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This article is about the unofficial title for the spouses or partners of elected heads of state. For the American title, see First Lady of the United States. For other uses, see First Lady (disambiguation).
A group of first ladies assemble in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, September 22, 2008
First ladies in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September 25, 2009

First Lady is an unofficial title used for the wife of a non-monarchical head of state or chief executive.[1][2][3] The term is also used to describe a woman seen to be at the top of her profession or art.[4]

The term is often used to a non-monarchical heads of state or chief executives who don't have that kind of style in their own country. Some countries have a title, official or unofficial, that is or can be translated as first lady.[5] The title is not normally used for the wife of a head of government who is not also head of state.

First Gentleman is the male equivalent of the title in countries where the head of state's spouse has been a man, such as the Philippines or Malta. While there has never been a male spouse of a U.S. President, "First Gentleman" is used in the United States for the husband of a governor.

First Spouse, a rare version of the title, can be used in either case where the spouse of a head of state is male or female. This term is used to promote gender equality and gender neutrality.

In the United States, collectively, the President of the United States and his spouse are known as the First Couple[6] and, if they have children, they are usually referred to as the First Family.

Origin

The designation First Lady seems to have originated in the United States, where one of the earliest uses in print, in 1838, was in reference to Martha Washington.[7] Other sources indicate that, in 1849, President Zachary Taylor called Dolley Madison "first lady" at her state funeral, while reciting a eulogy written by himself; but no copy of that eulogy has been found.[8]

Use

Armenia

The wife of the current President of Armenia is referred to as "Հայաստանի Առաջին տիկին", which translates as (among other things) "First Lady of Armenia".[9][10]

Azerbaijan

The wife of the current President of Azerbaijan uses the term "Birinci xanım".[11][citation needed]

Australia

The wife of the current Prime Minister of Australia has recently been referred to as the country's "unofficial first lady".[12]

Brazil

The wife of the President of Brazil is called "Primeira-Dama".

Bulgaria

The wife of the President of Bulgaria is called "Първа дама".

Cambodia

The term "Lok Chumteav" is used.

Colombia

The term "Primera Dama" is used.[5]

Croatia

The terms Supruga Predsjednika Republike (Wife of the President of the Republic) or Suprug Predsjednice Republike (Husband of the President of the Republic) are most commonly used in Croatia, while the terms Prva dama (First Lady) and Prvi gospodin (First Gentleman) are rarely used, except by foreign sources. The current husband of the President of Croatia is Jakov Kitarović.

The wife of the Prime Minister has occasionally, in exceptionally rare cases, also been referred to as the First Lady of Croatia, however as the spouses of Prime Ministers have often maintained a low profile and have almost never been public figures, the title Supruga Predsjednika Vlade (Wife of the Prime Minister) has been used in cases when such a reference is needed. The current wife of the Prime Minister is Ana Maslać Plenković.

Czech Republic

The term První dáma is used for wife of the President of the Czech Republic.[citation needed]

The current first lady is Ivana Zemanová.

France

Following a petition against a proposed change in her status that gathered more than 275,000 signatures, the French government announced that Brigitte Macron will not be holding the official title of "First Lady", and will not be allocated an official budget for her activities.[13] In an interview with French magazine Elle, she stated that a soon-to-be published transparency charter would clarify her "role and accompanying resources", including the composition and size of her staff.[14]

Greece

The Prime Minister of Greece is the country's leading political figure and the active chief executive of its government; the President of Greece has a ceremonial role. As such, the term "Proti Kyria" is unofficially used by the Press to refer to the wife of the country's Prime Minister.

India

Main article: Spouse of the President of India

The term "First Lady" is less frequently used in India. The term might be used at times to refer to the wife of the President of India in newspapers; however, the more widespread term in general use is "Wife of The President" or more informally as the President's wife/spouse/husband. The term "First Lady" is not used to refer to the wife of the Prime Minister.

Indonesia

The term "Ibu Negara" (Lady/Mother of the State) is used for wife of the President of Indonesia.

Republic of Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland, the term "First Lady" (Template:Lang-ga) is not used in official contexts, but is often used in the media to refer to the wife of the President[15][16][17] and, less frequently, to refer to the wife of the Taoiseach (prime minister).[18][19] During the first half of Bertie Ahern's term as Taoiseach, he was separated from his wife Miriam (née Kelly) and the role of First Lady was filled by his then domestic partner, Celia Larkin.[20][21]

The term "First Gentleman" has also been used to describe the husband of a female President.[22][23][24]

Leo Varadkar was elected Taoiseach in 2017, the first homosexual person to hold either post. However, he has said that he does not plan for his domestic partner, Dr Matthew "Matt" Barrett, to fulfil First Gentleman roles.[25][26][27][28][29]

Israel

The First Lady of Israel is is the title typically given to the wife of the President of Israel. There has yet to be a male spouse of an Israeli President. The most recent woman to be called Israeli First Lady was Nechama Rivlin, wife of President Reuven Rivlin, who held the title from her husband’s inauguration on 24 July 2014 to her death on 4 June 2019.

Malawi

During the administration of President Kamuzu Banda,[30] Malawi had an "Official Hostess" who served in the same capacity as "First Lady" because the President was unmarried. Banda was never married and therefore Cecilia Kadzamira served in this capacity for the nation.[31]

Maldives

The title First Lady of Maldives is used by the office of the president, governmental offices, and by visiting dignitaries.[32][33][34]

New Zealand

The term "first lady" is not officially used in New Zealand, but is sometimes used in the press and colloquially to refer to the wife of the Prime Minister.[35][36]

Nigeria

The term first lady has been used intermittently for the wife of the President of Nigeria. The spouse of the President has no official title, but receives the same style as the president, Excellency.[37] A former president Shehu Shagari was a polygamist, and none of his wives were referred to as the first lady.[37]

Pakistan

In Pakistan, the term خاتون اول(Read As Khatoon-e-Awwal) is commonly used for the wife of Mohammad, Khadija Bint Al-Khuwaylid. It has also been used for wife of Prime Minister of Pakistan. It has also been used for wife of President of Pakistan.

Peru

The wife of the current President of Peru uses the term Primera Dama.[38]

Philippines

The consort of the President of the Philippines bears the gender-neutral title of First Spouse (Filipino: Unang Kabiyák), and among other duties, is host of Malacañan Palace. The title is genderless as many Philippine languages lack grammatical gender, and because there have been presidential consorts of both sexes.

When the official consort is female, she is known as "First Lady" (Unang Ginang); the title has also been applied to an immediate female relative serving in this capacity for a widowed President. There has only been one First Gentleman (Unang Ginoó) in history: José Miguel Arroyo, the husband of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the 14th President.

Poland

The term Pierwsza Dama is used by the wife of the current President of Poland.[39] The title of Pani Prezydentowa (the Presidential Lady) is also commonly, though informally, used.

South Korea

The wife of the president is called "Yoeong-boo-in" (영부인/令夫人).

When the wife of the president is incapacitated, the role of First lady fell to the oldest daughter of the president during Park Chung-hee's era. Park Chung-hee's wife, Yuk Young-soo, was assassinated on August 15, 1974, and his daughter, Park Geun-hye assumed the First Lady.

Taiwan

The term "first lady" is used by the wife of the President of the Republic of China.[40]

Trinidad and Tobago

The wife of the current president uses the term "first lady".[41]

United States of America

Main article: First Lady of the United States

In American media, the term First Lady is often applied to the wife of a head of state in any country, irrespective of whether a different appellation (or none) is used in that country. For example, in 1902, the U.S. publication Munsey's Magazine said of the wife of Canadian Governor General the Earl of Minto: "As the first lady in the land, she has done much to weld together the heterogeneous components of a colonial society which includes peoples of different races and of antagonistic religions."[42] The term was also used by Munsey's to refer to the wife of Mexico's leader, President Porfirio Díaz: In an 1896 piece about "The Daughters of Mexico", author Jeannie Marshall said of Carmen Romero Rubio de Díaz: "She is still a young woman, though she has filled the position of 'first lady of the land' for many years, with marked success."[43] The U.S. Spanish-language newspaper La Prensa also called her "primera dama" when writing about her activities.[44]

In the early days of the United States, there was no generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as Lady.[citation needed] One of the earliest uses of the term "first lady" was applied to Martha Washington in a profile by Mrs. C. H. Sigourney in 1838: Mrs. Sigourney, discussing how Martha Washington had not changed, even after her husband George became president, wrote that "The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion".[7] However, the term "first lady" would not come into common use until the late 1800s.

Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor President James Buchanan, was the first woman to be called first lady while actually serving in that position. The phrase appeared in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Monthly in 1860, when he wrote, "The Lady of the White House, and by courtesy, the First Lady of the Land." Once Harriet Lane was called first lady, the term was applied retrospectively to her predecessors.[citation needed]

The title first gained nationwide recognition in 1877, when Mary C. Ames wrote an article in the New York City newspaper The Independent describing the inauguration of President Rutherford B. Hayes. She used the term to describe his wife, Lucy Webb Hayes.[citation needed]

While historically the term has generally been used to refer to the wife of a president, there were occasions when another woman, such as the President's daughter, has filled the duties of First Lady as hostess in the White House, if the President's wife was unwilling, unable, or if the President was a widower or bachelor.[citation needed]

As of 2018, the First Lady of the United States is Melania Trump, wife of Donald Trump.

The entire family of the head of state may be known familiarly as the "First Family".[45]

The spouse of the second-in-command (such as a Vice President) may be known as the "Second Lady", or Vice-First Lady. Less frequently, the family would be known as the "Second Family".[citation needed]

The spouse of a governor of a U.S. state is commonly referred to as the First Lady or First Gentleman of that state, for example "First Lady Tonette Marie Walker of Wisconsin".[citation needed] The practice is less common for spouses of mayors but is nevertheless used for some, particularly in large cities; example: "First Lady Amy Rule of Chicago" or "First Lady Kris Barrett of Milwaukee."[46] Mike Gregoire, husband of former Washington state governor Chris Gregoire, preferred to use his name instead of a common noun, calling himself "First Mike".[47]

"First Lady" is also used to refer, less formally, to wives of college and university presidents.[citation needed] It has even been used in reference to female spouses of men who were chairmen of major corporations.[citation needed]

Ukraine

First Lady of Ukraine is the unofficial title given by the society to the wife of the President of Ukraine. Since Ukraine gained independence in 1991, the post has been highly ceremonial and has rarely played a role in social activism. However, the recent years have witnessed some changes as Marina Poroshenko, the First Lady since 2014, is engaged in various social initiatives, particularly the movement for inclusive education and rights of persons with disabilities[48][49]

Non-spousal uses

In some situations, the title is bestowed upon a non-spouse. This includes terms like "First Family", "First Daughter", and "First Son".[citation needed]

In the past, occasionally another woman, such as the President's daughter, has filled the duties of First Lady as hostess in the White House, if the President's wife was unwilling, unable, or if the President was a widower or bachelor. Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor President James Buchanan was the first non-spouse to be called First Lady.[citation needed]

South Korean President Park Geun-hye has been referred to as First Lady to former President Park Chung-hee, who is her father. The title was bestowed upon her after her mother's assassination.[50]

The title was also officially bestowed on Victoria Quirino-Delgado, the daughter of widower Elpidio Quirino (1948–53), sixth President of the Philippines. Victoria's mother, Alicia Quirino née Syquía, had been killed by occupying Japanese troops towards the end of the Second World War. While President Corazón Aquino (1986–92) was also widowed, the title was not given to her older children who would assist her in official duties. These included her son (and later President) Benigno Aquino III, who was a sort of de facto First Gentleman; his four sisters, as under their mother's presidency, now unofficially share the duties of the First Spouse. The current President, Rodrigo Duterte's marriage was annulled, and his common-law wife is not qualified to take the title as they are not married yet. Instead, he named his daughter, Davao City Mayor Sara Duterte, as First Lady.

In 1994, Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori officially named his daughter Keiko "First Lady", after he had separated from his wife Susana Higuchi.[citation needed]

After taking office as Puerto Rico's first female governor, Governor Sila Maria Calderón appointed her two daughters, Sila María González Calderón and María Elena González Calderón, to serve as First Ladies.[51]

Evo Morales, the president of Bolivia, is single, so his sister, Esther Morales Ayma, fulfills the role of First Lady.[52]

Following the leadership spill which installed Julia Gillard as the first female Prime Minister of Australia on 24 June 2010, some news media referred to her de facto partner, Tim Mathieson, as the "First Bloke".[citation needed]

Apolitical uses

It has become commonplace in the United States for the title of "First Lady" to be bestowed on women, as a term of endearment, who have proven themselves to be of exceptional talent or unique notoriety in non-political areas. The phrase is often, but not always, used when the person in question is either the wife or "female equivalent" of a well-known man (or men) in a similar field. For example, the term has been applied in the entertainment field to denote the "First Lady of Television" (Lucille Ball), the "First Lady of Song" (Ella Fitzgerald), the "First Lady of Country Music" (Tammy Wynette, although Loretta Lynn was also known by the title), the "First Lady of Star Trek" (actor/producer Majel Barrett), the "First Lady of American Soul" (Aretha Franklin),[53] the "First Lady of the Grand Ole Opry" (Loretta Lynn), and the "First Lady of the American Stage" (Helen Hayes).[54]

The term "first lady" is also used to denote a woman who occupies the foremost social position within a particular locality, in this sense being particularly popular in Africa, where the pre-eminent female noble in some chieftaincy hierarchies, such as those of the Yoruba people, is often referred to by the title.[55]

In recent years, the term has also been used to refer to the wife of the pastor of a church, especially in predominantly black churches.[56]

See also

References

  1. ^ First Lady, Merriam-Webster Dictionary, retrieved 2014-12-30
  2. ^ First Lady, Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved 2014-12-30
  3. ^ Amanda Foreman, "Our First Ladies and Their Predecessors", Wall Street Journal, May 30–31, 2015, C11, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-first-ladies-and-their-predecessors-1432830990, retrieved 2015-5-30
  4. ^ First Lady, Collins English Dictionary, retrieved 2014-12-30
  5. ^ a b M., Design by Paul Andres Gomez. "'He asumido mi compromiso con la niñez de Colombia con toda la disposición de mi corazón', afirma la Primera Dama".
  6. ^ Collins English Dictionary definition. Retrieved 2013-12-08
  7. ^ a b Mrs. Sigourney, "Martha Washington", St. Johnsbury (VT) Caledonian, August 7, 1838, p. 1.
  8. ^ "Dolley Madison". National First Ladies Library. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  9. ^ "Rita Sargsyan First Lady of Armenia - The President of Armenia".
  10. ^ "Ռիտա Սարգսյան Հայաստանի Առաջին տիկին - Հայաստանի Նախագահ".
  11. ^ Mehriban Əliyeva Archived 2015-03-30 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Visentin, Lisa (2018-08-25). "Jenny Morrison, Australia's new first lady". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2018-08-25.
  13. ^ Willsher, Kim (2017-08-08). "No 'first lady' title for Brigitte Macron after petition over her status". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
  14. ^ "Brigitte Macron: A 'first lady' in all but title - France 24". France 24. 2017-08-17. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
  15. ^ "First Lady Sabina Higgins wears 100% Irish during historic visit - Independent.ie".
  16. ^ Archives, RTÉ (5 July 2012). "RTÉ Archives". stillslibrary.rte.ie.
  17. ^ "The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search".
  18. ^ "Step forward Fionnuala -- Taoiseach's wife and his perfect partner as he runs country - Herald.ie".
  19. ^ Donnelly, Larry. "Column: Why are Ireland's first lady and family so invisible?".
  20. ^ "Celia -- the greatest political wife this country never had - Independent.ie".
  21. ^ "Ireland debates Larkin role — Irish Echo".
  22. ^ "The UDA and the pay-off".
  23. ^ "The UDA kingpin who gained a President's trust - Independent.ie".
  24. ^ "BEHIND EVERY GREAT PRESIDENT..."
  25. ^ Manley, John. "Leo Varadkar doesn't plan 'first gentleman' role for partner". The Irish News.
  26. ^ "Leo Varadkar opens up about bridging the miles with FaceTime as his boyfriend Matt moves to the US - Independent.ie".
  27. ^ "'Matt makes me a better man' - Leo Varadkar's most revealing interview - Independent.ie".
  28. ^ "Leo Varadkar 'very much in love' as partner jets to US to take up medical fellowship". 25 June 2017.
  29. ^ "How Is It Going To Be For Leo Varadkar's 'Silent Partner' Dr.Matt Barrett". 3 June 2017.
  30. ^ "Mystery of the Banda millions". BBC News. 2000-05-17.
  31. ^ "Cecilia Kadzamira-Malawi's First Lady".
  32. ^ The Office of the President, statement by The President of the Republic of Maldives, 02 January 2014
  33. ^ "President Yameen and First Lady meet Sri Lankan President and First Lady - Maldives High Commission - London - Maldives in the UK and Europe".
  34. ^ "First ladies of Pakistan, Maldives visit Bhaktapur, My Republica, Nov 28, 2014".
  35. ^ PM's Trade Mission 2013 Archived 2015-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ Hanging out with the political Wags, stuff.co.nz, 2 November 2011.
  37. ^ a b Okon-Ekong, Nseobong (2010-10-02). "Nigeria: First Ladies - Colourful Brilliance, Gaudy Rays". Thisday. AllAfrica.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-27. Retrieved 2012-07-26. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "Primera Dama: "Comencemos a formar una sociedad con valores" - Presidencia". Archived from the original on 2014-02-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ www.ideo.pl, ideo -. "Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej / Pierwsza Dama / Aktywność Pierwszej Damy".
  40. ^ McDonald, Charlotte. "Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh - Visit by Taiwan's First Lady".
  41. ^ "The First Lady's Profile – The Office of the President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago".
  42. ^ "In The Public Eye: The Governor-General of Canada", p. 684. http://www.unz.org/Pub/Munseys-1902feb-00681
  43. ^ Jeannie A. Marshall, "The Daughters of Mexico"
  44. ^ "Domincales", La Prensa, 19 September 1917, p. 4
  45. ^ "First Family — Definitions from Dictionary.com". dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-07-19. 2. The family of the chief executive of a city, state, or country.
  46. ^ "First Gentleman – What's in a Name?". State of Michigan. Archived from the original on 2009-04-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  47. ^ "About Mike". Governor Chris Gregoire's official state website. Archived from the original on February 16, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ "Maryna Poroshenko: The level of inclusion in education is an indicator of the state development degree". President of Ukraine. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
  49. ^ "Maryna Poroshenko and Roman Kysliak met in the coffeehouse in the framework of #накавуздругом social initiative". President of Ukraine. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
  50. ^ Geun Hye Park (2007). The Republic of Korea and the United States: Our Future Together. Institute for Corean-American Studies, Inc. Retrieved on 2007-07-19.
  51. ^ "Sila M. Calderon".
  52. ^ Bolivia's First Lady hopes for unity, BBC News, 17 February 2009
  53. ^ Preston, Richard (2007-05-25). "Are you ready to think outside the box? The abuses of the English language that readers hated most have inspired a new Telegraph book, explains Richard Preston". Daily Telegraph. p. 24.
  54. ^ Didion, Joan (2007-03-04). "The Year Of Hoping For Magic". New York Times. p. 1.
  55. ^ Sellers, Maud (April 1894). "The City of York in the Sixteenth Century". The English Historical Review. 9 (34): 275–304. doi:10.1093/ehr/IX.XXXIV.275.; Russell, A. (1889). "Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York". 21: 494–515. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  56. ^ DuBois, Joshua. First Ladies of the Church. The Daily Beast, 2013-03-20.

Further reading

  • Bailey, Tim. "America’s First Ladies on Twentieth-Century Issues: A Common Core Unit", History Now 35 (Spring 2013) online, curriculum unit based on primary sources
  • Berkin, Berkin, ed., "America's First Ladies", History Now 35 (Spring 2013) online; popular essays by scholars
  • Burns, Lisa M. (2008). First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-87580-391-3
  • Caroli, Betty Boyd (2010). First ladies : from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195392852.
  • Horohoe, Jill, “First Ladies as Modern Celebrities: Politics and the Press in Progressive Era” (PhD dissertation, Arizona State University, 2011). DA3452884.
  • Lugo-Lugo, Carmen R. and Mary K. Bloodsworth-Lugo. "Bare Biceps and American (In) Security: Post-9/11 Constructions of Safe(ty), Threat, and the First Black First Lady", Women's Studies Quarterly (2011) 39#1 pp 200–217, on media images of Michelle Obama
  • Watson, Robert P. "Toward the Study of the First Lady: The State of Scholarship", Presidential Studies Quarterly (2003) 33#2 pp 423–441.
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