German youth language

German youth language or Youth Communication (Template:Lang-de) is a term used to describe the linguistic patterns and characteristics used by various groups of adolescents at different ages, time periods, and locations in Germany. According to Helmut Glück (2005), the term is not strictly defined. Heinrich Löffler refers to Jugendsprache as a transitory non-standard language (“Lebensalter-Sprache”: “age-language”) with attention to the time limitation of the usage of these linguistic patterns. In German and West European philology, Jugendsprache is considered to be both a non-standard language and a complex subform of the standard language. It is defined as the style of a certain age group. These linguistic characteristics and patterns can be further differentiated into typical or atypical linguistic patterns found in youth communication. Orality and informal language are characteristics of German youth language. Typical elements of German youth language are exaggerations, emphasis, humour, irony, playfulness, expressivity, and emotionality.

Types

There are different forms of German youth language, including Comicdeutsch (German comic language), school language, Denglisch, army slang, university student language, drug scene jargon, graffiti jargon, hip-hop jargon, and Internet jargon. Most of these sub-forms are not limited to teenage speech; however, teenagers are the primary group to use these particular forms of expression, with a focus on shifting vocabulary. Jugendsprache is manifested on different linguistic levels, such as phonetics, graphemics, morphosyntax, and stylistics. Combinations of other languages with German words (eg. Balkan-slang, Turkish-German) have become a part of German youth language over the last years, especially in urban spaces. Elements of German youth language can be found in individual expressions and phrases, as well as in phonetics and gestures.

Characteristics

There is no official or standard youth language. German youth language emerges in communications within groups and takes different forms depending on the geographic, social and historical context. Vocabulary and style (exaggeration, intensification, wordplay, irony, provocation) are characteristic of youth language. Researchers argue that the main function of youth language is setting up boundaries to the adult world as well as consolidation of every speaker's identity in the group. The function of German youth language is the search for identity, particularly in relation to roles and status in society by using a secret language as an emotionally expressive method of communication, and as a naming function for features of the world of the German youth.

Features

The alternative usage of vocabulary inspired researchers to publish a number of dictionaries, which often results in a cliched image of youth language that barely conforms to the way young people speak because it changes all the time . Most expressions are short-lived, for example, ‘knorke’ was once used an expression of high approval. Later, ‘astrein’, ‘cool’, ‘nice’ or ‘geil’, often enriched with further emphatic forms (‘oberaffengeil’), became a part of German youth language.. The transitory nature of these expressions leads to frequent updates of the dictionaries or the publication of new ones, of which linguists in the field are critical.

Metaphors and other imaginative forms of expression are frequently used by speakers of youth language, e.g. “natural woolly socks” for "hairy legs”. Youth language can also be very provocative and offensive. Abbreviations are another characteristic of youth language, such as “so’nem” instead of “so einem”. Anglicisms are also frequently used, for example, “cool” is typical not only for youth language but is also used in informal or non-standard language. Filler words such as “und so” (and so on), interjections and hedges (e.g. “irgendwie”) are typical. The use of acronyms, such as "YOLO" ('You only live once'), has increased over the past years. Syntactic variations in spoken language include repetitions, ellipsis, word order variation and incomplete sentences.

See also

• Jargon
• Kanak Sprak

Sources

• Androutsopoulos, Jannis (2000): Vom Mainstream-Radio bis zu den Skatermagazinen. Jugendmedien sprachwissenschaftlich betrachtet. Jugend und Medien. (Hg. vom JFF – Institut für Medienpädagogik in Forschung und Praxis). medien+erziehung 44/4. München, 229–235.
• Augenstein, Susanne (1998): Funktionen von Jugendsprache in Gesprächen Jugendlicher mit Erwachsenen. In: Androutsopoulos, Jannis: Jugendsprache. Langue des jeunes. Youth language. Linguistische und soziolinguistische Perspektiven. Frankfurt/Main (u. a.), 167–195.
• Hadumod Bußmann (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft. 3. aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage. Kröner, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-520-45203-0 (Artikel: Jugendsprache).
• Helmut Glück (Hrsg.), unter Mitarbeit von Friederike Schmöe: Metzler Lexikon Sprache. 3., neu bearbeitete Auflage. Metzler, Stuttgart/Weimar 2005, ISBN 3-476-02056-8 (Stichwort: „Jugendsprache“).
• Helmut Henne: Jugend und ihre Sprache. Darstellung, Materialien, Kritik. de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1986. ISBN 3-11-010967-0.
• Theodor Lewandowski: Linguistisches Wörterbuch. 4., neu bearbeitete Aufl. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1985. ISBN 3-494-02050-7. Artikel: Jugendsprache.
• Eva Neuland: Jugendsprache in der Diskussion: Meinungen, Ergebnisse, Folgerungen. In: Rudolf Hoberg, Karin Eichhoff-Cyrus (Hrsg.): Die deutsche Sprache zur Jahrtausendwende. Sprachkultur oder Sprachverfall? Dudenverlag, Mannheim/ Leipzig/ Wien/ Zürich 2000, ISBN 3-411-70601-5, S. 107–123.
• Eva Neuland: Jugendsprache. Eine Einführung. A. Francke Verlag (UTB für Wissenschaft), Tübingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-8252-2397-7; 2. überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, 2018, ISBN 978-3-8252-4924-3.