List of British Jewish scientists
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List of British Jewish scientists is a list that includes scientists from the United Kingdom and its predecessor states who are or were Jewish or of Jewish descent.
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Physicists
- Petrus Alphonsi, Spanish (not British) astronomer and doctor [1]
- Edward Neville da Costa Andrade[2]
- Sir Michael Berry,[3] mathematical physicist[4]
- Moses Blackman[5]
- David Bohm,[6] physicist, philosopher
- Sir Hermann Bondi,[7] Austrian-born British cosmologist
- Max Born,[8][9] physicist, Nobel Prize 1954 (converted to Lutheranism)[10]
- Samuel Devons, physicist[11]
- Cyril Domb,[3] physicist, President of Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists
- Paul Eisler,[12][13] inventor of the printed circuit board
- Michael Fisher[3]
- Otto Robert Frisch[14][15]
- Herbert Frohlich[16]
- Dennis Gabor,[17][18][19] Nobel Prize for Physics 1971
- Sir David Lionel Goldsmid-Stern-Salomons,[20] scientist and inventor
- Jeffrey Goldstone[21]
- Ian Grant[22]
- Sir Peter Hirsch, physicist[23]
- Herbert Huppert, 1987[24]
- Brian David Josephson,[18] physicist, 1973 Nobel Prize
- George Kalmus, 1988[25]
- Andrew Keller[26]
- Olga Kennard, crystallographer 1987[27]
- Rudolf Kompfner,[28] invented the traveling wave tube
- Hans Kronberger,[29] nuclear physicist
- Nicholas Kurti,[30] physicist, Vice-President of the Royal Society 1965-67 [31]
- Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell,[32] physicist and politician
- Henry Lipson[33]
- Sir Ben Lockspeiser[34]
- Stanley Mandelstam[35]
- Kurt Mendelssohn[36]
- Leon Mestel, astronomer[37]
- F.R. Nunes Nabarro[38]
- Rudolf Peierls[39]
- Michael Pepper[40]
- Sir Joseph Rotblat,[41] m physicist, 1995 Nobel Peace Prize
- Adolf Schallamach, physics of friction and wear of rubber
- Arthur Schuster[42]
- Dennis Sciama, FRS,[3] cosmologist
- David Shoenberg, physics of low temperatures (JYB 1995 p193)
- Sir Francis Simon[43]
- David Tabor[44]
- Samuel Tolansky, spectroscopist[45]
- Felix Weinberg[46]
- Michael Woolfson, crystallographer, computer simulation 1984[47]
- Alec David Young, aero-engineer[48]
- John Ziman[3]
Chemists
- Herbert Brown, chemist, 1979 Nobel Prize[49]
- Sir Arnold Burgen[50]
- Sir Roy Calne[51]
- Jack David Dunitz,[52] chemist
- Martin Fleischmann,[53] chemist
- Rosalind Franklin,[54] physical chemist and crystallographer, helped discover the structure of DNA
- Eugen Glueckauf[55]
- Sir Ian Heilbron[56]
- Walter Heitler[52]
- Sir Aaron Klug,[57] physicist and chemist, 1982 Nobel Prize[58]
- Harold Kroto,[59] discoverer of buckminsterfullerene, 1996 Nobel Prize (Jewish father; raised Jewish)
- Raphael Meldola[60]
- Alfred Mond, chemist [61]
- Ludwig Mond,[62] chemist and industrialist
- Sir Robert Mond, chemist and archaeologist[63]
- Albert Neuberger, [64] chemical pathologist; father of Prof. James Neuberger, Lord Justice Sir David Neuberger and Prof. Michael Neuberger, and father-in-law of Julia Neuberger
- Friedrich Paneth[65]
- Sir Max Perutz,[66] molecular biologist, 1962 Nobel Prize
- Michael Polanyi,[67] chemist; naturalised British 1939[68]
- Ralph Raphael[69]
- Michael Rossmann[52]
- Jeremy Sanders
- Anthony Segal[70]
- Franz Sondheimer, organic chemist[71]
- Michael Szwarc, polymer chemistry[72]
- Carl Warburg, doctor of medicine and clinical pharmacologist[73]
- Chaim Weizmann,[74] acetone production; first president of Israel
Biologists
- Saul Adler[75]
- Ephraim Anderson,[76] microbiologist
- Charlotte Auerbach[77]
- Dame Val Beral,[78] breast cancer researcher
- Walter Bodmer,[79] geneticist
- Gustav Victor Rudolf Born,[80] professor of pharmacology
- Sydney Brenner,[81] molecular biologist, 2002Nobel Prize
- Leslie Brent[82]
- Edith Bülbring,[83] pharmacologist (Jewish mother)
- Sir Ernst Chain, co-developer of penicillin, 1945 Nobel Prize[84]
- Sir Philip Cohen,[64] biologist
- Sydney Cohen, pathologist[85]
- Emanuel Mendes da Costa,[86] 18th-century botanist
- Raymond Dwek, biologist[87]
- Sir Michael Epstein, co-discoverer of the Epstein-Barr virus[88]
- Wilhelm Feldberg,[89] pharmacologist
- Sir Alan Fersht,[52] protein folding
- Sir Otto Frankel, geneticist[90]
- Ian Glynn[91]
- Professor Sir Abraham Goldberg, Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Glasgow and world authority on porphyria [92]
- Susan Greenfield, Baroness Greenfield,[93] neuroscientist and writer (Jewish father)
- Hans Gruneberg,[94] biologist
- Sir Ludwig Guttmann,[95] neurologist
- Sir Henry Harris[96]
- Philip D'Arcy Hart,[97] medical researcher
- Sir Gabriel Horn[98]
- Alick Isaacs,[99][100] virologist, interferon
- David Ish-Horowicz[101]
- Sir Bernard Katz,[102] biophysicist, 1970 Nobel Prize
- David Keilin,[64] enzymologist
- Sir Hans Kornberg[103]
- Hans Kosterlitz, pharmacologist[104]
- Sir Hans Adolf Krebs,[105] biochemist, 1953 Nobel Prize
- Sir John Krebs,[106] zoologist
- Roland Levinsky,[107] biologist
- Michael Levitt[64]
- Hans Lissmann[108]
- Joel Mandelstam[109]
- Sir Michael Marmot, epidemiologist[110]
- César Milstein,[111] immunologist, 1984 Nobel Prize
- Leslie Orgel,[52] evolutionary biologist
- Guido Pontecorvo[112]
- Juda Quastel[64]
- Ivan Roitt, immunologist 1983[113][114]
- Steven Rose,[115] biologist
- Sir Martin Roth, psychiatrist (JYB 2005 p214)
- Dame Miriam Louisa Rothschild,[116] entomologist
- Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild[117]
- Oliver Sacks, [118] neurologist and author
- Isaac de Sequeira Samuda,[119] first Jewish FRS, elected 1727
- John Vane,[52] pharmacologist, 1982 Nobel Prize (Jewish father)
- Lawrence Weiskrantz, psychologist[120]
- Robert Winston, Baron Winston,[121] fertility expert and broadcaster
- Lewis Wolpert,[122] developmental biologist and broadcaster
- John Yudkin, physiologist and nutritionist
- Lord Solly Zuckerman, anatomist, evolutionist[123]
Mathematicians and statisticians
- Abraham Manie Adelstein,[124] statistician
- Hertha Ayrton,[124] mathematician and engineer
- Laurence Baxter, statistician[125]
- Abram Besicovitch,[126] Russian-born British mathematician (karaite)
- Selig Brodetsky,[127] mathematician and President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews
- Jacob Bronowski,[128] mathematician and broadcaster
- Paul Cohn, algebraist [129]
- H.E. Daniels,[124] statistician
- Philip Dawid,[130] statistician
- Arthur Erdelyi,[131] mathematician
- John Fox, statistician
- Albrecht Frohlich[132]
- David Glass,[133] demographer
- Sir Samuel Goldman,[134] British government statistician
- Sydney Goldstein,[135] expert on fluid mechanics
- Benjamin Gompertz,[136] mathematician
- Eugene Grebenik,[137] demographer
- Steven Haberman,[138] professor of actuarial science
- John Hajnal, demographer[49]
- Hans Heilbronn[139]
- Marie Jahoda,[140] psychologist
- Thomas Körner, mathematician [141]
- Ruth Lawrence,[142] mathematician and child prodigy
- Leone Levi,[143] statistician
- Kurt Mahler, mathematician[144]
- Sir Claus Moser,[145] statistician
- Louis Mordell,[146] number theorist
- Bernhard Neumann[147]
- Richard Rado,[148] mathematician
- Klaus Roth,[149] mathematician, 1958 Fields Medal
- Bernard Silverman, statistician[150]
- David Spiegelhalter, statistician[151]
- James Joseph Sylvester,[152] mathematician
Computer scientists
- Samson Abramsky, computer scientist[153]
- David Deutsch,[3] quantum computing pioneer
- I.J. Good,[154] cryptographer, philosopher of statistics; computing pioneer
- David Levy,[155] computer chess expert
- Leo Marks,[156] cryptographer and screenwriter
- Max Newman,[154] mathematician and computing pioneer (Jewish father)
- Gordon Plotkin,[154] computer scientist
- Leslie Valiant,[154] computer scientist; parallel computation
Economists
- Lord Bauer,[157] economist
- Samuel Brittan, economist
- Charles Goodhart,[158] Bank of England economist
- Noreena Hertz,[159] economist and activist
- Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn,[160] economist: multiplier
- Nicholas Kaldor,[160] economist
- Michael Kidron, South African born Marxist economist, writer, cartographer and publisher
- Israel Kirzner,[161] economist (UK-born)
- Ludwig Lachmann, economist[162]
- Harold Laski, economist[163]
- Alexander Nove, economist[164]
- Sigbert Prais, economist[49]
- David Ricardo,[165] economist (converted to Quakerism)
- Arthur Seldon,[166] economist
- Sir Hans Singer, economist[167]
- Piero Sraffa,[160] economist
- Lord Nicholas Stern, economist[49][168]
- Basil Yamey, economist[49][168]
Social scientists
- Roy Clive Abraham,[169] linguist
- Michael Balint,[170] psychoanalyst (converted to Unitarianism)
- Zygmunt Bauman,[171] sociologist
- Basil Bernstein,[172] linguist
- Vernon Bogdanor, professor of politics [49][173]
- Georgina Born, anthropologist; daughter of Gustav Victor Rudolf Born
- Gerald Cohen, professor of social and political theory[49]
- Arthur Lumley Davids, linguist and orientalist[174]
- Norbert Elias,[175] sociologist
- Herman Finer,[176] political scientist
- Samuel Finer,[177] political scientist
- Sir Moses I. Finley,[178] historian and sociologist
- Meyer Fortes, anthropologist[179]
- Eduard Fraenkel, philologist [180]
- Anna Freud,[181] child psychoanalyst
- Norman Geras,[182] professor of Government[183]
- Morris Ginsberg[184]
- Max Gluckman, anthropologist[185]
- Theodor Goldstücker,[186] orientalist
- Jean Gottmann,[187] professor of geography, Oxford University
- Julius Gould, sociologist (JYB 2005 p249)
- Paul Hirst,[188] social theorist (Jewish mother)
- Marie Jahoda,[189] psychology of discrimination
- Melanie Klein,[190] child psychoanalyst
- Paul Klemperer, economist
- Geoffrey Lewis Lewis, professor of Turkish[49]
- Steven Lukes, political scientist[49]
- Ashley Montagu,[191] anthropologist and humanist
- Nikolas Rose, Martin White Professor of Sociology, LSE
- Isaac Schapera, anthropologist[49]
- Edward Ullendorff, linguist[49]
See also
References
- JYB = Jewish Year Book
Footnotes
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, art. Alfonsi, Petrus
- ^ JYB 1977, p.207
- ^ a b c d e f "Jewish Physicists". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ JYB 1977 p207
- ^ "Infinite Potential: The Life and Times of David Bohm by F. Pruyn". Theosophy-nw.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "News - Latest breaking UK news". Telegraph. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Born summary". Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "physicsworld.com homepage". Physicsweb.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 2000 p212 - list of Jewish Nobel Prizewinners
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050523191553/http://www.totallyjewish.com/entertainment/features_and_reviews/?content_id=293. Archived from the original on 23 May 2005. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Otto Robert Frisch". Nndb.com. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 1980 p182
- ^ JYB 1990 p201
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060716191944/http://www.ejewish.info/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryid=370&rsid=96. Archived from the original on 16 July 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "In 1946 Dennis Gabor became a naturalized British citizen."
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020950/http://www.canterbury.ac.uk/salomons-museum/tree/d-lionel-salomons.asp. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ JYB 2005 p213, 214
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ [2]
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born of Jewish parents in Vienna"
- ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Linz, Austria, of Jewish parents"
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "study at the university was open to him, despite being a Jew ... Kurti became a naturalized British citizen just before the outbreak of the Second World War"
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20061019155142/http://www.jewish-sci-tech-books.com/personalities.htm. Archived from the original on 19 October 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ JYB 1990 p201
- ^ JYB 1990 p201
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica 13:492
- ^ Who's Who entry & JYB 2000 p211
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ JYB 1995 p193
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ Encyclopedia Judaica, 14:1012
- ^ Encyclopedia Judaica, 14:1578
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "son of Lithuanian-Jewish immigrants"
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k JYB 2005 p215
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ a b c d e f "Jewish Chemists". Jinfo.org. 14 October 1992. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Martin Fleischmann". Nndb.com. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Rosalind Franklin". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 1980 p182
- ^ Encyclopedia Judaica 8:262
- ^ "Aaron Klug - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 2000 p211-2
- ^ "Sir Harold Kroto : Autobiography". Webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 25 October 2009. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica 11:1290
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica 4:1298, 12:241
- ^ "AJR". AJR.org.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Mond
- ^ a b c d e "Jewish Biomedical Scientists". Jinfo.org. 14 October 1992. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica 13:54
- ^ Williams, P (2005). "Max Perutz, a Nobel Prize winner, and Alain Marengo Rowe". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 18: 138–40. PMC 1200715. PMID 16200163.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051125021000/http://www.aip.org/history/ead/chicago_polanyi/20010098_content.html. Archived from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ JYB 1995 p193
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ Encyclopedia Judaica, 15:670
- ^ Friedenwald, H. (1946), Jewish Luminaries in Medical History
- ^ "Chaim Weizmann". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 1960 p216
- ^ Anthony Tucker. "Obituary: ES Anderson | Society". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 1977 p207
- ^ "Budabin-Kula Family Collection. : Budabin-Kula family : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Archive.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060421111737/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s1499065.htm. Archived from the original on 21 April 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Peter Sommer. "Gustav V. R. Born, The Born Family in Göttingen and Beyond, Termessos Verlag". Termessos.de. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Sydney Brenner | South African History Online". Sahistory.org.za. 13 January 1927. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ The Times, 6/7/06 p34: "A Call by Jews in Britain" (advert signed by 300 British Jews)
- ^ [5][dead link]
- ^ "Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain". Science History Institute. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ JYB 2005 p214, 230
- ^ [6][dead link]
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ JYB 1977 p207
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20061002110639/http://www.science.org.au/scientists/of.htm. Archived from the original on 2 October 2006. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ Jewish Chronicle Obituary, 25 October 2007
- ^ https://archive.is/20010210215717/http://www.damaris.org/dcscs/readingroom/2000/susangreenfield.htm. Archived from the original on 10 February 2001. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ JYB 1967 p208
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060821172736/http://library.thinkquest.org/J002862/para.htm. Archived from the original on 21 August 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Encyclopedia Judaica 4:138
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ "Alick Isaacs: Overview of Alick Isaacs". Scottish-places.info. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JINFO. "Jews in Biomedical Science". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ "Bernard Katz". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ "Jewish REcipients of the Lasker Award in Basic Medical Research". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "dictionary of medical eponyms". Whonamedit.com. 22 November 1981. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ Jewish Chronicle, 8 January 1999, p.6: "Three Jewish knights feature among the New Year honours: ... Nichola Serota ... John Krebs ... Victor Blank."
- ^ "Driving force of city university's growth": Western Daily Press 19 July 2006: "the family is Jewish".
- ^ JYB 1995 p193
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ JYB 2005 213
- ^ "Cesar Milstein". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 1995 p193
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ JYB 2000 p211
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050411031428/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/belief/scripts/steven_rose.shtml. Archived from the original on 11 April 2005. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051227051538/http://www.ajn.com.au/pages/archives/obituaries/06g-obit.html. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ JYB 1990 p199, 202, 259
- ^ "Oliver Sacks". Christianity Today. 1 June 2002. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ [7]
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060903155300/http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/helphand.html. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050906064332/http://www.sciencenet.org.uk/careers/bio/wolpert.html. Archived from the original on 6 September 2005. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ JYB 1965 p214
- ^ a b c article in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ Death notices in Jewish Chronicle, 15 November 1996 p 31; confirms Sidney Hart was his uncle
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{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Obituary, Jewish Chronicle, 6 Oct. 1978, p.32
- ^ Obituary in LSE Magazine, Vol 19 no.2 Winter 2007, p.45
- ^ "Goldstein biography". Groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
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{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ JYB 1977, p207
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{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Jewish parents: Stephan Körner (JYB 2005 p215) and Edith Körner
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{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 511.
- ^ JYB 2005 p214
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{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F. A. Hayek - Pg 145
- ^ The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia, ed Geoffrey Wigoder, 5th ed 1977, p 1182–3
- ^ JYB 1990 p202
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- ^ a b JYB 2005 p315
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- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "Elias, as a Jew, sought refuge first in Paris (1933–5), and then in London (from 1935), eventually becoming a British citizen in 1952"
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{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "An interview with Norman Geras". Eis.bris.ac.uk. 11 September 2001. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "You are a Jewish, Zimbabwean, Mancunian philosopher... I have lived in Manchester more than half my life and am very much at home here."
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- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060907110602/http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/klein2.html. Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "The Ashley Montagu Resolution". Montagunocircpetition.org. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
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