonical jurisdictions
Ecumenical councils
  • Other possible ecumenical councils:
  • Other important councils:
History
Theology
Liturgy and worship
Liturgical calendar
  • The four fasting periods:
Major figures
Other topics

The Orthodox Church of Ukraine (Template:Lang-uk)[12][13] (OCU), or Ukrainian Orthodox Church, also officially known as the Most Holy Church of Ukraine is a partially recognized autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church whose canonical territory is Ukraine.

The church was established by a unification council on 15 December 2018, and received its tomos of autocephaly (decree of ecclesial independence) on 5 January 2019. The council voted to unite the existing Ukrainian Orthodox jurisdictions: the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kiev Patriarchate (UOC-KP), the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) and a part of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP). The primate of the church is the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ukraine. The unification council elected Epiphanius Dumenko as its primate, previously the Metropolitan of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi and Bila Tserkva (UOC-KP).

The other Orthodox jurisdiction in Ukraine is the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), an autonomous branch of the Russian Orthodox Church, which considers the Orthodox Church of Ukraine to be schismatic.

According to the charter adopted by the OCU at the same unification council, Orthodox Ukrainians of the diaspora are subject to the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.[14][15][16][17][18] The tomos of autocephaly of the OCU also states the diaspora is to be subjected to the Ecumenical Patriarchate; this might see the transfer of parishes from the now dissolved self-proclaimed Kiev Patriarchate to the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[19][20][21]

Name

The official name of the united Ukrainian church is the "Orthodox Church of Ukraine" ("Ukrainian Orthodox Church" is allowed) and the name of its primate is "His Beatitude (name), Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine".[22][23][24] The tomos of autocephaly of the OCU gives the name of the OCU as the "Most Holy Church of Ukraine".[21]

In an interview on 20 January 2019, Honorary Patriarch Filaret of the OCU declared the proper name for the OCU is the "Ukrainian Orthodox Church" and that "Orthodox Church of Ukraine" was the wrong name of the church, explaining: "We do not say 'Orthodox Church of Russia' or 'Orthodox Church of Bulgaria'. It needs to be fixed."[25] Honorary Patriarch Filaret, told members of the media department of the dissolved UOC-KP that they had to "eradicate" the name "Orthodox Church of Ukraine" because "'The Orthodox Church in Ukraine' means that this is not the ruling Church, but only one of the Churches in Ukraine ... And we are the ruling Church in Ukraine." This discussion between Filaret and the members was recorded and the pro-Moscow anonymous Union of Orthodox Journalists[26] shared the recording on its website on 23 January 2019.[27][28][29]

On 30 January 2019, the OCU was officially registered,[30] under the name "Kievan Metropolitanate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Orthodox Church of Ukraine)" (Ukrainian: Київська Митрополія Української Православної Церкви (Православної Церкви України)).[31][32] The head of the Ukrainian Department of Religious Affairs of the Ministry of Culture, Andriy Yurash, declared: "These two terms [the UOC and the OCU] will be used as synonymous and it is agreed with the Phanar directly. Therefore, the use of the expressions of Ukrainian Orthodox Church and Orthodox Church of Ukraine is included exactly in the administrative unit, which is called the Kievan Metropolitanate".[33]

History

Unification council

Main articles: Unification council of the Orthodox churches of Ukraine and 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism

On 15 December 2018, members of the existing Ukrainian Orthodox churches (the UOC-KP, the UAOC and parts of the UOC-MP) voted through their representatives (bishops) to unite into the Orthodox Church of Ukraine on the basis of complete canonical independence. They elected their primate and adopted a charter for the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.[14][15][16]

Metropolitan Epiphanius of Kiev and all Ukraine

Metropolitan Epiphanius of the UOC-KP, who had been chosen on 13 December by the UOC-KP as its only candidate, and was considered as Filaret's right arm[34] and protégé,[35] was elected Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ukraine by the unification council on 15 December 2018 after the second round of voting.[36][37]

In his speech after the election, Metropolitan Epiphanius thanked President Poroshenko, the Ecumenical Patriarch, Makariy, the Ukrainian Parliament, as well as Filaret. On Filaret, Epiphanius said: "I want to express my gratitude to His Holiness, His Holiness Patriarch Filaret, who is our spiritual mentor and will continue to be honored, helping us, for a lifetime, to jointly build our Single Local Orthodox Church. Thank you, Your Holiness."[38] Epiphanius added the doors of his church were "open to everyone".[39][38]

Epiphanius later made clear that no weighty decision would be taken by his church as long as he had not received the church's formal ecclesiastical decree (or "tomos").[40][41]

The Ecumenical Patriarch congratulated and blessed the newly elected Metropolitan on the day of his election and said the newly elected primate was invited to come to Istanbul to concelebrate the Divine Liturgy with the Ecumenical Patriarch and receive the Orthodox Church of Ukraine's tomos on 6 January 2019.[42][43][44]

File:На Об'єднавчому Соборі.jpg
Metropolitan Epiphanius and Ukrainian President Poroshenko shaking hands after the unification council

It was planned that the newly elected head of the united Ukrainian Orthodox church would go to Istanbul, accompanied by President Poroshenko,[45][46] to receive the church tomos and concelebrate the Divine Liturgy with the Ecumenical Patriarch.[47] Poroshenko also confirmed his plan to go to Istanbul with the now elected primate of the autocephalous Ukrainian church, on 6 January, to be present when said primate will receive the church's tomos.[48]

After the council, Filaret became the "honorary patriarch" of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, serving in the St Volodymyr's Cathedral.[49][50][51][52] On 16 December 2018, Filaret held a Divine Liturgy in which he came wearing the headgear of a patriarch.[53][54] During this Filaret declared in his sermon, that he was still patriarch: "The Patriarch remains for life and, together with the Primate, governs the Ukrainian Orthodox Church".[55] After the Divine Liturgy, he was acclaimed by the hierarchs of the church as "great vladyka and father Filaret, the holiest patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine-Rus and sacred archimandrite of the Holy Dormition Kiev-Pechersk Lavra".[56][57]

Metropolitan Epiphanius stated on 21 December that the church had about 7 thousand parishes.[2]

Advertisements to promote a united Ukrainian Orthodox church had been made months prior to the unification council.[58] Petro Poroshenko declared "not a dime" from the Ukrainian State had been paid for them, that he paid those advertisements with his own money.[59] Poroshenko refused to state how much had been spent.[60]

Granting of the tomos of autocephaly

Further information: Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine
Patriarch Bartholomew signing the tomos. Epiphanius I of Ukraine (wearing a white klobuk) stands behind him.
Patriarch Bartholomew (left) handing the tomos to Metropolitan Epiphanius (right)

On 5 January 2019, Patriarch Bartholomew and Metropolitan Epiphanius celebrated a Divine Liturgy in St. George's Cathedral in Istanbul; the tomos was signed thereafter, also in St. George's Cathedral. The tomos "has come into force from the moment of its signing."[61][62] The signing of the tomos officially established the autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine.[63]

After the tomos was signed, Patriarch Batholomew made a speech to Metropolitan Epiphanius.[64] President Poroshenko[65] and Metropolitan Epiphanius also made speeches. In his speech, Epiphanius declared about Poroshenko: "Your name, Mr. President, will remain forever in the history of the Ukrainian people and the church next to the names of our princes Volodymyr the Great, Yaroslav the Wise, Kostiantyn Ostrozky and Hetman Ivan Mazepa".[66]

On 6 January 2019, after a Divine Liturgy concelebrated by Metropolitan Epiphanius and Patriarch Bartholomew, Partriarch Bartholomew read the tomos of the OCU and then gave it to Metropolitan Epiphanius.[62][67] President Poroshenko was present during the signing and handing over of the tomos.[68][69][70]

On 7 January 2019, Metropolitan Epiphanius celebrated the Divine Liturgy in Saint Sophia's Cathedral, where the tomos of autocephaly was exposed during the liturgy. The tomos was then put on display in the refectory church of Saint Sophia's Cathedral in perpetuity, and exposed for the public and tourists to view daily.[71][72][71][73]

On 8 January 2019, the tomos was brought back to Istanbul so that all the members of the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate could sign the tomos.[74]

The representative of the press service of the OCU, priest Ivan Sydor, said the tomos was valid after the signature of the Ecumenical Patriarch, "but according to the procedure, there must also be the signatures of those bishops who take part in the synod of the Constantinople Patriarchate."[75] Former press secretary of the UOC-KP, Eustratius (Zorya) (uk), declared the Ecumenical Patriarch recognized the OCU by signing the tomos of autocephaly and by concelebrating the liturgy with Epiphanius I while considering Epiphanius as primate of the OCU.[76][74] The Ecumenical Patriarchate declared on 8 January 2018 that the tomos was "approved and valid" and that the signing by the whole synod was a "purely technical step" and that "the validity of the tomos as an act of granting autocephaly is not in any way affected". It added that Ukraine had asked for the tomos to be brought to Ukraine for Christmas instead of leaving it in Istanbul for a few days until the whole synod signed it. Doctor in theology Cyrill Govorun [uk] of the UOC-MP argued that the tomos would take effect only when all the members of the synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate will have signed it.[74]

The tomos was signed by all members of the synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate on 9 January 2018.[77][78][75][79] The tomos, signed by all members of the synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, was brought back to Ukraine on the morning of 10 January 2019.[80][81][82][83]

The tomos was made on a parchment by a famous painter and calligrapher of Mount Athos, hieromonk Lucas from the Xenophontos monastery.[84]

President Poroshenko, accompanied by Filaret, commenced a "tomos tour" on 10 January, after the tomos was brought back to Ukraine. Poroshenko went to 17 regions of Ukraine to present the tomos.[85][86] On 13 January, Poroshenko was in Vinnitsia.[87] On January 15 he was in Lutsk.[88] On 14 February Poroshenko was in the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. The primate of the OCU declared the OCU would stop taking part in the tomos tour as soon as Poroshenko would be registered as a candidate for the 2019 election. During his tomos exhibitions, Poroshenko was always accompagnied either by Epiphanius, by Filaret, or by a senior member of the clergy of the OCU.[89]

The Ukrainian Minister of education declared that in 2019 the tomos of autocephaly would be included in the history manuals of the 11th grade students.[90][91]

Enthronement and first synod

It was planned that Epiphany would be enthroned on 3 February 2019, which is also the date of his 40th birthday.[92][93][94] Thereafter, the first synod of the OCU was to take place.[95][96] The monasteries of Mount Athos refused to send a delegation for the enthronement ceremony. Two abbots of Mount Athos were planned to come at the enthronement but were to be part of the delegation of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[97] On 1 February, once in Kiev, Archimandrite Ephrem, one of the two Athonite abbots, was hospitalized for a heart attack.[98] On 2 February, Archimandrite Ephrem was visited by Metropolitan Epiphanius.[99][100]

As planned, Epiphanius was enthroned on 3 February 2019, in St. Sophia's Cathedral, Kiev.[101] Filaret was not present due to health conditions, so he sent his written congratulations to the primate Epiphanius, Filaret's congratulations were written by him and read at the end of the liturgy.[102][103] Archimandrite Ephrem, who had been hospitalized on 1 February 2019,[98] was not present at the ceremony of enthronment,[104][105] but a hieromonk of Ephrem's monastery was present during the ceremony of enthronment. A monk from a skete of the Koutloumousiou Monastery was also present during the ceremony of enthronment.[106]

The first meeting of the holy synod of the OCU took place on 5 February 2019.[107][108][109]

Filaret's disagreements

File:Патријарх Филарет.jpg
Honorary Patriarch Filaret

Honorary Patriarch of the OCU, Filaret, told members of the media department of the dissolved UOC-KP to convey the message that the OCU was not a new church and that the tomos of autocephaly was given to the UOC-KP. Filaret also instructed them to "eradicate" the name "Orthodox Church of Ukraine" because "'The Orthodox Church in Ukraine' means that this is not the ruling Church, but only one of the Churches in Ukraine ... And we are the ruling Church in Ukraine." This discussion between Filaret and the members was recorded and the pro-Moscow anonymous Union of Orthodox Journalists[26] shared the recording on its website on 23 January 2019.[27][28][29]

On 23 January 2019, Filaret declared in an interview given to the Federal News Agency that the OCU should be called "Ukrainian Orthodox Church". He says the origin of the name of the OCU is due to the fact that "there is an Orthodox church in Constantinople, and then they go [the exarchates dependent on Phanar]: the Orthodox Church in America, Canada, Europe, Australia - and the Orthodox Church in Ukraine". Filaret declared the OCU "should be called as all churches are called, and not be led by the Greeks". He added:[110][111][112]

Today we have normal relations with the Patriarchate of Constantinople, such as they should be. But the trend is that we can become dependent on Constantinople. Therefore, it depends on us whether we obey them or not. We want to be an autocephalous church — just like all other Orthodox churches, no more and no less. We do not want more and less do not want. And we are grateful to Constantinople for the fact that Patriarch Bartholomew gave us a tomos about autocephaly, he has undergone much for this. But, having received a tomos about autocephaly, we must be an autocephalous church.

Professor Dmytro Stepovyk [uk] also supported Filaret, saying that "under no condition should we use the Orthodox Church in Ukraine or of Ukraine in press. Only the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, and only with the possessive case."[113]

Speculation on the title of Patriarch

In an interview with Ukrainian "Direct" TV channel (Pryamiy) 29 December 2018,[50][51][52] concerning the fact he was not a patriarch, Metropolitan Epiphanius declared:

There is no definite restriction here. Of course, at the first stage of the formation of our independent Church, we will have a metropolitan status. This is also a definite condition through which all other Local Orthodox Churches passed. Nearly none of the Local Churches received patriarchal status at once. This status is probably out of date. For this status, perhaps, now is not the time. But when we become a big, strong, unified church in Ukraine, it will be a matter of time. But now we have to go through the stage of formation, recognition of our autocephalous status by other Local Orthodox Churches. And in the long run, the Lord will admit that we, as the only local Orthodox Church, will receive and increase in status.[52][114][115]

The tomos of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine states the church cannot change the title of its primate ("Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ukraine") without the permission of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[116]

After the signing of the tomos of autocephaly, Honorary Patriarch of the OCU, Filaret, declared in January 2019 in an interview:[117][118]

Thus far we have been recognized as a metropolitan archdiocese, we agree with this. Even though we have been a patriarchate for 25 years, now we have agreed that we are a metropolitan archdiocese, but a metropolitan archdiocese for the entire Orthodox Christian world… Why do we aspire to become a patriarchate? Because we are a large Church. We have a hope that with the course of time the Ukrainian Church will be recognized as a patriarchate as well. We believed that we would get an autocephalous status. Now we believe that we will be recognized as a patriarchate. This is the future but it will definitely come.

On 9 January 2019, Daniel of Pamphilon, who had been sent as an exarch of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Ukraine prior, declared that once the members of the UOC-KP, the UAOC, and the UOC-MP were united, the Ecumenical Patriarchate would consider revising its tomos and turn the OCU into a patriarchate.[119][120]

On 3 February 2019, after his enthronement, Epiphanius declared: "We believe that, in due time in the future, all these efforts will translate into the endorsement of patriarchate status for our local Church."[121]

Reforms

In an interview published on 13 February 2019, Epiphanius said what were the main task the OCU had to fulfill:[122]

"First, to preserve the unity that was proclaimed in the unifying Council. Secondly, pay special attention to formation, which is our future. The third commitment is with the young, which we must know how to attract them [sic] to the Church. Without spiritual formation, in general without development of formation we will not be able to do anything "

On 16 February 2019, the primate of the OCU, Epiphanius, declared the OCU would implement reforms "normally and gradually" He gave the example of switching to the Orthodox new calendar.[123] Before that, on 16 December 2018, he had also talked about switching to the Orthodox new calendar.[124]

Reactions from states

Ukraine

During various official speeches, Poroshenko stressed the importance of Ukraine receiving its tomos of autocephaly which Ukraine "deserved",[125] is the equivalent of "a charter of [Ukraine's] spiritual independence",[126] was comparable to a referendum on Ukraine's independence[127] and would be "another pillar of Ukrainian independence".[128] On the 27th anniversary of the referendum on independence of Ukraine, Poroshenko declared the tomos of autocephaly was the equivalent of Ukraine saying "'Away from Moscow!' – 'Europe now!'"[127]

On 15 December 2018, Poroshenko made a speech after Epiphanius' election, in which he said the autocephalous church would be "without Putin, without Kirill", but "with God and with Ukraine".[34][129][130] He added autocephaly was "part of our state pro-European and pro-Ukrainian strategy".[129]

On 6 January, after the OCU had received its tomos, President Poroshenko declared: "His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew already has a special place in the history of Ukraine. With all that he did, due to his wisdom and leadership, his devotion to Ukraine and Orthodoxy, I would say that His All-Holiness will be considered a co-founder of a new Ukraine. This is a very special and historic mission".[131]

On 7 January 2019, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko said that Ukraine, with the creation of the autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine, has finally severed ties with Russia. He added: "The creation of the autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine is the pledge of our independence. This is the foundation of our spiritual freedom. We've severed the last ties that connected us with Moscow and its fantasies about Ukraine as the canonical territory of the Russian Orthodox Church. This is not and won't be anymore." He made this declaration at the Christmas liturgy in St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev where the tomos of autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine was shown to the public.[132]

Russia

On 17 December 2018, it was reported that the Federal Security Service of Russia, along with members of the Moscow Patriarchate, had created mobile groups to prevent communities in Ukraine from switching from the UOC-MP to the OCU. Those groups are present in each diocese of the UOC-MP and are composed of a lawyer and several men.[133][134] On 20 December, Russian President Putin condemned the creation of the OCU.[135][136] In interviews published on 16 January 2019 on the official website of the Kremlin, President Putin declared the OCU was "an entirely political, secular project". He added that the creation of the OCU and its official establishment via a tomos "has nothing to do with spiritual life; we are dealing here with dangerous and irresponsible politicking. Likewise, we do not speak about the independence of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine. It is de-facto fully controlled by Istanbul."[137]

Canada

On 8 January 2019, Canada's Foreign Minister Chrystia Freeland congratulated the OCU for receiving its tomos of autocephaly.[138]

United States of America

On 15 December, the U.S. embassy in Kiev congratulated, via Twitter, Ukraine for having elected the primate of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.[139] On 17 December, the U.S. Department of State officially congratulated Metropolitan Epiphanius on his election.[140]

On 10 January 2019, the US State Department headed by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo released a statement:[141]

The January 6th announcement of autocephaly for an independent Orthodox Church of Ukraine marks a historic achievement as Ukraine seeks to chart its own future. On this momentous occasion, the United States reiterates its unwavering support for a sovereign, independent Ukraine. The United States maintains its strong support for religious freedom, including the freedom for members of religious groups to govern their religion according to their beliefs, without external interference. We welcome remarks by Metropolitan Epiphaniy that the Orthodox Church of Ukraine is open to all Orthodox believers and encourage government and Church officials to promote tolerance and respect for the freedom of members of all religious affiliations to worship as they choose.

Reactions from Eastern Orthodox churches

See also: Reactions of the Orthodox churches to the 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism

Metropolitan Daniel of Pamphilon [ru], former exarch of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Ukraine, said in January 2019 in a BBC Ukraine interview that the first recognition of the OCU by an Orthodox church (apart from the Ecumenical Patriarchate which already recognises it[142]) "will take a month and a half. The current Greek and Romanian Churches will be among the first, and from there the process will move along."[143]

Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)

Archbishop Clement (Vecheria), chairman of the Synodal Information and Educational Department of the UOC-MP, declared to the BBC that no sanctions would be applied to Metropolitans Simeon and Alexander as they had "joined a schism" and were now outside of the UOC-MP. The post these metropolitans occupied in the UOC-MP was therefore considered vacant by the UOC-MP.[144] On 15 December, the UOC-MP declared it did not recognize the OCU.[145] On 17 December, the synod of the UOC-MP elected a new Metropolitan of Vinnitsa and Bar to replace Metropolitan Simeon,[146][147] declared the OCU schismatic[148] and banned from religious service Metropolitans Simeon and Alexander.[148][149][150][151] The UOC-MP also declared "the Ukrainian Orthodox Church [of the Moscow Patriarchate] still remains the true Church of Christ in Ukraine".[152][151]

UOC-MP members joining the OCU

File:Спасо-Преображенський собор на Теремках.jpg
Transfiguration of Christ Cathedral in Kiev, a seat of Metropolitan Alexander
Transfiguration of Christ Cathedral in Vinnitsa, a seat of Metropolitan Simeon

Following the formation of the OCU, some communities of the UOC-MP joined the OCU (list [uk]). On 16 December 2018, the cathedral of Metropolitan Symeon joined the OCU.[153][154] Simeon was one of the bishops of the UOC-MP who had taken part in the unification council. On 17 December, the parish of the village of Shishkivtsi, composed of 100 people and their priest, joined the OCU.[155] Also on 17 December 2018, it was reported that the Federal Security Service of Russia, along with members of the Moscow Patriarchate, had created mobile groups to prevent communities in Ukraine from switching from the UOC-MP to the OCU. These groups are present in each diocese of the UOC-MP and are composed of a lawyer and several sporty men.[133][134] On 19 December, the cathedral of metropolitan Oleksandr Drabynko joined the OCU. Oleksandr was one of the bishops of the UOC-MP who had taken part in the unification council.[156][157] On the same day, three parishes of Vinnytsia joined the OCU.[158] On 21 December, a parish of a Transcarpatian village joined the OCU.[159][160] On 22 December, the largest UOC-MP parish of the Lviv oblast, the parish of Zhovkva, joined the OCU.[161][162] On the same day, the parish of Trybukhivtsi in the Buchach region joined the OCU.[163] On 23 December, the Temple of the Icon of the Mother of God of the Afflicted, located in the Vinnytsia Regional Psychobiological Dispensary, joined the OCU.[164] On 24 December, it was reported that the three parishes in the Lviv oblast of the villages of Peschany, Verchany (Stryi district), and Ugniv (Sokal district) joined the OCU.[165] On 25 December, the parish of the village of Dobrogorshcha in Khmelnytskyi joined the OCU.[166] This church later received threats from the UOC-MP.[167] On 26 December, it was reported that six other parishes of Vinnytsia had joined the OCU.[168] On the same day, a UOC-MP community of Ternopil joined the OCU. It was the first time an UOC-MP community from Ternopil joined the OCU.[169] As of 26 December 2018, according to the OCU, more that 20 communities in Vinnytsia had joined the OCU.[170][171] Also on 26 December, an interactive map to document all the highlighted cases in which communities went from the UOC-MP to the OCU was published by the Religious Information Service of Ukraine.[172] On 27 December, a parish of Khmelnytskyi joined the OCU,[173] as well as one parish in Vinnytsia.[174] Also on 27 December, Metropolitan Sofroni of Cherkasy and Kaniv declared in an interview that he had left the UOC-MP, but that he would not join the OCU as he considered the charter of the OCU did not grant enough independence to the OCU.[175][176] As of 4 January more that 40 parishes had joined the OCU.[177] As of 15 January near 70 parishes had joined the OCU.[178]

As of 19 January 2019, 100 churches had went from the UOC-MP to the OCU.[179] According to director of the Department for Religious Affairs and Nationalities of the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine Andriy Yurash, as of 1 February 2019, almost 200 parishes had joined the OCU.[180] According to TSN, as of 12 February 2019 more than 300 parishes had joined the OCU.[181]

The UOC-MP contested those results, saying that only 36 churches had transferred to the OCU, and that the other churches who had transferred had unlawfully changed jurisdiction; the UOC-MP claims that "therefore, one cannot say that these communities have changed their confessional identity".[182]

On 24 February 2019, TSN reported that 400 churches had transitioned to the OCU.[183]

Russian Orthodox Church

On 15 December, after the election of Epiphanius at the unification council, archpriest Nikolay Balashov, deputy head of the Moscow Patriarchate Department for External Church Relations, told Interfax that this election "means nothing" for the Russian Orthodox Church.[184] After the unification council, the Patriarch of Moscow sent a letter to the primates of all the autocephalous local Orthodox churches (but not to the Ecumenical Patriarchate nor to the OCU), urging them not to recognize the OCU and that "there was no unification. The schismatics were and still are outside the Church."[185] On 30 December 2018, the synod of the ROC declared the unification council of the OCU "uncanonical" and appealed to the primates and synods of the other local Orthodox churches not to recognize the OCU.[186]

Ecumenical Patriarchate

On 24 December 2018,[187][188] the Ecumenical Patriarchate sent a letter to the primates of the autocephalous Orthodox churches to ask them to recognize the OCU.[189][190]

On Sunday 16 December 2018, the next day after the election of Epiphanius as primate of the OCU, the Ecumenical Patriarch commemorated him during a Divine Liturgy, along with the other primates of the other Orthodox churches.[142] On 8 January 2019, the Ecumenical Patriarch sent a letter to all the hierarchs of the Ecumenical Patriarchate to ask them to commemorate Epiphanius in the dyptich.[191][192] On 23 January 2019, the OCU appeared on one of the official websites of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, under the category "autocephalous churches".[193][194]

Church of Greece

On 8 January 2019, the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece declared the question of the recognition of the OCU would be dealt by the Synod of the Hierarchy of the Church of Greece.[195][196][187]

Polish Orthodox Church

On 8 January 2019, Metropolitan Sawa, primate of the Polish Orthodox Church, declared that Epiphanius was a layperson and not member of the clergy. He added that the grant of autocephaly to the OCU was a violation of the canon law.[197][198]

Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch

The primate of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch answered to the 24 December 2018 letter of the Ecumenical Patriarch by asking the Ecumenical Patriarch to postpone the grant of autocephaly to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.[188]

Church of Cyprus

On 9 January 2019, Archbishop Chrysostomos declared: "What’s most important right now is not autocephaly, but that Orthodoxy may not be divided". He added he would never commemorate the name of the primate of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine in the diptych of the Divine Liturgy.[199][200] On 25 January 2019, Archbishop Chrysostomos declared he considered the Ecumenical Patriarchate as the "Mother Church" and that he "maintains good relations with the Phanar, which he will preserve despite any difficulties." He added he would concelebrate one day with Metropolitan Epiphanius once the latter would have come in Cyprus.[201][202][203]

On 7 February 2019, the holy synod of the Church of Cyprus decided that on 18 February 2019 the holy synod of the Church of Cyprus will hold an extraordinary meeting to give its final decision concerning the Ukrainian question.[204] On 18 February, the Church of Cyprus declared it did not doubt the goals of granting autocephaly in Ukraine was to heal the schism in Ukraine; the Church of Cyprus also stated that if the schism in Ukraine was not overcame in a certain amount of time, the Church of Cyprus "expect[s] that the Ecumenical Patriarch, making use of his regulatory role given to him by his position as First in Orthodoxy, will convene either a Pan-Orthodox Council or a Synaxis of the Primates to act upon the matter." In the same communiqué, the Church of Cyprus declared it offered to be a mediator on the issue.[205][206][207][208] The Church of Cyprus did not state it recognized the OCU.[209]

Other Orthodox churches

According to Orthodoxia.info, the Orthodox churches of Jerusalem, Romania and Albania will recognize the OCU.[210]

The churches of Antioch, Serbia, Poland and of the Czech Lands and Slovakia will likely not recognize the OCU.[210]

The future positions of the churches of Alexandria, Bulgaria, Cyprus and of Greece are difficult to foresee.[210]

Reactions from outside of Eastern Orthodoxy

Catholic Church

The head of the Conference of Roman Catholic Bishops of Ukraine congratulated Epiphanius on his election in the name of the Roman Catholic bishops of Ukraine.[211]

Major Archbishop Shevchuk of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) congratulated the Orthodox Ukrainians on the formation of the OCU and said it was a "historic moment for Christians in Ukraine".[212][213] On 18 December, Shevchuck sent a letter of congratulation, in the name of the UGCC and in his own name, to Metropolitan Epiphanius and said the election of Epiphanius was "God's gift on the way to the complete unity of the churches of Volodymyr's Baptism".[214][215][216]

Protestantism

Concerning the formation of the OCU, the Seventh-day Adventist Church "takes a positive stance towards all the movements and activities that have served the unification of people, the search for ways of peaceful coexistence and understanding".[217]

Judaism

Rabbi Oleksandr, head of the Religious Association of Progressive Judaism Communities of Ukraine[218] congratulated Orthodox Ukrainians for the receiving of the tomos of autocephaly.[219]

Islam

Said Ismagilov, Mufti of the Religious Administration of Muslims of Ukraine “Ummah” sent a congratulatory message to Epiphanius after the latter's election.[220] On 6 January 2019, Said congratulated the Orthodox Christians for the receiving of the tomos by Ukraine.[221]

Notes

  1. ^ The headquarters are in the Saint Sophia's Cathedral of Kiev but since it is a historical monument of Ukraine masses there are very rare. Therefore, St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery is used as the headquarters of the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ukraine[4]

See also

References

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Bibliography

  • Denysenko, Nicholas, The Orthodox Church in Ukraine: A Century of Separation, Northern Illinois University Press, 2018 (ISBN 978-0875807898)
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