Scorpio (weapon)
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The scorpio or scorpion was a type of Roman torsion siege engine and field artillery piece. It was described in detail by the early-imperial Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius[1] in the 1st century BC and by the 4th century AD officer and historian Ammianus Marcellinus.[2]
Design
The scorpio is a torsion catapult powered by torsion springs, a kind of ballista. It used a system of torsion springs to propel the projectiles. Scorpions could be designed to fire stones or arrow-shaped missiles of various sizes. Scorpions could be large enough to damage city walls during sieges, but the term typically refers to the smaller battlefield artillery, which were manoeuvrable enough to be taken on campaign, were light enough to be deployed in numbers on the top levels of wooden siege towers, and compact enough to be used on parapets, earthworks, and palisades. Depictions of this kind depicted are on Trajan's Column. Though the scorpion, like other ballistae, could resemble large crossbows, their design and propulsion is quite different.
The scorpio could refer to two kinds of torsion catapult; the horizontal two-armed variety like the ballistae and a one-armed, vertical version otherwise referred to as an onager. The fourth century army officer and historian Ammianus Marcellinus witnessed the use of scorpiones during several engagements in the Persian wars of Constantius II, and described the one-armed version as synonymous with the onager, with the vertical upraised arm as the 'scorpion's sting'.[3]
The complexity of construction and in particular the torsion springs (which the Romans referred to as tormenta) led to great sensitivity to any variation in temperature or moisture, which limited their use. While this type of technology continued to be used in the Byzantine Empire, which was the continuation of the Roman Empire through the Middle Ages, it had disappeared in the Middle Ages in Western Europe, but re-appeared during the First Crusade in the form of a new type of catapult based on a system of slings and counterweights for the projection of stone balls, and as giant crossbows as the field of metallurgy progressed, allowing more reliable metal tension weapons.
Use
In 52 BC, during the siege of Avaricum in the war against the Gauls, Julius Caesar mentions the scorpio in use as an anti-personnel weapon against the Gallic town's defenders.[4][5] The late third or early fifth century Roman author Vegetius described weapons like the scorpion mounted on carts for campaign use. According to Vegetius, the Roman Empire ideally fielded fifty-five carroballistae per legion, one for every century, of whom ten men would be deputed to operate the machine. These, which match Vitruvius's description and the depictions on Trajan's Column and the Column of Marcus Aurelius, he describes as mule-drawn, armour-piercing ballistae which "are to be used not only for defending the camp, but also in the field".[6] The carroballista could be synonymous with, or very similar to, the scorpio mounted (and not merely transported) on a cart.
The bolt-firing scorpio had mainly two functions in a legion. In precision shooting, it was a weapon of marksmanship capable of cutting down any foe within a distance of 100 meters. In parabolic shooting, the range is greater, with distances up to 400 meters, and the firing rate is higher (3 to 4 shots per minute). With precision shooting the rate of fire was significantly less. Scorpions could be used in an artillery battery at the top of a hill or other high ground, the side of which was protected by the main body of the legion. The weight and speed of a bolt was sufficient to pierce enemy shields, usually also wounding the enemy so struck.
Like other ancient artillery, the scorpion could be cumbersome and costly campaign equipment, as it could be quite difficult to move quickly and usually acted as a fixed weapon used in infantry defense and for sieges,[7] where it was used both as a siege weapon, fired by the besiegers from earthworks and siege towers, and as an element in cities' defences, mounted on walls and towers.
A further development of torsion siege engines scorpio was the cheiroballista.[8]
Media
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Modern reconstruction -
Scorpio in fortified position -
Scorpio mounted on walls -
Dacian scorpio
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References
- ^ Vitruvius, De Architectura, X:10:1-6.
- ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History, XXIII:4.
- ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History, XXIII:4.
- ^ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de bello Gallico, VII:25
- ^ Gilliver, Kate (2002), Caesar's Gallic Wars, 58-50 BC (Series: Essential Histories); Osprey Publishing, pp 54-55.
- ^ Vegetius, De re militari, II, 25.
- ^ "Roman Artillery".
- ^ Warry, J. (1995), Warfare in the Classical World, pg 178; Salamander Books Ltd., London: United Kingdom. ISBN 0-8061-2794-5