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Latin America

See also: History of Latin America

Due to the varied meanings of the term “postcolonialism,” there is a dispute regarding the relevancy for postcolonial studies for Latin America, which has resulted in Latin America being excluded in early postcolonial discourse. When speaking about Latin American countries, the term "postcolonial" often refers to the political and economic conditions following the decolonization of the Americas in the nineteenth century. However, to provide context, Latin America largely gained its independence from European rule before many countries within African and Asia had even become colonized. Thus, Postcolonial theorists, such as Edward Saids, have excluded Latin America, believing that postcolonialism:

"...centers on British and French imperialism from the late nineteenth century to the present ; its geographical focus is limited to an area stretching from Algeria to India ; and the role of the United States is restricted to the post Second World War period, disregarding this nation's origin as a colonial settlement of Britain, Spain, and France, the processes of internal colonialism through which Native Americans were subjected within its territory, and its imperial designs in the Americas and elsewhere from the nineteenth century to the present."

Klor de Alva further argues that colonialism and postcolonialism are "(Latin) American mirages" and can only be applied to marginal indigenous populations, opposed to the major non-native core that has formed the largely European societies of the American territories since the sixteenth century.

Some scholars have also challenged the appropriateness of the term "colonialism" when referring to Latin America. In the early twentieth century, Marxist discourse would use the term "dependency theory" to describe Latin American social thought. However, in his book Postcolonialism: an historical introduction, Critical theorist Robert J. C. Young argues that transformations from the reconstruction of Latin American Marxism ideas "could be said to characterize postcolonial theory itself." According to Fernando Coronil, Young's book provides foundational importance for the role of postcolonialism in Latin America because it suggests renaming "postcolonialism" to "tricontinentalism." The term "Tricontinentalism' was named after the 1966 Tricontinental Conference of Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America that was held in Havana, and called for the deliberate joining of Latin America, Africa, and Asia in anti-colonial struggles. Following the conference, Tricontinental journal was established, which according to Young, provided the theoretical and political foundations for postcolonialism. Moreover, Young argues that " Postcolonialism was born with the Tricontinental."

According to Ania Loomba, Settler colonialism of Spain and Portugal in Latin America resulted in a high level of mixing and inter-marrying with native populations, which created a complex racial hierarchy of color, class, and gender. The co-habitation informed mixed social order, and could at times lead to complicated feelings of racial consciousness.

Writer and Historian, Gregorio Weinberg, attempted to develop a chronological framework that addressed Latin America's complex relationship with its own internal development and external influences. The framework consisted of three successive phases: "imposed Culture, "accepted culture," and "criticized or disputed culture." Imposed culture corresponds with the colonial era, while the accepted culture followed the emancipation from Spain and Portugal, and is characterized as "the assimilation of foreign cultural and philosophical tendencies by Latin American countries." According to Weinberg, the accepted culture phase ended around 1930, and coincided with global depression.

This reconstruction of ideas out of place on the basis of local contradictions has been central to Latin American Marxism. Such transformations could be said to characterize postcolonial theory itself.

Fiction

Author	Nationality	Title	Year	Geographic/Cultural Focus	Original Language	ISBN(s)
Chinua Achebe	Nigerian	Things Fall Apart	1958	Africa, Nigeria	English	ISBN 0385474547
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie	Nigerian	Half of a Yellow Sun	2006	Africa, Nigeria	English	ISBN 1400095204
Ama Ata Aidoo	Ghanaian	Our Sister Killjoy	1977	Africa, Ghana	English	ISBN 978-0582308459
Mariama Ba	Senegalese	So Long a Letter (Une si longue lettre)	1981	Africa,  Senegal	French	ISBN 1577668065
Giannina Braschi	Puerto Rican	‎Yo-Yo Boing!	1998	Americas, United States, Puerto Rico	English, Spanish, Spanglish	ISBN 161109089X
Giannina Braschi	Puerto Rican	United States of Banana	2011	Americas, United States, Puerto Rico	English	ISBN 1611090679
J.M. Coetzee	South African, Australian	Disgrace	1999	Africa, Cape Town	English	ISBN 0140296409
Joseph Conrad	Polish	Heart of Darkness	1899	Africa, Congo	English	ISBN 1503275922
Edwidge Danticat	Haitian-American	Breath, Eyes, Memory	1994	Americas,  United States; Caribbean Islands, Haiti	English	ISBN 1616955023
Edwidge Danticat	Haitian-American	The Farming of Bones	1998	Americas, Caribbean Islands, Dominican Republic, Haiti	English	ISBN 1616953497
Edwidge Danticat	Haitian-American	The Dew Breaker	2004	Americas, United States; Haiti	English	ISBN 1400034299
Buchi Emecheta	Nigerian	In the Ditch	1972	Africa, Nigeria	English	ISBN 1911428233
Buchi Emecheta	Nigerian	Second-Class Citizen	1974	Africa, Nigeria	English	ISBN 0807610666
Buchi Emecheta	Nigerian	The Joys of Motherhood	‎1979	Africa, Nigeria	English	ISBN 0807616230
Buchi Emecheta	Nigerian	Head Above Water	1986	Africa, Nigeria	English	ISBN 0435909932
Amitav Ghosh	Indian	The Circle of Reason	1986	Asia, India	English	ISBN 9780618329625
Amitav Ghosh	Indian	The Shadow Lines	1988	Asia, India	English	ISBN 9780618329960
Amitav Ghosh	Indian	The Calcutta Chromosome	1995	Asia, India	English	ISBN 9780380813940
Amitav Ghosh	Indian	The Glass Palace	2000	Asia, India	English	ISBN 0375758771
Amitav Ghosh	Indian	The Hungry Tide	2004	Asia, India	English	ISBN 061871166X
Amitav Ghosh	Indian	Sea of Poppies	2008	Asia, India	English	ISBN 0312428596
Amitav Ghosh	Indian	River of Smoke	2011	Asia, India	English	ISBN 9781250013750
Amitav Ghosh	Indian	Flood of Fire	2012	Asia, India	English	ISBN 1250094712
Mohsin Hamid	Pakistani-British	Moth Smoke	2000	Asia, Pakistan	English	ISBN 1594486603
Mohsin Hamid	Pakistani-British	The Reluctant Fundamentalist	2007	Asia, Pakistan	English	ISBN 9780156034029
Mohsin Hamid	Pakistani-British	Exit West	2017	Asia, Pakistan	English	ISBN 0735212201
Jamaica Kincaid	Antiguan-American	Lucy (novel)	1990	Americas, United States; West Indies	English	ISBN 9780374527358
Hanif Kureishi	Pakistani-English	The Buddha of Suburbia	1990	Europe, United Kingdom; India	English	ISBN 014013168X
Jhumpa Lahiri	American	Interpreter of Maladies	1999	Americas, United States; India	English	ISBN 039592720X
Jhumpa Lahiri	American	The Namesake	2003	Americas, United States; India	English	ISBN 9780618485222
Jhumpa Lahiri	American	The Lowland	2013	Americas, United States; India	English	ISBN 0307278263
Doris Lessing	British	The Grass is Singing	1950	Europe, United Kingdom; Africa, Rhodesia	English	ISBN 0061673749
Ben Okri	Nigerian	The Famished Road	1991	Europe, United Kingdom; Africa	English	ISBN 9780385425131
Jean Rhys	Dominican	Wide Sargasso Sea	1966	Americas, Caribbean island, Jamaica	English	ISBN 9780393352566
Arundhati Roy	Indian	The God of Small Things	1997	Asia, India, Kerala	English	ISBN 0812979656
Sam Selvon	Trinidadian	The Lonely Londoners	1956	Europe, United Kingdom; Americas, Caribbean, West Indies	English
Salman Rushdie	British Indian	Midnight's Children	1981	Europe, United Kingdom; Asia, India	English	ISBN 9780812976533
Salman Rushdie	British Indian	Shame	1983	Asia, Pakistan	English	ISBN 0812976703
Salman Rushdie	British Indian	The Satanic Verses	1988	Europe, Britain; Asia, India	English	ISBN 0812976711
Ousmane Sembene	Senegalese	God's Bits of Wood (Les Bouts de bois de Dieu)	1960	Africa, Sengal; Europe, France	French	ISBN 0435909592
Bapsi Sidhwa	Pakistani-American	Cracking India	1988	Asia, India, Pakistan	English	ISBN 0435909592
Zadie Smith	English	White Teeth	2000	Europe, United Kingdom; Asia, Bangladesh	English	ISBN 0375703861
Wole Soyinka	Nigerian	The Interpreters	1965	Africa, Nigeria	English	ISBN 084190121X
Ngugi wa Thiong'o	Kenyan	Weep Not, Child	1964	Africa, Kenya	English	ISBN 1-4050-7331-4
Ngugi wa Thiong'o	Kenyan	The River Between	1965	Africa, Kenya	English	ISBN 0-435-90548-1
Ngugi wa Thiong'o	Kenyan	A Grain of Wheat	1967	Africa, Kenya	English	ISBN 0-14-118699-2
Ngugi wa Thiong'o	Kenyan	Petals of Blood	1977	Africa, Kenya	English, Gikuyu	ISBN 0-14-118702-6

Non-Fiction

Title	Year	Author(s)	Cultural/Geographic Focus	Theme/Topic	ISBN(s)
African Philosophy: Myth & Reality	1983	Paulin J. Hountondji	Africa	African philosophy	ISBN 0-253-21096-8
At the Risk of Being Heard: Indigenous Rights, Identity, and Postcolonial States	2003	Bartholomew Dean and Jerome Levi	Various	Indigenous peoples; ethnic identity development	ISBN 0-472-06736-2
Beginning Postcolonialism	2010	John McLeod	Various	Postcolonial literature	ISBN 0-719-07858-X
Calibán and Other Essays	1989	Roberto Fernández Retamar	Latin America	Latin American literature	ISBN 0-816-61743-0
Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese and Western	2000	Guy Ankerl	Various	Eastern world, civilization	ISBN 2-88155-004-5
Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race	1995	Robert J.C. Young	Various	Ethnocentrism, Race and society	ISBN 0-415-05374-9
Colonial Discourse/Postcolonial Theory	1994	Francis Barker, Peter Hulme, and Margaret Iversen	Various	Postcolonialism, cultural theory	ISBN 0-719-04876-1
Colonialism and postcolonial development : Spanish America in comparative perspective	2010	James Mahoney	Latin America	Postcolonialism in Latin America	ISBN 0-5117-4957-0
Colonialism/postcolonialism	2015	Ania Loomba	Various	Postcolonialism, colonialism	ISBN 0-415-35064-6
Coloniality at large : Latin America and the postcolonial debate	2008	Mabel Moraña, Enrique D. Dussel, Carlos A. Jáuregui	Latin America	Postcolonialism, Imperialism	ISBN 0-8223-4147-6
Commonwealth, Comparative Literature and the World: Two Lectures	1988	Alamgir Hashmi		Commonwealth, english literature	N/A
A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Towards a History of the Vanishing Present	1999	Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak		Postcolonial literature,transnationalism	ISBN 0-674-17764-9
Culture and Imperialism	1993	Edward Said	Europe	Imperialism, colonialism, western literature	ISBN 0-679-75054-1
Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature	1986	Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o	Africa	African literature, languages of Africa	ISBN 0-435-08016-4
Delusions and Discoveries: India in the British imagination, 1880-1930	1983	Benita Parry, Michael Sprinker	Asia, India	Indian literature, Anglo-Indian,Indian English literature	ISBN 1-859-84128-7
The disappointed Bridge: Ireland and the Post-Colonial World	2014	Richard Pine	Europe, Ireland	Music of Ireland, Irish literature, Government of Ireland, Politics of the Republic of Ireland	ISBN 1-443-85893-5
Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third World Feminism	1997	Uma Narayan.	Various	Postcolonial feminism	ISBN 0-415-91418-3
Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literature	1990	Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin	Various	Postcolonial literature	ISBN 0-415-28020-6
Encyclopedia of post-colonial literatures in English	2005	Eugene Benson, L.W. Conolly	Various	Postcolonial literature	ISBN 4-152-7885-6
Encyclopedia of postcolonial studies	2016	Sangeeta Ray, Henry Schwarz, J. L. Villacañas Berlanga, Alberto Moreiras, April Shemak	Various	Postcolonialism, postcolonial literature	ISBN 1-119-07650-1
Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World	1986	Kumari Jayawardena.	Various	Postcolonial feminism, nationalism	ISBN 0-862-32264-2
Gayatri Spivak: deconstruction and the ethics of postcolonial literary interpretation	2015	Ola Abdalkafor	Asia, India	Postcolonial literature	ISBN 1-4438-7777-8
The Heathen in His Blindness: Asia, the West and the Dynamic of Religion	1994	S. N. Balagangadhara	Asia	Eastern religions	ISBN 90-04-09943-3.
A Historical Companion to Postcolonial Thought in English	2005	Prem Poddar and David Johnson	Various	Postcolonialism, Literary theory	ISBN 0-231-13507-6
The Idea of Latin América	2005	Walter Mignolo.	Latin America	Postcolonialism in Latin America	ISBN 1-405-10085-0
Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism	1983	Benedict Anderson	Various	Nationalism, Imagined community	ISBN 0-86091-329-5.
Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (Империализм как высшая стадия капитализма)	1917	Vladimir Lenin		Imperialism, capitalism, social criticism	ISBN 0-717-80098-9
The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self Under Colonialism	1983	Ashis Nandy	Asia, India	Imperialism, postcolonialism, colonialism, colonial India	ISBN 0-195-61505-0
Inventing Ireland	1995	Declan Kiberd	Europe, Ireland	Nationalism, Irish literature	ISBN 0-674-46363-3
Invention of Africa: gnosis, philosophy, and the order of knowledge	1988	V. Y. Mudimbe	Africa	African philosophy, Epistemology	ISBN 0-253-33126-9
Iran: A People Interrupted	2007	Hamid Dabashi	Asia, Middle East, Iran	Iranian studies, History of Iran	ISBN 978-1595583338
Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies	1998	Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin	Various	Postcolonialism, colonialism, decolonization	ISBN 0-415-15303-4
Eurocentrism (L'eurocentrisme)	1988	Samir Amin	Europe	Ethnocentrism, capitalism	ISBN 0-853-45786-7
Local Histories/Global designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking	2000	Walter Mignolo	Various	Postcolonial literature, colonialism, literary Theory	ISBN 0-691-00140-5
Location of Culture	1994	Homi K. Bhabha	Various	Imperialism, postcolonial literature	ISBN 1-136-75104-1
Manichean Aesthetics: The Politics of Literature in Colonial Africa	1988	Abdul JanMohamed	Africa	African literature, imperialism	ISBN 0-870-23395-5
Myth of the Lazy Native: a study of the image of the Malays, Filipinos and Javanese from the 16th to the 20th century and its function in the ideology of colonial capitalism	1977	Syed Hussein Alatas	Asia, Southeast	Colonialism	ISBN 0-714-63050-0
Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories	1993	Partha Chatterjee	Asia, India	Nationalism, colonial India	ISBN 0-691-01943-6
New Digital Worlds: Postcolonial Digital Humanities in Theory, Praxis, and Pedagogy	2019	Roopika Risam	Various	Postcolonial literature, digital humanities	ISBN 0-810-13887-5
On the Postcolony	2000	Achille Mbembe	Africa	Postcolonialism	ISBN 0-520-20434-4
The other writing : postcolonial essays in Latin America's writing culture	1993	Djelal Kadir	Latin America	Postcolonial literature, Postcolonialism in Latin America	ISBN 1-5575-3031-9
Postcolonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues	1990	Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Sarah Harasym		Postcolonial literature, literary Theory, philosophy	ISBN 0-4159-0170-7
Post-Colonial Question: common skies, divided horizons	1999	Iain Chambers, Lidia Curtis	Various	Nationalism, cultural pluralism	ISBN 0-4151-0857-8
Post-Colonial Studies Reader	1995	Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin	Various	Postcolonialism, postcolonial literature, imperialism, colonialism, decolonization	ISBN 0-415-09621-9
Postcolonial Theory and the Arab–Israeli Conflict	2008	Philip Carl Salzman and Donna Robinson Divine	Asia, Middle East	Postcolonialism, History of the Middle East	ISBN 0-4154-9576-8
Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction	1998	Leela Gandhi		Postcolonialism, Imagined community, Postcolonial feminism	ISBN 0-231-11273-4.
Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction	2001	Robert J.C. Young	Various	Postcolonialism	ISBN 978-140512094-4
Presentations of Postcolonialism: New Orientations	2007	Jaydeep Sarangi	Asia, India	Postcolonial literature, Indian literature	ISBN 8-1727-3383-6
Prospero and Caliban, the Psychology of Colonization	1990	Octave Mannoni	Africa	Colonial mentality, psychological anthropology	ISBN 0-47206430-4
Selected Subaltern Studies	1988	Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak	Asia	Subaltern Studies	ISBN 0-195-05289-7
Traditions, Tyranny, and Utopias: Essays in the Politics of Awareness	1987	Ashis Nandy	Various	Oppression, psychology	ISBN 0-1956-1988-9
White Mythologies: Writing History and the West	1990	Robert J.C. Young	Western culture	Postcolonialism, eurocentrism	ISBN 0-4153-1181-0
Woman, Native, Other. Writing postcoloniality and feminism	1989	Trinh T. Minh-ha		Postcolonial feminism	ISBN 0-2533-6603-8

See also

• Postcolonialism
• Postcolonial literature
• Postcolonial feminism
• Decolonization