Demographics of Greece
Demographics of {{{place}}} | |
---|---|
Population | 10,445,365 (2021 est.)[1][2] |
Growth rate | -1.01 people/1,000 population (2010 est.) |
Birth rate | 9.45 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) |
Death rate | 10.51 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) |
Life expectancy | 79.66 years |
• male | 77.11 years |
• female | 82.37 years (2010 est.) |
Fertility rate | 1.42 children born/woman (2011 est.)[3] |
Infant mortality rate | 4.92 deaths per 1,000 live births (2012 est.)[4] |
Age structure | |
0–14 years | 14.4% |
15–64 years | 66.6% |
65 and over | 19.0% |
Sex ratio | |
At birth | 1.06 male(s)/female (2008 est.) |
Under 15 | 1.06 male(s)/female |
15–64 years | 1.00 male(s)/female |
65 and over | 0.78 male(s)/female |
Nationality | |
Nationality | noun: Greek(s) adjective: Greek |
Major ethnic | Greeks |
The Demographics of Greece refer to the demography of the population that inhabits the Greek peninsula. The population of Greece was estimated by the United Nations to 10,445,365 in 2021.
Historical overview
Greece was inhabited as early as the Paleolithic period. Prior to the 2nd millennium BC, the Greek peninsula was inhabited by various pre-Hellenic peoples, the most notable of which were the Pelasgians. The Greek language ultimately dominated the peninsula and Greece's mosaic of small city-states became culturally similar. The population estimates on the Greeks during the 4th century BC, is approximately 3.5 million on the Greek peninsula and 4 to 6.5 million in the rest of the entire Mediterranean Basin,[5] including all colonies such as those in Magna Graecia, Asia Minor and the shores of the Black Sea.
During the history of the Byzantine Empire, the Greek peninsula was occasionally invaded by the foreign peoples like Goths, Avars, Slavs, Normans, Franks and other Romance-speaking peoples who had betrayed the Crusades. The only group, however, that planned to establish permanent settlements in the region were the Slavs. They settled in isolated valleys of the Peloponnese and Thessaly, establishing segregated communities that were referred by the Byzantines as Sclaveni. Traces of Slavic culture in Greece are very rare and by the 9th century, the Sclaveni in Greece were largely assimilated. However, some Slavic communities managed to survive in rural Macedonia. At the same time a large Sephardi Jewish emigrant community from the Iberian peninsula established itself in Thessaloniki, while there were population movements of Arvanites and Vlachs, who established communities in several parts of the Greek peninsula. The Byzantine Empire ultimately fell to Ottoman Turks in the 15th century and as a result Ottoman colonies were established in the Balkans, notably in Macedonia, the Peloponnese and Crete. Many Greeks either fled to other European nations or to geographically isolated areas (i.e. mountains and heavily forested territories) in order to escape foreign rule. For those reasons, the population decreased in the plains, while increasing on the mountains. The population transfers with Bulgaria and Turkey that took place in the early 20th century, added in total some two million Greeks from to the demography of the Greek Kingdom.
Urbanization
Rank | Name | Region | Pop. | Rank | Name | Region | Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Athens Thessaloniki |
1 | Athens | Attica | 3,155,000 | 11 | Serres | Central Macedonia | 58,287 | Patras Piraeus |
2 | Thessaloniki | Central Macedonia | 815,000 | 12 | Alexandroupoli | Eastern Macedonia and Thrace | 57,812 | ||
3 | Patras | Western Greece | 177,071 | 13 | Xanthi | Eastern Macedonia and Thrace | 56,122 | ||
4 | Piraeus | Attica | 168,151 | 14 | Katerini | Central Macedonia | 55,997 | ||
5 | Heraklion | Crete | 163,688 | 15 | Kalamata | Peloponnese | 54,100 | ||
6 | Larissa | Thessaly | 148,562 | 16 | Kavala | Eastern Macedonia and Thrace | 54,027 | ||
7 | Volos | Thessaly | 85,803 | 17 | Chania | Crete | 53,910 | ||
8 | Ioannina | Epirus | 65,574 | 18 | Lamia | Central Greece | 52,006 | ||
9 | Trikala | Thessaly | 61,653 | 19 | Komotini | Eastern Macedonia and Thrace | 50,990 | ||
10 | Chalcis | Central Greece | 59,125 | 20 | Rhodes | South Aegean | 49,541 |
Population
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1928 | 6,204,684 | — |
1940 | 7,344,860 | +18.4% |
1951 | 7,632,801 | +3.9% |
1961 | 8,398,050 | +10.0% |
1971 | 8,831,036 | +5.2% |
1981 | 9,729,350 | +10.2% |
1991 | 10,258,364 | +5.4% |
2001 | 10,964,020 | +6.9% |
2011 | 11,123,392 | +1.5% |
2017 | 10,768,477 | −3.2% |
Source: Hellenic Statistical Authority |
According to the 2001 census the population of Greece was 10,964,020. Eurostat estimations as of January 2008 gave the number of 11,214,992 inhabitants in the Greek peninsula. According to the official 2011 census, which used sophisticated methodology, the population of Greece was 10,816,286.
Census | Population | Change |
1971 | 8,768,372 | - |
1981 | 9,739,589 | 11.1% |
1991 | 10,259,900 | 5.3% |
2001 | 10,964,020 | 6.9% |
2011 | 10,816,286 | -0.88% |
By region
Greece is divided into nine geographic regions. The population of each region according to the 2001 census:
Region | Population |
---|---|
Aegean Islands | 508,807 |
Central Greece | 4,591,568 |
Crete | 601,131 |
Epirus | 353,822 |
Ionian Islands | 212,984 |
Macedonia | 2,424,765 |
Peloponnese | 1,155,019 |
Thessaly | 753,888 |
Thrace | 362,038 |
Total | 10,964,020 |
Total Fertility Rate from 1850 to 1920
The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[11]
Years | 1850 | 1851 | 1852 | 1853 | 1854 | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 | 1859 | 1860[11] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Fertility Rate in Greece | 6.03 | 5.81 | 5.59 | 5.36 | 5.14 | 4.92 | 4.7 | 4.47 | 4.25 | 4.03 | 3.81 |
Years | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864 | 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869 | 1870[11] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Fertility Rate in Greece | 3.95 | 3.87 | 3.78 | 3.94 | 3.73 | 4.03 | 3.83 | 3.85 | 3.86 | 3.77 |
Years | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879 | 1880[11] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Fertility Rate in Greece | 3.81 | 3.83 | 3.7 | 3.91 | 3.78 | 3.97 | 3.82 | 3.64 | 3.32 | 3.27 |
Years | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 | 1890[11] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Fertility Rate in Greece | 3.28 | 3.38 | 3.35 | 3.83 | 3.82 | 4.01 | 4.19 | 4.38 | 4.57 | 4.73 |
Years | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899 | 1900[11] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Fertility Rate in Greece | 4.8 | 4.88 | 4.95 | 5.03 | 5.1 | 5.18 | 5.25 | 5.32 | 5.4 | 5.47 |
Years | 1901 | 1902 | 1903 | 1904 | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1908 | 1909 | 1910[11] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Fertility Rate in Greece | 5.35 | 5.22 | 5.1 | 4.97 | 4.85 | 4.72 | 4.6 | 4.47 | 4.35 | 4.22 |
Years | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920[11] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Fertility Rate in Greece | 4.09 | 3.97 | 3.84 | 3.72 | 3.59 | 3.47 | 3.34 | 3.22 | 3.09 | 2.97 |
Life Expectancy from 1950 to 2015
Period | Life expectancy in Years |
Period | Life expectancy in Years |
---|---|---|---|
1950–1955 | 65.8 | 1985–1990 | 75.6 |
1955–1960 | 67.2 | 1990–1995 | 77.4 |
1960–1965 | 69.3 | 1995–2000 | 78.1 |
1965–1970 | 70.1 | 2000–2005 | 79.1 |
1970–1975 | 71.8 | 2005–2010 | 80.0 |
1975–1980 | 72.8 | 2010–2015 | 80.6 |
1980–1985 | 74.5 |
Source: UN World Population Prospects[12]
Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rates[fn 1][11][16][17] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1921 | 5 050 000 | 107 000 | 69 000 | 38 000 | 21.2 | 13.7 | 7.5 | 2.84 |
1922 | 5 097 000 | 110 000 | 82 000 | 18 000 | 21.6 | 16.1 | 3.5 | 2.88 |
1923 | 6 010 000 | 113 926 | 102 042 | 11 884 | 19.0 | 17.0 | 2.0 | 2.55 |
1924 | 6 000 000 | 117 014 | 93 320 | 23 694 | 19.5 | 15.6 | 3.9 | 2.61 |
1925 | 5 958 000 | 156 367 | 88 633 | 67 734 | 26.2 | 14.9 | 11.4 | 3.52 |
1926 | 6 042 000 | 181 278 | 84 136 | 97 142 | 30.0 | 13.9 | 16.1 | 4.02 |
1927 | 6 127 000 | 176 527 | 100 020 | 76 507 | 28.8 | 16.3 | 12.5 | 3.86 |
1928 | 6 210 000 | 189 250 | 105 665 | 83 585 | 30.5 | 17.0 | 13.5 | 4.09 |
1929 | 6 286 000 | 181 870 | 115 561 | 66 309 | 28.9 | 18.4 | 10.5 | 3.87 |
1930 | 6 367 000 | 199 565 | 103 811 | 95 754 | 31.3 | 16.3 | 15.0 | 4.19 |
1931 | 6 463 000 | 199 243 | 114 369 | 84 874 | 30.8 | 17.7 | 13.1 | 3.83 |
1932 | 6 544 000 | 185 523 | 117 593 | 67 930 | 28.4 | 18.0 | 10.4 | 3.8 |
1933 | 6 625 000 | 189 583 | 111 447 | 78 136 | 28.6 | 16.8 | 11.8 | 3.84 |
1934 | 6 727 000 | 208 929 | 100 651 | 108 278 | 31.1 | 15.0 | 16.1 | 4.16 |
1935 | 6 837 000 | 192 511 | 101 416 | 91 095 | 28.2 | 14.8 | 13.3 | 3.77 |
1936 | 6 936 000 | 193 343 | 105 005 | 88 338 | 27.9 | 15.1 | 12.7 | 3.68 |
1937 | 7 029 000 | 183 878 | 105 674 | 78 204 | 26.2 | 15.0 | 11.1 | 3.51 |
1938 | 7 122 000 | 184 509 | 93 766 | 90 743 | 25.9 | 13.2 | 12.7 | 3.47 |
1939 | 7 222 000 | 178 852 | 100 459 | 78 393 | 24.8 | 13.9 | 10.9 | 3.32 |
1940 | 7 319 000 | 179 480 | 93 830 | 85 670 | 24.5 | 12.8 | 11.7 | 3.29 |
1941 | 7 370 000 | 134 760 | 125 710 | 9 050 | 18.3 | 17.1 | 1.2 | 3.19 |
1942 | 7 350 000 | 132 640 | 191 030 | -58 390 | 18.0 | 26.0 | -7.9 | 3.08 |
1943 | 7 280 000 | 122 170 | 111 320 | 10 850 | 16.8 | 15.3 | 1.5 | 2.98 |
1944 | 7 300 000 | 145 530 | 110 810 | 34 720 | 19.9 | 15.2 | 4.8 | 2.88 |
1945 | 7 310 000 | 183 470 | 85 540 | 97 930 | 25.1 | 11.7 | 13.4 | 2.78 |
1946 | 7 430 000 | 209 360 | 73 500 | 135 860 | 28.2 | 9.9 | 18.3 | 2.68 |
1947 | 7 520 000 | 206 400 | 70 340 | 136 060 | 27.4 | 9.4 | 18.1 | 2.58 |
1948 | 7 500 000 | 210 000 | 96 000 | 114 000 | 28.0 | 12.8 | 15.2 | 2.48 |
1949 | 7 480 000 | 139 108 | 59 450 | 79 658 | 18.6 | 7.9 | 10.6 | 2.37 |
1950 | 7 554 000 | 151 314 | 53 755 | 97 559 | 20.0 | 7.1 | 12.9 | 2.47 |
1951 | 7 646 000 | 155 422 | 57 508 | 97 914 | 20.3 | 7.5 | 12.8 | 2.47 |
1952 | 7 733 000 | 149 637 | 53 377 | 96 260 | 19.4 | 6.9 | 12.4 | 2.48 |
1953 | 7 817 000 | 143 765 | 56 680 | 87 085 | 18.4 | 7.3 | 11.1 | 2.49 |
1954 | 7 893 000 | 151 892 | 55 625 | 96 267 | 19.2 | 7.0 | 12.2 | 2.48 |
1955 | 7 966 000 | 154 263 | 54 781 | 99 482 | 19.4 | 6.9 | 12.5 | 2.47 |
1956 | 8 031 000 | 156 187 | 59 460 | 96 727 | 19.4 | 7.4 | 12.0 | 2.44 |
1957 | 8 096 000 | 155 192 | 61 664 | 93 528 | 19.2 | 7.6 | 11.6 | 2.42 |
1958 | 8 173 000 | 155 359 | 58 160 | 97 199 | 19.0 | 7.1 | 11.9 | 2.38 |
1959 | 8 258 000 | 160 199 | 60 852 | 99 347 | 19.4 | 7.4 | 12.0 | 2.36 |
1960 | 8 334 000 | 157 239 | 60 563 | 96 676 | 18.9 | 7.3 | 11.6 | 2.33 |
1961 | 8 398 000 | 150 716 | 63 955 | 86 761 | 17.9 | 7.6 | 10.3 | 2.32 |
1962 | 8 448 000 | 152 158 | 66 554 | 85 604 | 18.0 | 7.9 | 10.1 | 2.32 |
1963 | 8 480 000 | 148 249 | 66 813 | 81 436 | 17.5 | 7.9 | 9.6 | 2.34 |
1964 | 8 510 000 | 153 109 | 69 429 | 83 680 | 18.0 | 8.1 | 9.8 | 2.37 |
1965 | 8 551 000 | 151 448 | 67 269 | 84 179 | 17.7 | 7.8 | 9.8 | 2.41 |
1966 | 8 614 000 | 154 613 | 67 912 | 86 701 | 17.9 | 7.9 | 10.1 | 2.46 |
1967 | 8 686 000 | 162 839 | 71 975 | 90 864 | 18.7 | 8.3 | 10.4 | 2.51 |
1968 | 8 741 000 | 160 338 | 73 309 | 87 029 | 18.3 | 8.4 | 10.0 | 2.54 |
1969 | 8 773 000 | 154 077 | 71 825 | 82 252 | 17.6 | 8.2 | 9.4 | 2.56 |
1970 | 8 793 000 | 144 928 | 74 009 | 70 919 | 16.5 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 2.57 |
1971 | 8 831 000 | 141 126 | 73 819 | 67 307 | 16.0 | 8.4 | 7.6 | 2.57 |
1972 | 8 889 000 | 140 891 | 76 859 | 64 032 | 15.9 | 8.6 | 7.2 | 2.55 |
1973 | 8 929 000 | 137 526 | 77 648 | 59 878 | 15.4 | 8.7 | 6.7 | 2.54 |
1974 | 8 962 000 | 144 069 | 76 303 | 67 766 | 16.1 | 8.5 | 7.6 | 2.52 |
1975 | 9 047 000 | 142 273 | 80 077 | 62 196 | 15.7 | 8.9 | 6.9 | 2.5 |
1976 | 9 167 000 | 146 566 | 81 818 | 64 748 | 16.0 | 8.9 | 7.1 | 2.47 |
1977 | 9 269 000 | 143 739 | 83 750 | 59 989 | 15.4 | 9.0 | 6.4 | 2.44 |
1978 | 9 395 000 | 146 588 | 81 615 | 64 973 | 15.5 | 8.7 | 6.9 | 2.39 |
1979 | 9 534 000 | 147 965 | 82 338 | 65 627 | 15.5 | 8.6 | 6.9 | 2.34 |
1980 | 9 643 000 | 148 134 | 87 282 | 60 852 | 15.4 | 9.1 | 6.3 | 2.27 |
1981 | 9 729 000 | 140 953 | 86 261 | 54 692 | 14.5 | 8.9 | 5.6 | 2.19 |
1982 | 9 790 000 | 137 275 | 86 345 | 50 930 | 14.0 | 8.8 | 5.2 | 2.1 |
1983 | 9 847 000 | 132 608 | 90 586 | 42 022 | 13.5 | 9.2 | 4.3 | 2 |
1984 | 9 896 000 | 125 724 | 88 397 | 37 327 | 12.7 | 8.9 | 3.8 | 1.9 |
1985 | 9 934 000 | 116 481 | 92 886 | 23 595 | 11.7 | 9.4 | 2.4 | 1.8 |
1986 | 9 967 000 | 112 250 | 91 469 | 20 781 | 11.3 | 9.2 | 2.1 | 1.71 |
1987 | 10 001 000 | 105 899 | 95 232 | 10 667 | 10.6 | 9.5 | 1.1 | 1.63 |
1988 | 10 037 000 | 107 668 | 93 031 | 14 637 | 10.7 | 9.3 | 1.5 | 1.57 |
1989 | 10 090 000 | 101 149 | 92 717 | 8 432 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 0.8 | 1.51 |
1990 | 10 161 000 | 102 229 | 94 152 | 8 077 | 10.1 | 9.3 | 0.8 | 1.47 |
1991 | 10 257 000 | 102 620 | 95 498 | 7 122 | 10.0 | 9.3 | 0.7 | 1.44 |
1992 | 10 370 000 | 104 081 | 98 231 | 5 850 | 10.0 | 9.5 | 0.6 | 1.42 |
1993 | 10 466 000 | 101 799 | 97 419 | 4 380 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 0.4 | 1.4 |
1994 | 10 553 000 | 103 763 | 97 807 | 5 956 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 0.6 | 1.38 |
1995 | 10 635 000 | 101 495 | 100 158 | 1 337 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 0.1 | 1.37 |
1996 | 10 710 000 | 100 718 | 100 740 | - 22 | 9.4 | 9.4 | -0.0 | 1.36 |
1997 | 10 777 000 | 102 038 | 99 738 | 2 300 | 9.5 | 9.3 | 0.2 | 1.35 |
1998 | 10 835 000 | 100 894 | 102 668 | -1 774 | 9.3 | 9.5 | -0.2 | 1.33 |
1999 | 10 883 000 | 100 643 | 103 304 | -2 661 | 9.2 | 9.5 | -0.2 | 1.33 |
2000 | 10 918 000 | 103 267 | 105 219 | -1 952 | 9.5 | 9.6 | -0.2 | 1.32 |
2001 | 10 950 000 | 102 282 | 102 559 | - 277 | 9.3 | 9.4 | -0.0 | 1.31 |
2002 | 10 988 000 | 107 838 | 103 915 | 3 923 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 0.2 | 1.34 |
2003 | 11 024 000 | 106 420 | 105 529 | 893 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 0.1 | 1.36 |
2004 | 11 062 000 | 105 655 | 104 942 | 713 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 0.1 | 1.38 |
2005 | 11 104 000 | 107 545 | 105 091 | 2 454 | 9.7 | 9.5 | 0.2 | 1.4 |
2006 | 11 148 000 | 112 042 | 105 476 | 6 566 | 10.1 | 9.5 | 0.6 | 1.42 |
2007 | 11 193 000 | 111 926 | 109 895 | 2 031 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 0.2 | 1.41 |
2008 | 11 237 000 | 118 302 | 107 979 | 10 323 | 10.5 | 9.6 | 0.9 | 1.55 |
2009 | 11 278 000 | 117 933 | 108 316 | 9 617 | 10.5 | 9.6 | 0.9 | 1.57 |
2010 | 11 312 000 | 114 766 | 109 084 | 5 682 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 0.5 | 1.53 |
2011 | 11 293 000 | 106 428 | 111 099 | -4 671 | 9.8 | 10.3 | -0.5 | 1.42 |
2012[18] | 11 264 000 | 100 371 | 116 670 | -16 299 | 9.1 | 10.6 | -1.5 | 1.34 |
2013[19] | 11 238 000 | 94 134 | 111 794 | -17 660 | 8.5 | 10.2 | -1.7 | 1.28 |
2014[20] | 11 200 000 | 93 429 | 114 088 | -20 659 | 8.4 | 10.4 | -2.0 | 1.30 |
2015[21] | 11 168 000 | 91 847 | 121 212 | -29 365 | 8.5 | 11.2 | -2.7 | 1.33 |
2016 | 11 143 500 | 92 898 | 118 792 | -25 894 | 8.3 | 11.0 | -2.4 | 1.38 |
2017[22] | 11 119 900 | 89 484 | 124 832 | -35 348 | 8.2 | 11.6 | -3.3 | 1.43 |
2018[22] | 87 074 | 120 886 | -33 812 | 8.1 | 11.1 | -3.0 | 1.45 |
Other demographics statistics
Greece is currently experiencing a declining birthrate, with hospitals reporting 10% fewer births in the past 4 years.[23]
The number of live births in the country has fallen nearly 15% and it's been unparalleled in Europe.[23]
Greece, as well as Spain and Italy, continue to face large numbers of illegal immigrants attempting to enter. Most illegal immigrants entering Greece do so from its Turkey border.[23]
Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.[23]
- One birth every 6 minutes
- One death every 4 minutes
- Net loss of one person every 21 minutes
- One net migrant every 53 minutes
Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[17]
- Population
- 10,761,523 (July 2018 est.)
- 10,768,477 (July 2017 est.)
- Age structure
- 0-14 years: 13.72% (male 760,615 /female 716,054)
- 15-24 years: 9.68% (male 531,957 /female 509,671)
- 25-54 years: 42.18% (male 2,259,672 /female 2,279,464)
- 55-64 years: 13.28% (male 699,205 /female 729,655)
- 65 years and over: 21.14% (male 997,359 /female 1,277,871) (2018 est.)
- 0-14 years: 13.83% (male 767,245/female 722,313)
- 15-24 years: 9.67% (male 532,179/female 509,487)
- 25-54 years: 42.45% (male 2,275,984/female 2,295,082)
- 55-64 years: 13.13% (male 692,420/female 721,641)
- 65 years and over: 20.91% (male 986,816/female 1,265,310) (2017 est.)
- 0-14 years: 14.2% (male 787,143/female 741,356)
- 15-64 years: 66.2% (male 3,555,447/female 3,567,383)
- 65 years and over: 19.6% (male 923,177/female 1,185,630) (2011 est.)
- Median age
- total: 44.9 years. Country comparison to the world: 7th
- male: 43.8 years
- female: 45.9 years (2018 est.)
- total: 44.5 years
- male: 43.5 years
- female: 45.6 years (2017 est.)
- total: 42.5 years
- male: 41.4 years
- female: 43.6 years (2011 est.)
- Mother's mean age at first birth
- 29.8 years (2014 est.)
- Total fertility rate
- 1.44 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 207th
- Population growth rate
- -0.07% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 203rd
- Birth rate
- 8.3 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 218th
- 8.4 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)
- Death rate
- 11.4 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 21st
- Net migration rate
- 2.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 46th
- Life expectancy at birth
- total population: 80.7 years. Country comparison to the world: 36th
- male: 78 years
- female: 83.4 years (2017 est.)
- Infant mortality rate
- total: 4.6 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 179th
- male: 5 deaths/1,000 live births
- female: 4.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)
- Ethnic groups
population: Greek 93%, other (foreign citizens) 7% (2001 census)
Note: data represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity
- Dependency ratios
- total dependency ratio: 52.7
- youth dependency ratio: 22.2
- elderly dependency ratio: 30.5
- potential support ratio: 3.3 (2015 est.)
- Religions
Greek Orthodox (official) 81-90%, Muslim 2%, other 3%, none 4-15%, unspecified 1% (2015 est.)
- Urbanization
- urban population: 79.1% of total population (2018)
- rate of urbanization: 0.22% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
- Unemployment, youth ages 15–24
- total: 49.8%. Country comparison to the world: 7th
- male: 45.2%
- female: 55% (2015 est.)
- School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
- total: 18 years
- male: 18 years
- female: 18 years (2014)
Immigration
Greece has received a large number of immigrants since the early 1990s. The majority of them come from the neighbouring countries. As of 2011, the number of foreigners in an enumerated total of 10,815,197 people was 911,299.
Foreign-born by country (Eurostat):[24]
2010 | 2014 | |
---|---|---|
Total | 828,400 | 727,500 |
Albania | 384,600 | 337,700 |
Georgia | 62,600 | 45,100 |
Russia | 55,700 | 43,000 |
Bulgaria | 45,700 | 40,900 |
Romania | 32,400 | 27,200 |
Germany | 29,300 | 25,700 |
Pakistan | 20,100 | 18,000 |
Poland | 10,800 | 16,600 |
Turkey | 9,500 | 12,500 |
Cyprus | 10,200 | 10,900 |
UK | 5,200 | 10,700 |
Ukraine | 13,300 | 10,700 |
Egypt | 10,200 | 9,800 |
Bangladesh | 14,200 | 8,400 |
Syria | 7,500 | 8,300 |
others | 117,100 | 102,000 |
Illegal immigration
Greece has received many illegal immigrants beginning in the 1990s and continuing during the 2000s and 2010s. Migrants make use of the many islands in the Aegean Sea, directly west of Turkey. A spokesman for the European Union's border control agency said that the Greek-Albanian border is "one of Europe's worst-affected external land borders." Migrants across the Evros region bordering Turkey face land-mines. Principal illegal immigrants include Albanians, Indians, Kurds, Afghans, Iraqis and Somalis.[25][26]
Age structure
Being part of the phenomenon of the aging of Europe, the Greek population shows a rapid increase of the percentage of the elderly people. Greece's population census of 1961 found that 10.9% of the total population was above the age of 65, while the percentage of this group age increased to 19.0% in 2011. On the contrary, the percentage of the population of the ages 0–14 had a total decrease of 10.2% between 1961 and 2011.
Age group | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | |
0–14 | 2,223,904 | 25.4 | 2,307,297 | 23.7 | 1,974,867 | 19.2 | 1,664,085 | 15.2 | 1,576,500 | 14.4 |
15–64 | 5,587,352 | 63.7 | 6,192,751 | 63.6 | 6,880,681 | 67.1 | 7,468,395 | 68.1 | 7,122,830 | 66.6 |
65+ | 957,116 | 10.9 | 1,239,541 | 12.7 | 1,404,352 | 13.7 | 1,831,540 | 16.7 | 2,108,807 | 19.0 |
Total | 8,768,372 | 9,739,589 | 10,259,900 | 10,964,020 | 10,816,286 |
Ethnic groups, languages and religion
The population of northern Greece has primarily been ethnically, religiously and linguistically diverse.[27] The Muslim minority of Greece is the only explicitly recognized minority in Greece by the government. The officials define it as a group of Greek Muslims numbering 98,000 people, consisting of Turks (50%), Pomaks (35%) and Romani (15%). No other minorities are acknowledged and the Greek government has followed assimilatory policies and has discriminated against them.[28][29][30] There is no official information for the size of the ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities because asking the population questions pertaining to the topic have been abolished since 1951.[31]
Minorities in Greece according to Minority Rights Group International:[33]
- Roma/Gypsies: 160,000-250,000 (1.5-2.28%)
- Vlachs (Aromanians): 200,000 (1.82%)
- Slavophones: 100,000-200,000 (0.91%-1.82%)
- Arvanites: 95,000 (0.87%)
- Turks: 90,000 (0.82%)
- Pomaks: 35,000 (0.32%)
Minorities in Greece according to International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (published on 18 September 1999):[34]
Minority | Greek government's estimate | Independent estimate |
---|---|---|
Romani | 300,000 | 350,000 |
Aromanians | 200,000 | |
Arvanites | 200,000 | |
Slavophones | 100,000 | 200,000, incl. 10,000-30,000 Macedonians |
Turks | 49,000 | 50,000 |
Pomaks | 34,000 | 30,000 |
Jews | 5,000 |
The official language of Greece is Greek, spoken by almost all as a second language at least. Additionally, there are a number of linguistic minority groups that are bilingual in a variety of non-Greek languages, and parts of these groups identify ethnically as Greeks.
Language (and religion) | census 1879[35][36] | estimate 1913[37] | census 1928[38][28][39] | census 1940[38][39][40] | census 1951[38][41] | census 1986[42] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |||
Greek | 5,759,523 | 92.8 | 6,902,339 | 92.5 | 7,297,878 | 95.6 | ||||||||
Turkish (altogether) | 191,254 | 3.1 | 229,075 | 3.8 | 179,895 | 2.4 | ||||||||
Turkish (and Orthodox Christian) | 103,642 | 1.7 | ||||||||||||
Turkish (and Muslim) | 86,506 | 1.4 | ||||||||||||
Slavic3 | 300,000- 500,000 | 6.3- 10.6 | 81,9842 | 1.3 | 86,086 | 1.2 | 41,017 | 0.5 | 180,180 | |||||
Bulgarian (and Muslim) | 16,775 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||
Pomak | 18,086 | 0.2 | 18,671 | 0.2 | ||||||||||
Koutsovlach | 19,703 | 0.3 | 53,997 | 0.7 | 39,855 | 0.5 | ||||||||
Albanian | 49,632 | 0.7 | 22,7364 | 0.3 | ||||||||||
Albanian/Arvanitika | 225,000 | |||||||||||||
Albanian (and Muslim) | 18,598 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||
Armenian | 33,634 | 0.5 | 26,827 | 0.4 | 8,990 | 0.1 | ||||||||
Gypsy | 4,998 | 0.1 | 8,141 | 0.1 | 7,429 | 0.1 | ||||||||
Russian | 3,295 | 0.1 | 8,126 | 0.1 | 3,815 | 0.1 | ||||||||
French | 4,518 | 0.1 | 2,101 | 0.0 | ||||||||||
Romanian | 2,901 | 0.0 | 2,082 | 0.0 | ||||||||||
English | 2,098 | 0.0 | 3,529 | 0.0 | 1,456 | 0.0 | ||||||||
Spanish | 63,200 | 1.0 | 53,125 | 0.7 | 1,339 | 0.0 | ||||||||
German | 3,401 | 0.0 | 1,301 | 0.0 | ||||||||||
Italian | 3,199 | 0.1 | 4,426 | 0.1 | 894 | 0.0 | ||||||||
Hebrew or Yiddish | 34 | 0.0 | 853 | 0.0 | ||||||||||
Others | 6,248 | 0.1 | 5,694 | 0.1 | 2,489 | 0.1 | ||||||||
Total | 1,679,775 | 4,734,990 | 6,204,684 | 7,344,860 | 7,632,801 | |||||||||
Notes: 1 Census figures are considered "unreliable".[43] 2The 1928 census figure (81,984) of the Slavic speakers does not reflect their actual strength due to either an official policy or reluctance of the concerned, and perhaps represents a number of speakers, who are lacking Greek national consciousness, while contemporary Greek reports esimate at least 200,000 Bulgarian-speaking inhabitants in the country.[44] |
Languages spoken in Greece:
Language | Classification | Speakering population | Spoken by | Ethnic population | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Greek classification | ||||||
Cappadocian[46] | IE, Greek, Attic | 2,800 (2015 M. Janse) | Cappadocians | Mandra, Neo Agioneri and Xirochori | More distinct from standard Greek than Pontic Greek | |
Cretan | 600,000 | Cretans | Crete | |||
Greek[46] | IE, Greek, Attic | 10,700,000 (2012 European Commission ) | national | scattered | Lexical similarity: 84%–93% with Greek in Cyprus | |
Greek, Ancient[46] | IE, Greek, Attic | no known L1 speakers | scattered | religious language | ||
Pontic[46][47] | IE, Greek, Attic | 200,000 (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk)- 400,000 (2009 Z. Diakonikolaou) | Pontians | Macedonia and Epirus(Kilkis, Pella, and Serres; Thessaloniki, Drama and Imathia) | Greek and Pontic speakers reportedly do not understand each other and Pontians do not speak standard Greek | |
Romano-Greek[46] | mixed Greek-Romani | 30 (2000) | Romani | Thessaly, Central Greece | Structured on Greek with heavy Romani lexicon | |
Sarakatsani | IE, Greek, Doric | 80,000 | Sarakatsani | Central Greece, Thessaly, Epirus | ||
Tsakonian[46][48] | IE, Greek, Doric | 200 (2007 Salminen)-1,500 (2010 M. Kisilier) | Tsakonians | Agios Andreas, Leonidio, Prastos, Kastanitsa, Melana, Pramatefti, Sapounakeika, Sitena, and Tyros | Not inherently intelligible with modern Greek. Lexical similarity with standard Greek: 70% or less. | |
Other languages | ||||||
Albanian, Arvanitika[46][45] | IE, Albanian, Tosk | 50,000 (1993 Lunden, 2007 Salminen) | Arvanites | 150,000 | southern Euboea, Salamis, Boeotia, Attica, Peloponnese, Western Greece and the Ionian Islands, Thessaly and Central Greece, Thrace | Heavily influenced by Greek. Christian |
Albanian, Tosk[46] | IE, Albanian, Tosk | 10,000 (2002) | Tosk Albanians | Epirus and Western Macedonia(Central Florina, into Kastoria, Lehovo) | Cham Tosk | |
Arabic[49] | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South | 28,000 | Arabs | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic[49] | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern | 2,000 | Assyrians | |||
Armenian, Western[46] | IE, Armenian | 20,000 (2007) | Armenians | scattered, Attica, Thessaly and Central Greece | ||
Aromanian[50][46] | IE, Italic, Romance, Eastern | 50,000 (1999 Salminen)- 200,000 (1995 Greek Monitor of Human and Minority Rights) | Aromanians | 700,000(Association of French Aromanians) | Pindus Mountains, around Trikala, Epirus, Thessaly, Macedonia | Christian |
Bulgarian[51][45] | IE, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Eastern | 56,200 (2014), 10-40,000 (Trudgill) | Pomaks, Bulgarians | Macedonia and Thrace | Pomak, Muslim | |
English[47] | IE, Germanic, West | 8,000 | ||||
Farsi, Western[49] | IE, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian | 10,000 | Persians | |||
German[46] | IE, Germanic, West | L1 users: 10,800 (2011 census), L2 users: 541,000 (2012 European Commission) | L1 users based on nationality | |||
Greek sign language[46] | Sign language | 5,000 (2014 EUD)- 62,500 (2014 IMB) | national | scattered | ||
Judeo-Italian[51] | IE, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Italo-Dalmatian | 50 (2007 Salminen) | Jews | Peloponnese, Western Greece and the Ionian Islands | ||
Kurdish, Northern[47] | IE, Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish | 22,500 | Kurds | |||
Ladino[47] | IE, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian | 2,000 | Jews | |||
Megleno-Romanian[51][49] | IE, Italic, Romance, Eastern | 3,000 (2002)- 12,000 (1995) | Megleno-Romanians | Moglena | ||
Romani, Balkan[46] | IE, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Romani | 40,000 (1996 B. Igla) | Romani | Attica; Macedonia, Peloponnese, Western Greece and the Ionian Islands, Epirus | Christian, Muslim | |
Romani, Vlax | IE, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western , Romani | 1,000 | Romani | Attica, Thessaly, Central Greece, Epirus, Western Macedonia | Christian | |
Russian[47] | IE, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East | Russians | ||||
Serbian[47] | IE, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western | Serbs | ||||
Slavic[47][45][46] | IE, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Eastern | 60-90,000 (Trudgill), 250,000 (2007 Boskov) | Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia | Macedonia (mainly Florina, Pella and Thessaloniki; Kastoria, Kozani, Kilkis, Imathia, Serres), Epirus (Ioannina) | Christian | |
Turkish [46] | Turkic, Southern | 40,000 (L1: 9,700, L2: 30,300, 2014) | Turks, Karamanlides, Pomaks | Macedonia and Thrace, Aegean | Muslim, Christian | |
Turkish, Balkan Gagauz[49] | Turkic, Southern | Gagauzes | ||||
Urum[47] | Turkic | Urums |
Orthodox | 7,472,559 (97.9%) |
Muslim | 112,665 (1.4%) |
Catholic | 28,430 (0.4%) |
Protestant and other Christian | 12,677 (0.2%) |
Jewish | 6,325 (0.1%) |
Total | 7,632,801 |
---|
According to the Greek constitution, Eastern Orthodox Christianity is recognized as the "prevailing religion" in Greece. During the centuries that Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire, besides its spiritual mandate, the Orthodox Church, based in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), also functioned as an official representative of the Christian population of the empire. The Church is often credited with the preservation of the Greek language, values, and national identity during Ottoman times. The Church was also an important rallying point in the war for independence against the Ottoman Empire, although the official Church in Constantinople initially condemned the breakout of the armed struggle in fear of retaliation from the Ottoman side. The Church of Greece was established shortly after the formation of a Greek national state. Its authority to this day extends only to the areas included in the independent Greek state before the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. There is a Muslim minority concentrated in Thrace and officially protected by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923). Besides Pomaks (Muslim Bulgarian[52] speakers) and Roma, it consists mainly of ethnic Turks, who speak Turkish and receive instruction in Turkish at special government-funded schools. There are also a number of Jews in Greece, most of whom live in Thessaloniki. There are also some Greeks who adhere to a reconstruction of the ancient Greek religion.[53] A place of worship has been recognized as such by court.[54]
Education
Greek education is free and compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 15. English study is compulsory from first grade through high school. University education, including books, is also free, contingent upon the student's ability to meet stiff entrance requirements. A high percentage of the student population seeks higher education. More than 100,000 students are registered at Greek universities, and 15% of the population currently holds a university degree. Admission in a university is determined by state-administered exams, the candidate's grade-point average from high school, and his/her priority choices of major. About one in four candidates gains admission to Greek universities.
Greek law does not currently offer official recognition to the graduates of private universities that operate in the country, except for those that offer a degree valid in another European Union country, which is automatically recognized by reciprocity. As a result, a large and growing number of students are pursuing higher education abroad. The Greek Government decides through an evaluation procedure whether to recognize degrees from specific foreign universities as qualification for public sector hiring. Other students attend private, post-secondary educational institutions in Greece that are not recognized by the Greek Government. At the moment extensive public talk is made for the reform of the Constitution in order to recognize private higher education in Greece as equal with public and to place common regulations for both.
The number of Greek students studying at European institutions is increasing along with EU support for educational exchange. In addition, nearly 5,000 Greeks are studying in the United States, about half of whom are in graduate school. Greek per capita student representation in the US (one every 2,200) is among the highest in Europe.
See also
- Demographic history of Greece
- Turks of Western Thrace
- Minorities in Greece
- Aging of Europe
- Albanian immigrants in Greece
Notes
- ^ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and have been marked blue, 2 and below leads an aging population and the result is that the population reduces.
References
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ "Statistics Estonia - Total Fertility Rate- Number of Children Per Woman". Retrieved 8 September 2012.
- ^ "CIA – The World Factbook: Infant Mortality Rate". Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Mogens Herman Hansen, The Shotgun Method: The Demography of the Ancient Greek City-State Culture, University of Missouri Press, 2006. Book review
- ^ https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/APOF_APOT_MON_DHM_KOIN.pdf/41ae8e6c-5860-b58e-84f7-b64f9bc53ec4 This table lists the largest cities, contained in their contiguous built-up urban areas, which are made up of many municipalities (as in Athens and Thessaloniki) or contained within a larger single municipality (most smaller cities).
- ^ https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/APOF_APOT_MON_DHM_KOIN.pdf/41ae8e6c-5860-b58e-84f7-b64f9bc53ec4
- ^ https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/APOF_APOT_MON_DHM_KOIN.pdf/41ae8e6c-5860-b58e-84f7-b64f9bc53ec4
- ^ https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/APOF_APOT_MON_DHM_KOIN.pdf/41ae8e6c-5860-b58e-84f7-b64f9bc53ec4
- ^ https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/APOF_APOT_MON_DHM_KOIN.pdf/41ae8e6c-5860-b58e-84f7-b64f9bc53ec4
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation
- ^ "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Retrieved 15 July 2017.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ B.R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750-1975.
- ^ Demographic Yearbook 1948 (PDF). United Nations in collaboration with the Department of Social Affairs. 1949. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ "Population and Social Conditions: Demography". Hellenic Statistical Authority. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
- ^ http://greece.greekreporter.com/2018/03/29/greek-women-have-fewer-children-than-eu-average/
- ^ a b "World Factbook EUROPE : GREECE", The World Factbook, 12 July 2018
- ^ "Vital Statistics 2012" (PDF). Division of Population and Labour Market Statistics (Press release). Piraeus, Greece: Hellenic Statistical Authority. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ^ ΕΛΣΤΑΤ: Περαιτέρω μείωση των γεννήσεων πέρυσι – Διπλάσιες στην Τουρκία [ELSTAT: Further reduction of births last year - Two-fold in Turkey] (in Greek). skai.gr. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ^ Μειώθηκε ο πληθυσμός της Ελλάδας το 2014 - Περισσότεροι οι θάνατοι από τις γεννήσεις [The population of Greece decreased in 2014 - More deaths than births] (in Greek). taxheaven.gr. 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2015.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Vital Statistics 2015 - Press release". Hellenic Statistical Authority - ELSTAT. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Hellenic Rebublic - Ministry of Internal Affairs: Citizens' Registry Information System".
- ^ a b c d "Greece Population 2018", World Population Review
- ^ "International Migration Outlook 2016". International Migration Outlook. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. 19 September 2016: 371. doi:10.1787/1999124x. ISBN 9789264258440. ISSN 1999-124X. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ "Destabilization Through Illegal Immigration in Greece". Research Institute for European and American Analysis. 2010. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Kitsantonis, Niki (4 October 2007). "Greece struggles to curb influx of illegal immigrants". New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ^ "Greece: People: Ethnic groups". Britannica online. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ^ a b "GREEK HELSINKI MONITOR". Retrieved 14 August 2015.
- ^ ΜΟΥΣΟΥΛΜΑΝΙΚΗ ΜΕΙΟΝΟΤΗΤΑ ΘΡΑΚΗΣ [Muslim Minority of Thrace] (in Greek). Athens, Greece: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Hellenic Resources Network. June 1999. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΠΡΟΣΦΑΤΗ ΑΠΟΓΡΑΦΗ ΤΟΥ ΠΛΗΘΥΣΜΟΥ [Figures from the recent Population Census] (in Greek). Water Info. 2001. Retrieved 6 January 2016. - ^ Newsweek Staff (25 March 2008). "Macedonia Fights for Its Name". Newsweek. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
'Greece is one of the rare countries of the EU that does not recognize the phrase 'minority rights.' They still have a concept of a pure nation—one state, one nation, one religion, one culture, everything Greek. And they do not want to recognize that in Greece there is a big Turkish minority, a big Albanian minority and one small Macedonian minority.'
- ^ Fassmann, Heinz; Reeger, Ursula; Sievers, Wiebke (2009). Statistics and Reality: Concepts and Measurements of Migration in Europe. Amsterdam University Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-90-8964-052-9. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "MRG Directroy:Greece". Greece Overview. MRG. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
- ^ GREEK HELSINKI MONITOR (GHM) & MINORITY RIGHTS GROUP – GREECE (MRG-G), PART I Archived 23 May 2003 at the Wayback Machine - In the report it is stated that: "... those with a Macedonian national identity can be estimated to between 10,000-30,000. Indeed, the political party "Rainbow" which was created in 1994 and has campaigned for the recognition of a national Macedonian minority, received 7,300 votes in 1994 and 5,000 in 1999, two elections it contested alone: these figures correspond to some 7,000-10,000 citizens of all (not just voting) ages. One can estimate that besides this "hard core" there may be other citizens voting for mainstream parties that also espouse this identity, hence the above estimate."
- ^ Zervas. Formal and informal education during the rise of Greek nationalism : learning to be Greek. Springer. p. 52. ISBN 9781137484154.
An 1879 Greek census found that, in the Peloponnese, Central Greece, Euboea and the island of Andros, there were nearly 225,000 Albanian/ Arvanitic speakers
- ^ Martin, Frederick (1924). The statesman's year-book statistical and historical annual of the states of the civilised world for the year 1882. Oxford University. p. 288.
Greece, at the last census, taken June 1879, had a total population of 1,679,775
- ^ Peter Trudgill & Daniel Schreier, "Greece and Cyprus", in: Sociolinguistics (HSK 3.3), 2nd ed., Berlin & New York: de Gruyter, p. 1881-1889, esp. p. 1885
- ^ a b c d Angelopoulos, Ath. "Balkan Studies". Balkan Studies. 43. Thessaloniki: A BIANNUAL PUBLICATION OF THE INSTITUTE FOR BALKAN STUDIES: 126–131. ISSN 2241-1674.
- ^ a b c Mavrogordatos, George Th. (2003). Οι εθνικές μειονότητες [The National Minorities] (in Greek). academia.edu. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
- ^ Shea, John (1997). Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation. McFarland. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-7864-0228-1. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
- ^ a b Clogg, Richard (2002). "Introduction". Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. xi. ISBN 978-1-85065-705-7. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
- ^ "Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International".
- ^ Clogg. Minorities in Greece : aspects of a plural society. Hurst & Co. p. 112. ISBN 9781850657064.
Census figures are unreliable, and Greece has long since ceased to include linguistic minorities in its census
- ^ Mavrogordatos, George. Stillborn republic : social coalitions and party strategies in Greece, 1922-1936. University of California Press. p. 247. ISBN 9780520043589.
In any event, those of the 1928 Census for the Slavo-Macedonian-speaking population as a whole clearly do not reflect its actual strength, as a result of either official policy, or reluctance on the part of those concerned, or both. Contemporary Greek reports estimate as many as 200,000 "Bulgarian"-speaking inhabitants in Macedonia, of whom no more than 80,000-90,000 are considered to be lacking a Greek national consciousness — a number equivalent to that of the census, perhaps not accidentally. (49. See the reports of P. Demetriades to the Association for the Dissemination of Greek Letters, 13 August 1927 and 23 December 1927, VA File 373. Given the confidential nature and policy orientation of these reports, they should be rated as more reliable than public statements. On the actual number of Slavomacedonians, see also Christidès, pp. 64-65.)
- ^ a b c d Trudgill, Peter; Schreier, Daniel (2006). "Greece and Cyprus". In Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier; Peter Trudgill (eds.). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1881–1889 [, esp. pg.1883], . ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
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: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2018. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International".
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International".
- ^ "Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2016. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International". Ethnologue.
- ^ a b c d e "Grimes, Barbara F. (ed.), 2000. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fourteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International". www.ethnologue.com.
- ^ "Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International".
- ^ a b c "Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2017. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International". Ethnologue.
- ^
Gordon, Raymond G. Jr, ed. (2005). "Bulgarian". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Brabant, Malcolm (21 January 2007). "Ancient Greek gods' new believers". BBC News. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
- ^ Smith, Helena (4 May 2006). "Greek gods prepare for comeback". London: Guardian.co.uk. Archived from the original on 30 August 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2008.
{{cite news}}
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