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Darul Uloom Deoband

Coordinates: 29°41′32″N 77°40′39″E / 29.69222°N 77.67750°E / 29.69222; 77.67750
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Darul Uloom Deoband
TypeIslamic university
Established30 May 1866 (158 years ago) (1866-05-30)
FounderMaulana Muhammad Qasim Nanotawi
ChancellorMajlis-e-Shura
Vice-ChancellorMufti Abul Qasim Nomani
Location
Deoband Saharanpur
,
Uttar Pradesh
,
India
CampusDeoband
NicknameDarul Uloom
Websitedarululoom-deoband.com
File:Darul uloom deoband logo.png

The Darul Uloom Deoband is a Islamic university in India where the Sunni Deobandi Islamic movement began. It is located at Deoband, a town in Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh. The school was founded in 1866 by Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi

History

Darul Uloom Deoband was established in 1866 by Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanotawi and other ulama of his circle. The founders include Haaji Aabid Hussain, Maulana Mehtab Ali and Shaikh Nehal Ahmad (brother-in-law of Maulana Nanotawi).[1]

Program

The school teaches manqulat (revealed Islamic sciences) according to the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence. In this seminary, Nanawtawi instituted modern methods of learning such as teaching in classrooms, a fixed and carefully selected curriculum, lectures by academics who were leaders in their fields, exam periods, merit prizes, and a publishing press. Students were taught in Urdu, and sometimes in Arabic for theological reasons or Persian, for cultural and literary reasons. The curriculum is based on a highly modified version of the 18th century Indo-Islamic syllabus known as Dars-e-Nizami. The students learn the Quran and its exegesis; Hadith and its commentary; and juristic rulings with textual and rational proofs. They also study the biography of Muhammad, Arabic grammar, language and literature, and Farsi (Persian).[2]

The syllabus consists of many stages. The five-year Nazirah (primary course) teaches Urdu, Persian, Hindi and English. The next level is the Hifze Quran. This involves the memorization of the Quran over two to four years. A few students will then choose Tajwid e Hafs (melodious recitation). The student is taught the detailed recitation rules of the Quran as laid down by Qari Hafs. Still fewer will take up the next course, the Sab'ah and 'Asharah Qira'at (study of all the ten Quran recitations).

A post graduate studies equivalent is the Fazilat course taken over eight years. It commences with Arabi Awwal, in which the basics of the Arabic language is the main aim, and finishes with Daura e Hadith, in which the main books of the saying of the Holy Prophet are taught. A prerequisite for this course is completion of primary education. Memorization of the Quran is also recommended. Students who complete the Fazilat may use the title Alim or Maulvi. The Daurae Hadith (final year) class is taught in the basement of "an under construction seven storied building". In the 2017 - 2018 academic year (1438-1439 AH), 1664 students attended the Daurae Hadith class.

Almost a quarter of the students who complete the Daurae Hadith continue their studies. These advanced courses include Takmil Ifta (Jurisprudence); Takmil Adab (Arabic literature); and Takhassus fil Hadith (Hadith).[3] Students who complete the Takmil Ifta take the title Mufti.

Role in the Indian independence movement

The political ideals of Darul Uloom Deoband were founded up to ten years prior to the opening of the seminary. In 1857 (AH 1274), Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (a spiritual leader) and his followers, Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi , Rasheed Ahmad Gangohi, Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi and others, gathered at Thana Bhawan in violent protest against British rule and continued their call for the independence of India.

In 1913 AD (1333 HD), Nanautavi's pupil, Mahmud al-Hasan was a leader in the independence movement. He incited revolution through a scheme which the Rowlatt committee called the Silken Letters. However, the scheme failed and al-Hasan and his followers were arrested and exiled. In 1920 AD (1338HD), al-Hasan was returned from exile in Malta. His group, Jami'atul-Ulama, which included Husain Ahmad Madani, Kifayatullah Dehlavi, Fakhrud-Deen Ahmad, and later on, Hifzur Rahman, Ateequr-Rahman Usmani, Minnatullah Rahmani, Habibur-Rahman Ludhyanvi, and Muhammad Miyan Deobandi joined with the Indian National Congress. In 1926 AD (1345 HD) and 1927 AD (1346 HD), graduates of the school called for Indian independence at Jami'atul-Ulama meetings in Calcutta and Peshawar. Madani opposed the suggestion of the All-India Muslim League for the partition of India along sectarian lines. He also advocated democratic government with religious freedoms and tolerance.[4][5][6]

On 29 December 1929 AD, Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam (Majlis-e-Ah'rãr-e-Islam,Template:Lang-ur, or Ahrar), a conservative Sunni Muslim Deobandi political party was founded in Lahore, Punjab. The founding members of the party were Chaudhry Afzal Haq, Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, Maulana Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi, Maulana Mazhar Ali Azhar, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan and Dawood Ghaznavi.[7] The founding members were disillusioned by the Khilafat Movement, which had aligned with the Indian National Congress.[8] The party gathered support from the urban lower-middle class. It opposed Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the All-India Muslim League and in the early years of Pakistan wanted Ahmadiyas to be declared non-Muslims.[9]

In 1969 AD (1389 HD), Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the Pashtun independence activist, addressed the students of the school and said, "I have had relation with Darul Uloom since the time the Shaikhul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan was alive. Sitting here we used to make plans for the independence movement as to how we might drive away the English from this country and how we could make India free from the yoke of slavery of the English. This institution has made great efforts for the freedom of this country".

Fatwas and controversy

In January 2012, scholars from a Deobandi school issued a fatwa (religious edict) calling for the author Salman Rushdie to be barred from entering India to attend a literature festival because he had offended Muslim sentiments.[10][11]

In May 2010, clerics from a Deobandi school issued a fatwa stating that men and women cannot work together in public offices unless the women are properly clothed.[12][13][14]

In September 2013, scholars from a Deobandi school issued a fatwa banning photography as un-Islamic.[15]

The spread of the Deobandi movement in the United Kingdom has produced some criticism concerning their views on interfaith dialogue and values like democracy or the rule of (secular) law. In September 2007 Andrew Norfolk of The Times published an article titled "the hardline takeover of British mosques" about the influence of the Deobandis whom the author called a "hardline islamic sect".[16]

In February 2008, an anti-terrorism conference, organized by the seminary, denounced all forms of terrorism.[17]

Alumni

The school has links to national and international Islamic educational and theological organizations. Graduates of the school have established seminaries such as Darul Uloom Sabeelus Salam in Hyderabad;[18] Camperdown, near Durban in South Africa; Darul 'Uloom Karachi, Jami'ah Ashrafiyah Lahore,;[19] Jami'ah Ziyaul-Qur'an (Al-Ma'ruf Bagh-Wali Masjid), Faisalabad; and Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam, Chittagong, Bangladesh.[citation needed]

Notable alumni of the school include:

Publications

The following journals and magazines are published under the aegis of Darul ‘Uloom Deoband and its alumni.

  • Al-Da'ee/Ad-Da'ee, Arabic monthly periodical.[20]
  • Maah Namah Darul ‘Uloom, Urdu monthly periodical.[21]
  • Aaeenah Darul ‘Uloom, Urdu fortnightly periodical.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ulama-e-Haqq Aur Unke Mujahidana Karname, Vol 1, Page 22-23
  2. ^ " Qawaide Dakhilah." Darululoom-deoband.com.
  3. ^ "Regulations" Daraluloom Deoband.com
  4. ^ Ghazzali A. Islamic Pakistan: Illusions and Reality." Ghazali.net
  5. ^ Jaffrelot C. and Beaumont G. A History of Pakistan and Its Origins. p224. ISBN 1-84331-149-6.
  6. ^ "Barelvi Islam." Globalsecurity.org
  7. ^ Ahmad, N. Origins of Muslim consciousness in India: a world-system perspective. Greenwood Press, New York, 1991. p175.
  8. ^ Jaffrelot C. A history of Pakistan and its origins. Anthem Press, 2004. ISBN 1-84331-149-6, ISBN 978-1-84331-149-2.
  9. ^ Bahadur, Kalim (1998). "Dark Forebodings About President Tarar". Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts. Delhi: Har Anand Publications. p. 176. ISBN 978-8-12410-083-7. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Darul Uloom Farangimahal fatwa Rushdie Jaipur visit. Siasat.com
  11. ^ Cleric seeks apology from Rushdie. Kashmir monitor.org 19 January 2012.
  12. ^ "Young Muslim women fume at Deoband diktat." News-views.India.
  13. ^ "Deoband fatwa: It's illegal for women to work, support family." Times of India, 12 May 2010.
  14. ^ "Insurance policy is un-Islamic: Deoband." Express India
  15. ^ "Deoband issues fatwa banning photography as un-Islamic", Times of India, 11 September 2013.
  16. ^ Norfolk, Andrew (7 September 2007). "Hardline takeover of British mosques". The Times. Retrieved 13 April 2019 – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
  17. ^ "Muslim clerics declare terror "un-Islamic"" Times of India 25 February 2008.
  18. ^ In'amiyyah "Madrasah In'amiyyah" Alinam.org
  19. ^ "Welcome to Ashrafia Islamic University Lahore." Ashrafia.org.pk 14 September 1947. Accessed 6 August 2011.
  20. ^ Ameeni K. (ed.) Al-Da'ee/Ad-Da'ee.
  21. ^ Qaasmi H. (ed.) Maah Namah Darul ‘Uloom.
  22. ^ 'Alwi K. (ed.) Aaeenah Darul ‘Uloom.

29°41′32″N 77°40′39″E / 29.69222°N 77.67750°E / 29.69222; 77.67750

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