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Pan-Arab colors

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Flag of the Arab Revolt, used in Hejaz[1][2]
Flag of the Egyptian Liberation following the 1952 revolution, used in Egypt[1]
Flag map of the Arab World.

The Pan-Arab colors are black, white, green, and red. Individually, each of the four Pan-Arab colors were intended to represent a certain Arab dynasty, or era.[3] The black was the Abbasid dynastic color; white was the Umayyad dynastic color; green was the Fatimid dynastic color;[4] and red was the Hashemite dynastic color and also represented the Ottoman Empire.[citation needed] The four colors derived their potency from a verse by 14th century Iraqi poet Safi Al-Din Al-Hilli: "White are our acts, black our battles, green our fields, and red our swords".[5]

Pan-Arab colors were first combined in 1916 in the flag of the Arab Revolt,[6] designed by the British diplomat Sir Mark Sykes.[7] Many current flags are based on Arab Revolt colors, such as the flags of Jordan, Kuwait, Palestine, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and the United Arab Emirates,[8] and formerly in the flag of the brief six month union of the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan.

From the 1950s onwards, a sub-set of the Pan-Arab colors, the Arab Liberation colors, came to prominence. These consist of a tricolor of red, white and black bands, with green given less prominence. The Arab Liberation colors were inspired by the use of the Arab Liberation Flag in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.[9][full citation needed] These appear in the current flags of Egypt, Iraq, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen, and formerly in the flags of the rival states of North Yemen and South Yemen, and in the short-lived Arab unions of the United Arab Republic and the Federation of Arab Republics.[8]

Current flags with Pan-Arab colors

UN member and observer states

Unrecognized and partially recognized states

Former national flags with the Pan-Arab colors

Flags of Arab political and paramilitary movements using Pan-Arab colors

Historical Arab flags

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Pan-Arab Colors, crwflags.com
  2. ^ Mahdi Abdul-Hadi. "The Great Arab Revolt". passia.org (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2014-05-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Abū Khaldūn Sati' al-Husri, The days of Maysalūn: A Page from the Modern History of the Arabs, Sidney Glauser Trans., (Washington D.C.: Middle East Institute, 1966), 46.
  4. ^ Edmund Midura, "Flags of the Arab World", in Saudi Aramco World, March/April 1978, pages 4–9
  5. ^ Muhsin Al-Musawi, Reading Iraq: Culture and Power in Conflict (I. B. Tauris 2006), p. 63
  6. ^ I. Friedman, British Pan-Arab Policy, 1915–1922, Transaction Publ., 2011, p.135
  7. ^ William Easterly, The White Man's Burden (2006), p. 295
  8. ^ a b Znamierowski, Alfred (2003). Illustrated Book of Flags. Southwater. p. 123. ISBN 1-84215-881-3. Retrieved 22 November 2014. The designs of these flags were later modified, but the four pan-Arab colors were retained and were adopted by Transjordan (1921), Palestine (1922), Kuwait (1961), the United Arab Emirates (1971), Western Sahara (1976) and Somaliland (1996).
  9. ^ M. Naguib Egypt's Destiny 1955
  10. ^ "Pan-Arab colors". www.abysse.co.jp.
  11. ^ "Palestinian Law No. 5 for the year 2006 amending some provisions of Law No. 22 for the year 2005 on the Sanctity of the Palestinian Flag". Muqtafi.birzeit.edu. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  12. ^ Also used as the flag of Fujairah since 1975
  13. ^ a b Kingdom of Hejaz 1915–1925, Crwflags.com
  14. ^ a b c d e Historical Flags Overview (Syria), Crwflags.com
  15. ^ a b Historical Flags (Jordan), Crwflags.com
  16. ^ Kingdom of Iraq (1924–1958), Crwflags.com
  17. ^ a b Historical Flags (Palestine) , Crwflags.com
  18. ^ Arab Federation of Jordan and Iraq, Crwflags.com
  19. ^ a b c Evolution of the Iraqi Flag, 1963–2008, Crwflags.com
  20. ^ Mahdi Abdul-Hadi, Al-Muntadha al-Adhabi Archived 2014-05-05 at the Wayback Machine, passia.org
  21. ^ Mahdi Abdul-Hadi, Jam'yiat al-'Arabiya al-Fatat Archived 2014-05-05 at the Wayback Machine, passia.org
  22. ^ a b Al-Ahwaz (Khuzestan) Political Organizations (Iran) on crwflags.com
  23. ^ S. T. Al-Seyed Naama, Brief History of Ahwaz, on al-ahwaz.com
  24. ^ The contrast of white vs. black as the Fatimid/Umayyad vs. Abbasid dynastic colour over time developed in white as the colour of Shia Islam and black as the colour of Sunni Islam: "The proselytes of the ʿAbbasid revolution took full advantage of the eschatological expectations raised by black banners in their campaign to undermine the Umayyad dynasty from within. Even after the ʿAbbasids had triumphed over the Umayyads in 750, they continued to deploy black as their dynastic colour; not only the banners but the headdresses and garments of the ʿAbbasid caliphs were black [...] The ubiquitous black created a striking contrast with the banners and dynastic color of the Umayyads, which had been white [...] The Ismaili Shiʿite counter-caliphate founded by the Fatimids took white as its dynastic color, creating a visual contrast to the ʿAbbasid enemy [...] white became the Shiʿite color, in deliberate opposition to the black of the ʿAbbasid 'establishment'." Jane Hathaway, A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen, 2012, p. 97f.
  25. ^ The Abbasid Revolution against the Umayyad Caliphate adopted black for its rāyaʾ for which their partisans were called the musawwids. Tabari (1995), Jane McAuliffe (ed.), Abbāsid Authority Affirmed, vol. 28, SUNY, p. 124
  26. ^ "Green is frequently found in Arab flags because this colour was taken by the Fatimite dynasty, which ruled most of north Africa." American Educator, New York, 1973, 7th vol., p. 131, [1]
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