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Istanbul Airport

Coordinates: 41°16′31.00″N 28°45′07.00″E / 41.2752778°N 28.7519444°E / 41.2752778; 28.7519444
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Not to be confused with Istanbul Atatürk Airport, which is now serving cargo flights.
For other uses, see Istanbul Airport (disambiguation).

Istanbul Airport

İstanbul Havalimanı
Aerial view of the airport in September 2018
Summary
Airport typePublic
OwnerGeneral Directorate of State Airports
OperatorIGA (Istanbul Grand Airport) Havalimanı İşletmesi A.Ş.
ServesIstanbul, Turkey
LocationArnavutköy, Istanbul
Opened29 October 2018 (2018-10-29)[1]
Hub for
Time zoneTRT (UTC+03:00)
Elevation AMSL99 m / 325 ft
Coordinates41°16′31.00″N 28°45′07.00″E / 41.2752778°N 28.7519444°E / 41.2752778; 28.7519444
Websiteistanbulhavalimani.com
Map
Istanbul Airport is located in Istanbul
Istanbul Airport
Istanbul Airport
Location of airport
Istanbul Airport is located in Turkey
Istanbul Airport
Istanbul Airport
Istanbul Airport (Turkey)
Istanbul Airport is located in Europe
Istanbul Airport
Istanbul Airport
Istanbul Airport (Europe)
Map
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
16L/34R 3,750 12,303 Asphalt
16R/34L 3,750 12,303 Asphalt
17L/35R 4,100 13,451 Asphalt
17R/35L 4,100 13,451 Asphalt
Statistics (2018)
Total passengers95,330
International passengers30,206
Source: (Turkish AIP at Eurocontrol) Turkey[2]
Terminal building of Istanbul Airport.

Istanbul Airport (IATA: IST, ICAO: LTFM) (former IATA code: ISL) (Template:Lang-tr)[3] is an international airport serving Istanbul, Turkey. It is located in the Arnavutköy district on the European side of the city.

It is the third international airport built in Istanbul after Atatürk and Sabiha Gökçen, and is planned to become the main international airport serving Istanbul. Atatürk Airport was closed for scheduled passenger flights on April 6, 2019 at 02:00 and all scheduled commercial passenger flights were transferred to Istanbul Airport on April 6, 2019 at 14:00.[4] Atatürk Airport's old IATA code IST was also transferred to the new airport.[5] The airport is planned as the largest in the world[6] with a 150 million annual passenger capacity in its last planned expansion stage, while remaining upgradable to handle 200 million annual passengers if required in the future.[7][8]

History

Background

Istanbul's former main airport, Atatürk Airport, is located in the Yeşilköy neighbourhood of the Bakırköy district and is surrounded by urban Istanbul. Additionally, there had been a worsening of air traffic congestion. Atatürk Airport was one of the busiest airports in Europe. Since 2013, it has ranked among the five busiest airports in Europe by passenger traffic.

There is no space to build an additional runway at Atatürk Airport, as the airport is surrounded on all sides due to the growth of the city. Because of the limited capacity, the Turkish Airport Authority does not allow additional cargo or charter flights to the airport.[citation needed] Due to a lack of slot capacity and parking spaces, some of Turkish Airlines' aircraft are based in Sabiha Gökçen Airport.[citation needed] Sabiha Gökçen Airport itself is already at maximum terminal capacity of 25 million passengers, and handled 28 million passengers in 2015 after posting traffic growth rates averaging over 20% a year since 2013.[citation needed]

In 2015 and 2016, the two Istanbul airports handled almost 100 million passengers, with more than 100 million passengers in 2017.[9] In terms of area airports, the six London-area airports serve more than 150 million passengers a year, while the three Paris-area airports serve around 100 million passengers a year.

Location

The new airport is constructed at the intersection of roads to Arnavutköy, Göktürk, and Çatalca, north of central Istanbul and between the Black Sea coast towns of Yeniköy [tr], Tayakadın and Akpınar. The construction zone is a 7,659-hectare region near Lake Terkos. Some 6,172 hectares of this area was state-owned forest. The distance between Istanbul Airport and Atatürk Airport is approximately 35 km (22 mi). The area encompassed old open-pit coal mines, which were later filled up with soil.[10]

According to the Environmental Impact Assessment (ÇED) report published in April 2013, there were a total of 2,513,341 trees in the area and 657,950 of them would need to be cut indispensably, while 1,855,391 trees would be moved to new places. However, the Ministry of Forest and Water Management claimed the exact number of trees cut and moved would only be revealed after construction was complete.[10]

Construction

Location of Istanbul Airport relative to the city center of Istanbul, as well as the city's other two airports.

The tender for construction and operation of the facility until 2030 was held on May 3, 2013.[7] The project is made up of four construction stages. If all stages are completed, the airport will reach a capacity of 150 million passengers, which would have made it the biggest in the world at the time of planning. The first stage of construction was planned to finish within 42 months of the handover of the land. The total project cost is expected to be approximately €7 billion, excluding financing costs. The construction and operation consortium has been guaranteed 342 million passengers in 12 years by the government.[citation needed]

The design team was led by London-based Grimshaw[11] and also included the Norway-based Nordic Office of Architecture and London studio Haptic.[citation needed]

At the bidding session on May 3, 2013, only four out of fifteen Turkish and two foreign companies that were qualified as bidders showed up. The Turkish joint venture consortium of Cengiz-Kolin-Limak-Mapa-Kalyon won the tender, and were obliged to pay the government €26.142 billion including value-added tax for a 25-year lease starting from 2018. The completion date of the construction's first stage was officially set for 2018 – 42 months after the finalization of the tender's approval.[10]

The groundbreaking ceremony took place on 7 June 2014,[12] though construction only started in May 2015 after the land was officially handed over.[13]

The inauguration of the airport took place on the planned date of 29 October 2018. It was reported that the first test landing at the airport would take place on February 26, 2018; however, the first landing took place on 20 June 2018.[8] Testing of navigational and electronic systems with DHMİ aircraft had begun on 15 May 2018.[14]

Project stages

The construction of the airport is set to take place in several stages, expanding the airport and its facilities over time.[7][15][16][17]

The first stage consists of the main terminal, with an annual passenger capacity of 90 million and an area of 1,440,000 m2 (15,500,000 sq ft) – making it the largest airport terminal building under a single roof,[18] despite Dubai International Airport Terminal 3 having a larger floor area at 1,713,000 m2 (18,440,000 sq ft) due to tunnels connecting its two concourses. There will also be two pairs of parallel runways connected to eight parallel taxiways to the west of the main terminal, approximately 4,000,000 m2 (43,000,000 sq ft) of apron space, and an indoor car-park with a capacity of 12,000 vehicles. In addition, the airport will feature three technical blocks for repairs, maintenance, and fueling, as well as an air traffic control tower, eight ramp control towers, and hangars for cargo and general aviation aircraft.[19] Several other services are also to be in operation, including hospitals, frequent-flyer and VIP lounges, prayer rooms, convention centers, and hotels; some of these are expected to form part of the Istanbul Airport City project.[20]

The second stage will add a third independent runway to the east of the main terminal, as well as a fourth remote runway with an east-west heading and additional taxiways and apron areas. The third stage is planned to add a second passenger terminal with a capacity of 60 million annual passengers and an estimated area of around 960,000 m2 (10,300,000 sq ft), as well as an additional runway and a new support facilities area. The final and fourth stage of expansion will, along with adding another runway, allow for the construction of satellite terminals with a combined capacity of 50 million passengers and area of up to 800,000 m2 (8,600,000 sq ft) if needed.[19]

Once fully completed by 2027,[17] the airport will have six sets of runways (eight in total), 16 taxiways, and a total annual passenger capacity of 150 million passengers.[18][21] If fully expanded to a capacity of 200 million, the airport will exhibit four terminal buildings with interconnecting rail access that combine for a total indoor area of 3,200,000 m2 (34,000,000 sq ft). The airport will also have a 6,500,000 m2 (70,000,000 sq ft) apron with a parking capacity of 500 aircraft, VIP lounges, cargo and general aviation facilities, a state palace, and indoor and outdoor parking that can accomodate up to 70,000 cars. A medical center, aircraft rescue and firefighting stations, hotels, convention centers, power plants, and wastewater treatment facilities will also be built.

Controversies

The Turkish Chamber of Environmental Engineers (ÇMO) took the project tender to court on grounds that the project violated the existing legislation for the preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment (ÇED) report.[10] In February 2014, an Istanbul administrative court ordered construction of the airport to be suspended.[22] However, the groundbreaking ceremony took place a few months later, on 7 June 2014.[12]

A report published in Turkish newspaper Cumhuriyet in February 2018 claimed that more than 400 workers had been killed during the construction of the airport, with accidents killing three to four workers every week, and families of the killed workers being paid to remain silent about the incidents.[23][24] Turkish daily Evrensel also alleged that fatal accidents continued to occur.[24] This prompted opposition MP Veli Ağbaba to submit a written questionnaire to the Turkish parliament on 13 February 2018. In response, the Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security claimed that there were only 27 fatalities during the construction of the airport.[25]

Mass worker protests broke out on 14 September 2018 after a bus carrying workers crashed, injuring 17. Complaints by workers included poor living conditions in "vermin-infested dormitories", issues in transportation that had left them stranded under the rain or on site during holidays, and long delays in payments, among others.[26][27] Police and gendarmerie forces were called in and workers eventually returned to work under alleged threats of arrest or further withholding of wages.[26]

On 19 December 2018, part of the airport site was flooded after heavy rain.[28]

Operations

Initial operation

The opening ceremony took place on 29 October 2018, scheduled so as to coincide with the 95th anniversary of the proclamation of the Turkish Republic.[29] The airport had been unofficially known as 'Istanbul New Airport' during construction - the new official name of 'Istanbul Airport' was announced at the opening ceremony. The first flight from the airport was Turkish Airlines flight TK2124 to the Turkish capital Ankara on 31 October 2018.[30] On 1 November 2018, five daily flights began to arrive and depart from the airport: from Ankara, Antalya, Baku, North Nicosia, and İzmir,[31] followed by Adana and Trabzon starting in December. The flights are all operated by Turkish Airlines. Regularly scheduled flights to these destinations will still depart from Atatürk and Sabiha Gökçen airports alongside these trial flights. It was originally planned that on 31 December 2018, all equipment from Atatürk Airport would be transferred to the new airport via the O-7 Motorway.[32][33] As of 17 January 2019, the transfer phase was set to start 1 March 2019.[34] However, on 25 February, the transfer phase was moved a fourth time to 5 April 2019.[35]

Operational divisions

In order to offer "a seamless passenger experience," operational management is divided into three parts: Airside Operations, Terminal Operations, and the Airport Operations Control Center (AOCC).[36] In addition, the Technical Services department is tasked with ensuring all processes function efficiently.[37]

The Airside Operations Directorate is responsible for ensuring ground and flight safety within the Runway-Apron-Taxiway (RAT) areas, and maintaining these areas for use free of interruption.[38] Responsibilities include oversight of ARFF services, maintaining the validity of airport certificates, airside vehicle and driver authorizations, and conducting airside inspections to ensure national and international regulations are being met.[38]

The Terminal Operations Directorate is tasked with maintaining the services offered to passengers during their time in the terminal building.[39] This includes responsibility of information and self check-in kiosks, the sophisticated baggage handling system, and a 24/7 passenger support service, among others.

AOCC is a centralized management center where airport operations are monitored in conjunction with technological systems.[40] It aims to offer increased efficiency by bringing different operational departments together in a single center.

The Technical Services department is responsible for carrying out preventive and corrective maintenance throughout airport facilities.[37] The primary goal of the department is to detect and prevent any problems that may hinder the airport's operation, and to ensure that the technical requirements of the airport's operation are in line with ISO 50001: Energy management systems and ISO 55001: Asset management systems.

Facilities

The airport currently has one terminal in service for domestic and international flights and four runways are currently in operation. The two 17/35 runways are both 4,100 metres (13,451 feet) long, while the 16/34 runways are both 3,750 metres (12,303 feet) long. Runways 17L/35R and 16R/34L are 60 metres (197 feet) wide, while 17R/35L and 16L/34R are 45 metres (148 feet) wide. All runway surfaces are asphalt.[41]

File:Piers des Flughafen Istanbul.png
Map showing the six gate areas (piers) of Istanbul Airport

Concourses

The airport features a total of five concourses lettered A, B, D, F, G. Concourse G, which is located in the southeast, is reserved solely for domestic flights. The eastern side of Concourse F which is directly to the north of Concourse G has also been allocated for domestic flights. Concourses A, B, and D will be used for international flights. The C and E concourses connect directly to the main terminal and are therefore not independent concourses. Until 1 January 2019, all initial Turkish Airlines flights departed from concourses G and F.[42]

Security

3,500 security personnel and a total of 1,850 police, including 750 immigration officers, are expected to provide the airport's security.[43] The site's perimeter will be protected using ground radar, fixed CCTV cameras every 60 meters, pan–tilt–zoom cameras every 360 meters, thermal cameras and fiber optic sensors every 720 meters. The active terminal building uses up to 9,000 CCTV cameras.[44]

Transport

Although currently, the airport is only serviced from Istanbul by Havaist and İETT buses,[45] it will eventually be linked by several lines of the Istanbul Metro, with one starting from Gayrettepe station on the new M11 line and another from Halkalı on the Marmaray rail line.[46]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

AirlinesDestinations
Aegean Airlines Athens[47]
Aeroflot Moscow–Sheremetyevo[48]
Afriqiyah Airways Bayda, Tripoli
Air Algérie Algiers, Annaba, Constantine, Oran
Air Astana Aktau Airport, Almaty, Atyrau, Nur-Sultan
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Ariana Afghan AirlinesKabul, Mazar-i-Sharif
ATA Airlines Tabriz, Tehran-Imam Khomeini
AtlasGlobal Aktau, Amsterdam, Antalya, Baghdad, Bahrain, Belgrade, Beirut, Bodrum, Düsseldorf, Erbil, Gaziantep, İzmir, Jeddah, Kuwait, London–Stansted, Makhachkala, Medina, Moscow–Sheremetyevo (begins 1 June 2019),[49] North Nicosia, Nur–Sultan, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Shymkent, Tehran–Imam Khomeini, Tel Aviv–Ben Gurion, Yerevan
Seasonal: Dalaman, Mykonos
AtlasGlobal UkraineOdessa
Air MoldovaChişinău
Asiana Airlines Seoul–Incheon[50]
Azerbaijan Airlines Baku[51]
Belavia Minsk
British Airways London−Heathrow[52]
Buraq Air Tripoli-Mitiga
China Southern Airlines Beijing–Capital, Wuhan (begins 29 May 2019)[53]
EgyptAir Cairo[54]
Emirates Dubai–International[55]
Ethiopian AirlinesAddis Ababa
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi
Fly Baghdad Baghdad, Erbil
Ghadames Air Transport Tripoli-Mitiga
Gulf Air Bahrain[56]
IndiGo Delhi[57]
Iran Air Tehran-Imam Khomeini
Iran Air Tours Tabriz
Iran Aseman Airlines Tehran-Imam Khomeini, Urmia
Iraqi Airways Baghdad, Basra, Erbil, Sulaimiyah
Jazeera Airways Kuwait
Kam Air Kabul
KLM Amsterdam[58]
Korean Air Seoul-Incheon
Kuwait Airways Kuwait City
LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw-Chopin
Lufthansa Frankfurt[59]
Libyan Airlines Bayda, Tripoli-Mitiga, Tripoli
Libyan Wings Tripoli-Mitiga
Mahan Air Tehran-Imam Khomeini
Meraj Airlines Tehran-Imam Khomeini, Mashhad
Middle East Airlines Beirut[60]
Nouvelair Tunis–Carthage
Oman Air Muscat
Onur Air Adana, Antalya, Baghdad, Düsseldorf, İzmir, Kuwait (begins 4 June 2019),[61] Odessa
Seasonal: Berlin–Tegel, Bodrum (begins 25 April 2019)
Pegasus Airlines Izmir, Barcelona-El Prat
Qatar Airways Doha[62]
Qeshm Air Tehran-Imam Khomeini
Rossiya Airlines Saint Petersburg
Royal Air Maroc Casablanca
Royal Jordanian Amman-Queen Alia
Saudia Dammam, Jeddah, Medina, Riyadh[63]
Singapore Airlines Singapore[64]
Somon Air Dushanbe
SCAT Airlines Aktau, Shymkent
Sichuan Airlines Chengdu (begins 30 April 2019)[65]
Taban Air Isfahan, Tehran-Imam Khomeini
Tajik Air Dushanbe
TAROMBucharest
Tunisair Tunis–Carthage
Turkish Airlines Abidjan, Abu Dhabi, Abuja, Accra, Adana, Addis Ababa, Adıyaman, Ağrı, Alexandria–Borg El Arab, Algiers, Almaty, Amman–Queen Alia, Amsterdam, Ankara, Antananarivo, Aqaba, Ashgabat, Asmara, Antalya, Astrakhan, Athens, Atlanta, Baghdad, Bahrain, Baku, Bamako, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Banjul, Barcelona, Bari, Basel/Mulhouse, Basra, Batman, Batumi, Beijing–Capital, Beirut, Belgrade, Berlin–Tegel, Bilbao, Billund, Bingöl, Birmingham, Bishkek, Bodrum, Bogotá, Bologna, Bordeaux, Boston, Bremen, Brussels, Bucharest, Budapest, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Cairo, Cancún (begins 21 August 2019),[66] Cape Town, Caracas, Casablanca, Catania, Chicago–O'Hare, Chișinău, Cluj-Napoca, Cologne/Bonn, Colombo, Conakry, Constanța, Constantine, Copenhagen, Cotonou, Dakar–Diass, Dalaman, Dammam, Dar es Salaam, Delhi, Denizli, Denpasar (begins 17 July 2019),[67] Dhaka, Diyarbakir, Djibouti, Doha, Douala, Dubai–International, Dublin, Dubrovnik, Durban, Dushanbe, Düsseldorf, Edinburgh, Edremit, Elazığ, Entebbe, Erbil, Erzincan, Erzurum, Frankfurt, Freetown–Lungi, Ganja, Gassim, Gaziantep, Gazipaşa, Geneva, Gothenburg, Graz, Guangzhou, Hakkari, Hamburg, Hannover, Hanoi, Hatay, Havana, Helsinki, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Houston–Intercontinental, Hurghada, Iğdır, Isfahan, Islamabad, İzmir, Jakarta–Soekarno–Hatta, Jeddah, Johannesburg–O. R. Tambo, Kabul, Kahramanmaraş, Karachi, Kars, Kastamonu, Kathmandu, Kayseri, Kazan, Kharkiv, Khartoum, Kherson, Kigali, Kilimanjaro, Kinshasa–N'djili, Konya, Košice, Krasnodar, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kütahya, Kuwait, Kyiv–Boryspil, Lagos, Lahore, Leipzig/Halle, Libreville, Lisbon, Ljubljana, London–Gatwick, London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Lusaka, Luxembourg, Luxor (begins 23 September 2019),[68] Lviv, Lyon, Madrid, Mahé, Málaga, Malatya, Malé, Malta, Manchester, Manila, Maputo, Mardin, Marrakech (begins 15 April 2019),[69] Marseille, Mashhad, Mauritius, Mazar-i-Sharif, Medina, Merzifon, Mexico City (begins 21 August 2019),[66] Milan–Malpensa, Miami, Minsk, Mogadishu, Mombasa, Montréal–Trudeau, Moscow–Vnukovo, Mumbai, Munich, Muscat, Muş, N'Djamena, Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta, Najaf, Nakhchivan, Naples, Nevşehir, New York–JFK, Niamey, Nice, North Nicosia, Nouakchott, Nuremberg, Nur-Sultan, Odessa, Oran, Ordu-Giresun, Oslo–Gardermoen, Ouagadougou, Panama City–Tocumen, Paris–Charles De Gaulle, Phuket, Podgorica, Pointe Noire (begins 30 July 2019),[70] Port Harcourt (begins 25 June 2019),[71] Porto, Prague, Pristina, Riga, Riyadh, Rome–Fiumicino, Rostov-on-Don-Platov, Saint Petersburg, Salzburg, Samara, Samarkand, Samsun, San Francisco, Şanlıurfa, São Paulo–Guarulhos, Sarajevo, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Sharm El Sheikh, Shiraz, Singapore, Sinop, Şırnak, Sivas, Sharjah, Skopje, Sochi, Sofia, Stockholm–Arlanda, Stuttgart, Sulaymaniyah, Tabriz, Ta'if, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tallinn, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Tehran–Imam Khomeini, Tel Aviv–Ben Gurion, Thessaloniki, Tirana, Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Toulouse, Trabzon, Tunis, Ufa, Ulaanbaatar, Valencia, Van, Varna, Venice, Vienna, Vilnius, Voronezh, Warsaw–Chopin, Washington–Dulles, Yanbu, Yaoundé, Yekaterinburg, Zagreb, Zanzibar, Zaporizhia, Zürich
Seasonal: Friedrichshafen, Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden, Moroni, Pisa, Rovaniemi (begins 5 December 2019)[72]
Turkmenistan AirlinesAshgabat, Turkmenbashi
Ukraine International Airlines Kyiv–Boryspil
Uzbekistan Airways Samarkand, Tashkent[73]
Zagros Airlines Mashhad, Tehran-Imam Khomeini

See also

References

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