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Pokanoket

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This article is about the American Indian tribe. For the Wampanoag leader known as Alexander Pokanoket, see Wamsutta.
Statue of Pokanoket Massasoit Ousamequin in Plymouth

The Pauquunaukit Wampanoag (anglicized as Pokanoket, literally, "land at the clearing" in Natick) is an indigenous group in present-day Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Prior to European colonization, the Pokanoket were the leadership of the tribal groups that make up the modern-day Wampanoag Nation. However, ethnically Pokanoket groups and their neighbors did not begin to refer to themselves as Wampanoag until after King Philip's War, when Pokanoket identity was criminalized in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Thus, while all Pokanoket are Wampanoag (being one tribe among several), not all Wampanoag are ethnically Pokanoket. The Pokanoket are the indigenous group in the first Thanksgiving story, although it is speculated that no meal was actually shared between the Pokanoket and English settlers, and the former did not necessarily welcome colonization.

History

Prior to colonization, the political seat of the many tribes that are collectively known as the Wampanoag was located in Pokanoket, where one historical site is found on Mount Hope in Bristol, Rhode Island. At the time of the pilgrims' arrival in Plymouth, the realm of Pokanoket included parts of Rhode Island and much of southeastern Massachusetts.[1] European accounts of Pokanoket social life noted the political authority of the Massasoit (Great Leader).

The realm of the Pokanoket was extensive and known to the Pilgrims before they arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts on the Mayflower in 1620. William Bradford wrote that he had received before the Pilgrims sailed:

The Pokanokets, which live to the west of Plymouth, bear an inveterate malice to the English, and are of more strength than all the savages from there to Penobscot. Their desire of revenge was occasioned by an English man who, having many of them on board, made a great slaughter with their murderers and small shot, when (as they say) they offered no injury on their part.

The area in Rhode Island consisting of Bristol, Barrington, and Warren was named Sowams and was the main settlement of the Pokanoket when the Pilgrims arrived. Bradford had been told that the land of the Pokanoket had "the richest soil, and much open ground fit for English grain".[2]

Giovanni de Verrazano sailed into Narragansett Bay in 1524, and people appeared on the shores, most likely Pokanokets. The navigator's recorded latitude of 41°40′ north corresponds to Mount Hope Bay, where the seat of the Pokanoket is located. Verrazano wrote of these Rhode Island natives whom he encountered: "These people are the most beautiful and have the most civil customs we have found on this voyage." [3][4]

The Pilgrims lost more than half of their people due to sickness and starvation over the first winter. The Pokanoket taught them how to plant crops and live in this country. Despite the fears initially felt by the Pilgrims, the Pokanoket quickly made a pact of peace with the new settlers. Bradford referred to the Pokanoket leader Ousamequin as "their great Sachem, called Massasoit". Ousamequin was succeeded as Great Leader of the Pokanoket by his sons, first by Wamsutta, (also known as Alexander), and then by Metacomet (also known as Philip), who was killed in the King Philip's War (1675–76).

Natick, sometimes referred to as Pokanoket, is the dialect of Massachusett spoken among the Pokanoket.[5] The last Pokanoket leader died in 1987.

List of Pokanoket Massasoits

Sachem From To
Massasoit Wasanegin 1525 1577
Massasoit Ousamequin 1581 1661
Massasoit Wamsutta (English name "Alexander") 1661 1662
Massasoit Metacomet (English name "Philip") 1662 1676

List of Pokanoket Tribe leaders after the slaying of Metacomet

Leader From To
Rev James Fitch and Shetucket Sachem 1676 1702
Shetucket Sachem 1702 1725
Aunt Kitty 1725 1775
Simeon Simons 1775 1835
Susan (Simons) [Pelham] Hall 1835 1867
Susan (Simons) Weeden 1867 1898
Eliza Jane (Weeden) Congdon 1898 1926
Princess Red Wing of Seven Crescents 1926 1987
PO Wauipi Neimpaug 2000 Present

Ancient territory and boundaries

Pokanoket believe that their territory is an element of the Native American heritage that is their birthright, and that they are the stewards even of land which they do not legally own. The map featured here is a reconstruction of Pokanoket ancestral boundaries based on a political and topographical map from 1895, which itself drew on 17th-century topographical descriptions of political borders.

Today, the area includes cities and towns on the Massachusetts and Rhode Island border such as Bristol, Warren, Barrington, East Providence, Seekonk, Rehoboth, Attleboro, Cumberland, North Attleboro, Norton, Mansfield, Dighton, and Somerset.

Map points

  1. Both the Seller Map and the Hack Map document Pokanoket ancestral land to the east and west of the head of what is now called Narragansett Bay.
  2. Pokanoket used rivers as boundaries for their ancestral lands due to the natural geographical features of their area. On the west side of the bay, the boundary starts in the land that is called Cowessett (Land at the border). The Pawtuxet River is the natural boundary that defines the border between the Narragansett and Pokanoket Tribes. Narragansett lands are to the south of the Pawtuxet River.
  3. Pokanoket lands lie to the north and northeast of the Pawtuxet River as far north as the Ponegunsett Reservoir, then continue northeast of the Ponegunsett Reservoir, northward up the Chepachet River.
  4. The Nipmuc lands are west and northwest of the Chepachet River. East of this river is Pokanoket lands.
  5. We now follow the Charles River from its basin northeasterly until it empties into Boston Bay. The lands to the west of the Charles River are Nipmuc lands. The lands to the east are Pokanoket lands.
  6. The lands north of the Charles River are Massachusetts lands and the lands south of the Charles River are Pokanoket lands.
  7. The eastern mainland boundary of Pokanoket is located at what is now the Cape Cod Canal, which was once a tributary extended from Great Herring Pond. West of this border is Pokanoket land. East of this natural border is the land of the Nausett.
  8. This leaves the islands in what we now call Narragansett Bay and the islands off the coast. All the islands in Narragansett Bay on this map are highlighted except for Jamestown and Dutch Island. These two islands belong to the Narragansett, as well as Block Island located in Rhode Island Sound.
  9. The highlighted islands on this map—Rhode Island (Aquidneck), Prudence, Patience, Hog and smaller islands—belong to Pokanoket. Also highlighted are Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and No Man's Land, as well as the Elizabeth Islands, which all belong to Pokanoket.

Notes

  1. ^ Wright, Otis Olney, ed. (1917). History of Swansea, Massachusetts, 1667-1917. Town of Swansea. p. 19. OCLC 1018149266. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  2. ^ William Wallace Tooker, review of Virginia Baker's "Massasoit's Town Sowams in Pokanoket: Its History, Legends, and Traditions" (1894) in American Anthropologist, Vol. 6, No. 4, July 1904, pp. 547-548; and William Bradford, Of Plimouth Plantation, Book 2.
  3. ^ Brasser, T. J. 1978 "Early Indian-European Contacts", in Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant, Washington: Smithsonian Institution, V. 15, pg. 80.
  4. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot 1971 "The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages: A.D. 500-1600", pg. 307.
  5. ^ Moseley, Christopher and R.E. Asher, ed. Atlas of the World's Languages (New York: Routledge, 1994) Map 3.

References

  • Pokanoket Tribal Oration
  • Salwen, Bert (1978) "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period", in Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant, Washington: Smithsonian Institution, V. 15, pg. 171
  • Gookin, Daniel (1970) "Historical Collections of the Indians in New England", with notes by Jeffrey H. Fiske, published by Towtaid, pg. 10
  • Seller, John (1675)a "Maps of Early Massachusetts", compiled, ed. and published by Lincoln A. Dexter, pp. 78–79.
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