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Hercules, California

Coordinates: 38°01′02″N 122°17′19″W / 38.01722°N 122.28861°W / 38.01722; -122.28861
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Hercules, California
City
City of Hercules
Refugio Valley Park
Refugio Valley Park
Official seal of Hercules, California
Seal
Motto: 
"The Dynamic City on the Bay"[1]
Location of Hercules in Contra Costa County, California
Location of Hercules in Contra Costa County, California
Hercules, California is located in the United States
Hercules, California
Hercules, California
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 38°01′02″N 122°17′19″W / 38.01722°N 122.28861°W / 38.01722; -122.28861
Country United States
State California
CountyContra Costa
IncorporatedDecember 15, 1900[2]
Government
 • City ManagerDavid Biggs[3]
 • City CouncilMayor Chris Kelley
Vice Mayor Dan Romero
Myrna de Vera
Roland Esquivias
Gerard Boulanger[4]
 • State Leg.Sen. Tim Grayson (D)[5]
Asm. Anamarie Avila Farias (D)[6]
 • U. S. CongressTom McClintock (R)[7]
Area
[8]
 • Total
19.98 sq mi (51.76 km2)
 • Land6.41 sq mi (16.61 km2)
 • Water13.57 sq mi (35.15 km2)  65.87%
Elevation
79 ft (24 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total
24,060
 • Estimate 
(2018)[9]
25,601
 • Density3,955.08/sq mi (1,526.99/km2)
Time zoneUTC-8 (PST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)
ZIP code
94547
Area code510
FIPS code06-33308
GNIS feature IDs1658738, 2410746
Websitewww.ci.hercules.ca.us

Hercules is a city in western Contra Costa County, California. Situated along the coast of San Pablo Bay, it is located in the eastern region of the San Francisco Bay Area, about 10 miles (16 km) north of Berkeley, California. As of 2010, its population was 24,060, according to the United States Census Bureau. The site of Hercules was first developed in 1881 as a manufacturing facility of the California Powder Works for the production of its patented dynamite formulation, Hercules powder. In 1882, the Hercules Powder Company was incorporated and assumed responsibility for the Hercules site. It was one of several explosive manufacturers that were active along the Pinole shoreline in the late 19th to the mid-20th century. The small company town that grew up near the facility subsequently became known as "Hercules", and was incorporated at the end of 1900. Starting in the 1970s, Hercules was heavily redeveloped as suburban bedroom community that lies along the I-80 corridor in Western Contra Costa County. It has a very ethnically diverse population.[10]

History

Prehistory through the 20th century

Contra Costa County’s first inhabitants arrived in the area six to ten thousand years ago, including the Bay Miwok people and the Huichin Ohlone People;[11] however there were no known significant settlements in the Hercules area.

The land that would become Hercules was part of a tract of land known as “Pinole y Canada del Hambre” which was granted in 1823 to Ygnacio Martinez (for whom the city of Martinez, California was named) for his service as the commandant of the Presidio of San Francisco. This grant was reconfirmed in 1842 as Rancho El Pinole.[12] In 1848, this area became part of the United States with rest of California. Contra Costa County was created in 1850 as one of California's original 27 counties. The Central Pacific Railroad (later part of Southern Pacific) ran the first rail lines across Hercules’ waterfront in late 1878, as the main route for the Transcontinental Railroad was realigned via train ferry through the purpose-built town of Port Costa then to Richmond and Berkeley to connect at the Oakland Pier.[13] The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad came through the area around 1899.[14]

The city's history was primarily shaped by the Hercules Powder Company, named after its main product “Hercules powder”, a specially patented (1874) formulation of dynamite, in turn named after the Greek hero. It began as the California Powder Works with locations in Golden Gate Park and Santa Cruz, California, but the expansion of San Francisco forced the company to find a more remote location for the dangerous process of manufacturing explosives.[15]: 127  Hercules's isolated location at the time, plus its proximity to rail and water transportation along San Pablo Bay, made it an ideal choice. In 1879, the company, backed by DuPont and the Laflin & Rand Powder Company created the Hercules Powder Company which purchased land for a new plant that opened in 1881. On December 15, 1900, town management incorporated the City of Hercules as it felt that the County Board of Supervisors had become less supportive of the plant.[16] A post office was established in 1914.[17] On USGS maps the place designation Herpoco (for Hercules Powder Company) along the original Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway right-of-way (now BNSF), still remains.[17]

The old administration building for the Hercules Powder Company in 2016, constructed 1918. The building has been saved by its place on the National Register of Historic Places and is awaiting preservation.
Excerpt from the 1916 USGS 1:24,000 Sectional centered on Hercules with Pinole to the south and Rodeo to the northeast. The town was centered close to the plant's location at the waterfront at Refugio Landing.

Explosives manufacturing was indeed a hazardous industry in that era: in first 38 years of operations in Hercules, 59 lives would be taken including 24 in large explosion in February 1908. Later, further deadly explosions would plague the plant in 1944, 1948 and 1953.[15] The Sherman Antitrust Act would force Dupont to spin the Hercules Powder Company off as an independent company in 1912.[16]

The explosives manufactured at Hercules played a significant and decisive role in the United States Army's efforts to contain the fires started by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, as recounted by General Funston.[18]

Between the 1890s and 1970s, Hercules was a company town of several hundred people. 36 buildings from this era still exist and were nominated to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Per this application, “Hercules was the area’s most desirable community to live in” with well-kept homes, a (male only) clubhouse, lighted tennis courts, and hospital.[19] However, all residents were company employees. Although Chinese workers were a large component of the company workforce before the 1910s, they were excluded from residency in the town beyond dormitories provided for them.[20]

By 1917, the Hercules plant had become the largest producer of TNT in the country.[21] During both World Wars Hercules Powder Company, along with Giant Powder Works in neighboring Pinole, supplied the U.S. Navy with explosives through the Port Chicago Magazine (location of the infamous Port Chicago disaster in 1944) which became the now closed Concord Naval Weapons Station. By the 1940s, Hercules organized its own law enforcement department and longtime Hercules Powder Company employee William Darke was named sheriff, becoming its first officer.[22]

After World War II the company began to diversify its production line and build an anhydrous ammonia plant, a base for fertilizer.[21] Explosive manufacturing was discontinued in Hercules in 1964 (neighboring Giant Powder stopped its operations in 1960). In 1974, the cessation of explosives production allowed hundreds of acres of protective “buffer” land (separated by large stands of eucalyptus trees, many of which still stand) to be reused for other purposes.[21] Starting in 1974, real estate development companies began to develop the land and Hercules began to transform into the bedroom community it is known as today. Eventually, the ammonia plant began to be outcompeted by foreign manufacturers, and this combined with labor issues, resulted in its permanent closure in 1976.[16] Although Hercules Powder Company is now gone one legacy remains: study has been made of upper layer soil contamination from prior emissions of the California Powder Works operations.[23]

In 1966 the Pacific Refinery company started operation on the shores of Hercules and served as large employer until its closure in 1995. Its demise marked the end of 114 years of heavy industry in Hercules.[24] The land the refinery was located on was redeveloped as the Victoria by the Bay subdivision in early 2000's. Biorad, a fortune 500 biotech company established its headquarters in Hercules in the 1980s and continues to be the town's largest employer.[25]

Starting in the 1970s Hercules created and has continuously updated its master plan to further its development. During the 1970s, Hercules was one of the first cities in the United States to develop a comprehensive Noise Element of the General Plan. This work included the production of noise contour maps for all major highways and arterial roads, as well as a citywide noise mitigation plan. Heavy development as a suburb continued through the 1980s through the present day.[16]

The town's population grew rapidly in the last decades of the 20th century. Per United States Census Bureau data, what was sleepy town of 252 in 1970 grew nearly 24-fold into a town of 5,963 by 1980 which tripled again into a town of 16,829 by 1990. By 2000, the town began to level out to its current population of approximately 25,000.

Recent history and development

Looking eastward along Sycamore Avenue in Hercules in 2016. This area has been developed as higher density residential/mixed-use in the preceding decade.

In 2000, the City of Hercules chartered an urban-design-based land use planning effort. This plan attempted to balance the preservation of the city's undeveloped land against continued suburban sprawl and to redevelop the city's formerly industrial waterfront. The resulting plan directs that Hercules be turned into a transit-oriented, pedestrian-friendly, mixed-use town.[16] Several new developments were started in that era based on the plan, including the Central Waterfront around the historic core of Hercules and Victoria by the Bay. However the development of Hercules has not been without is challenges.

In a national story in 2006, Hercules strongly opposed Walmart's attempt to build a new supercenter store on 17-acre (69,000 m²) property overlooking San Pablo Bay as many residents deemed it incompatible with the waterfront redevelopment project, and it was unneeded due to the close proximity of two other Walmarts in Richmond and Vallejo. On May 23, 2006, the Hercules city council voted unanimously to use its power of eminent domain to prevent Wal-Mart from building the supercenter.[26] In 2009, the city purchased the land back from Walmart.

In 2012, a state audit found that the City of Hercules had spent nearly $50 million on “questionable transactions” primarily centered on the city's redevelopment projects (the investigation focused on a corrupt city manager who steered millions of city funds to himself and to a firm run by his relatives). Combined with the Great recession, this nearly bankrupted the city in the late 2000s.[27] However, new developments came in the market and the city repaired its financial condition.

Geography

Location and surroundings

Hercules is located at 38°01′02″N 122°17′19″W / 38.01722°N 122.28861°W / 38.01722; -122.28861,[28] at the southeast shore of the San Pablo Bay. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 18.2 square miles (47 km2), of which, 6.2 square miles (16 km2) is land and 12.0 square miles (31 km2) (65.87%) is water.

Hercules is on the southeastern shores of San Pablo Bay, roughly 4 miles southwest of the Carquinez Bridge. By road, Hercules is roughly 12 miles north of Berkeley, California, 18 miles north of Oakland and 22 miles northeast of San Francisco. The shoreline at this location runs northeast to southwest. Refugio Creek runs through the middle of Hercules in a northwest direction and empties at the shoreline.

The town is bisected by Interstate 80 which runs parallel and roughly one mile inland from the coast. I-80 is the main highway between San Francisco and Sacramento and intersects California State Route 4 in the city limits. Major arterial roads include San Pablo Road which lies to the north of I-80 (this road is also Historic US 40, which was the predecessor to I-80) and Refugio Valley Road which runs in a northwest-southeast direction along Refugio Creek.

Cityscape

Looking northward along Railroad Ave in Hercules in 2016. This redevelopment is centered near the circa 1900s company town location

The city has a suburban character dominated by mostly two story detached and attached homes and one story commercial buildings divided into various subdivisions along well landscaped roads. Hercules’ commercial centers (which are mainly neighborhood shopping centers) lie in center of the city close to the convergence of the roads named above. The portion inland of Highway 80, which extends 4 miles inland mainly gently rolling hills along Refugio Valley Road, is primarily suburbs built between the 1970s and 1980s. It includes neighborhoods known to the locals as “the Birds”, “the Trees and Flowers”, “the Gemstones”, “the Astronauts”, and “the Islands”, per the street naming conventions of each subdivision.[29] The portion near the shoreline, somewhat flatter but still rolling terrain, was developed starting in the 1980s and has some of the town's newer developments including the Waterfront centered around the historic old town, Olympian Hills (which uses Greek mythical figures for its street naming convention), Hercules by the Bay, Village Park and Victoria by the Bay/New Pacific.

Climate

Hercules has a mild Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb or "Warm-summer Mediterranean"), consistent with much of the northern San Francisco Bay Area. As Hercules is more inland, it is generally warmer than communities closer to the Golden Gate. Average rainfall is 23.35” concentrated from November to March. The average July high is 71 degrees and the average January low is 43 degrees.

Climate data for Hercules, California
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 76
(24) 		88
(31) 		85
(29) 		94
(34) 		100
(38) 		106
(41) 		98
(37) 		98
(37) 		107
(42) 		100
(38) 		86
(30) 		83
(28) 		106
(41)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 57
(14) 		61
(16) 		63
(17) 		66
(19) 		68
(20) 		71
(22) 		70
(21) 		71
(22) 		73
(23) 		72
(22) 		64
(18) 		57
(14) 		66
(19)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 43
(6) 		45
(7) 		47
(8) 		48
(9) 		51
(11) 		54
(12) 		55
(13) 		56
(13) 		56
(13) 		53
(12) 		48
(9) 		43
(6) 		50
(10)
Record low °F (°C) 27
(−3) 		28
(−2) 		33
(1) 		31
(−1) 		38
(3) 		43
(6) 		44
(7) 		44
(7) 		46
(8) 		41
(5) 		34
(1) 		24
(−4) 		24
(−4)
Average rainfall inches (mm) 4.91
(125) 		4.41
(112) 		3.52
(89) 		1.35
(34) 		0.54
(14) 		0.17
(4.3) 		0.07
(1.8) 		0.09
(2.3) 		0.27
(6.9) 		1.25
(32) 		3.47
(88) 		3.30
(84) 		23.35
(593.3)
Source: [30]
View of Hercules northward from the “Gemstones” neighborhood to San Pablo Bay in 2016

Parks and recreation

Hercules has over 98 acres of parkland in six parks created as part of its master planning effort, the most central being Refugio Valley Park, and has over 950 additional acres of open space.[31] Hercules is also close to several regional nature preserves including Point Pinole Regional Shoreline, Crockett Hills Regional Park, Carquinez Strait, Wildcat Canyon and Sobrante Ridge Botanic Regional Preserve. Franklin Canyon Golf Course is an 18-hole golf course at the east side of the city. The San Francisco Bay Trail runs right along Hercules' waterfront. The urban centers of Oakland and San Francisco are 18 and 22 miles away respectively. Wine Country (Napa and Sonoma) is roughly a half hour drive to the north.

Demographics

Race and ethnicity

Hercules has a very diverse population. Per 2015 Census data, the town's population is 22% White, 18.9% African American, 45.5% Asian and 14.6% Hispanic. 32.0% of the population is foreign born.[10]

Household income, education and occupations

Looking northward from the Victoria Park (in the Victoria by the Bay neighborhood) in Hercules, California to San Pablo Bay in 2016

Per 2014 US Census data, the median household income in the city was $101,018, and the median income for a family was $113,658, which would put much of Hercules’ population in the upper middle class or “mass affluent” categories.[10][32] Males had a median income of $66,348 and females had a median income of $59,517. The per capita income for the city was $37,247. About 4.0% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of persons under age 18 and 3.2% of those 65 or over. Per the same dataset, 42.7% of Hercules residents were college educated. 46.0% of residents were employed in management, business and arts occupations, 27.2% in sales and office occupations, and 14.3% in service occupations.

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1910279—
192037333.7%
19303925.1%
1940343−12.5%
19503430.0%
1960310−9.6%
1970252−18.7%
19805,9632,266.3%
199016,829182.2%
200019,48815.8%
201024,06023.5%
2018 (est.)25,601[9]6.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[33]

2010 US Census data

The 2010 United States Census[34] reported that Hercules had a population of 24,060. The population density was 1,323.5 people per square mile (511.0/km²). The racial makeup of Hercules was 5,302 (22.0%) White, 4,547 (18.9%) African American, 102 (0.4%) Native American, 10,956 (45.5%) Asian, 101 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 1,564 (6.5%) from other races, and 1,488 (6.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3,508 persons (14.6%).

The Census reported that 24,005 people (99.8% of the population) lived in households, 17 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 38 (0.2%) were institutionalized.

There were 8,115 households, out of which 3,175 (39.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 4,675 (57.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,250 (15.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 371 (4.6%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 344 (4.2%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 66 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,482 households (18.3%) were made up of individuals and 449 (5.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96. There were 6,296 families (77.6% of all households); the average family size was 3.38.

The population was spread out with 5,481 people (22.8%) under the age of 18, 2,064 people (8.6%) aged 18 to 24, 6,512 people (27.1%) aged 25 to 44, 7,473 people (31.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 2,530 people (10.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.

There were 8,553 housing units at an average density of 470.5 per square mile (181.7/km²), of which 8,115 were occupied, of which 6,450 (79.5%) were owner-occupied, and 1,665 (20.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.2%. 19,067 people (79.2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 4,938 people (20.5%) lived in rental housing units.

2000 US Census data

As of the census[35] of 2000, there were 19,488 people, 6,423 households, and 4,997 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,008.2 people per square mile (1,161.2/km²). There were 6,546 housing units at an average density of 1,010.5/sq mi (390.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 27.98% White, 18.78% African American, 0.25% Native American, 42.73% Asian, 0.46% Pacific Islander, 4.47% from other races, and 5.33% from two or more races. 10.81% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 6,423 households out of which 41.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.8% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.2% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.46.

In the city, the population was spread out with 26.6% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $88,966, and the median income for a family was $93,294.[36] Males had a median income of $50,672 versus $40,433 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,699. About 1.9% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.5% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

Overview

Hercules is primarily a suburban community, but is the headquarters of Biorad, a Fortune 500 biotech company which as of 2017 had 7,800 employees worldwide and $2.1 billion in revenue. The company is located in the North Shore Business park which includes over 1.1 million square feet of industrial and R&D space. The community has an additional 210,000sf of retail and office space in three neighborhood shopping centers.[37]

Top employers

According to the city's 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[25] the top employers in the city are:

# Employer # of employees
1 Bio-Rad Laboratories 1,717
2 Mechanics Bank 250
3 Hercules Middle/High School 150
4 City of Hercules 135

Government

Form

Hercules has a council-manager form of government where five elected city council members appoint a city manager who runs the City administration. In the early years of Hercules, the council members were nearly always officers of the Hercules Powder Company. The five council seats are at large and served in four-year staggered terms. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, which generally coincides with state and federal election days. In December, after any election the council selects from its own a Mayor and Vice Mayor which serve one-year terms. The City Council also appoint the city attorney, planning commissioners, community and library associations and others.[38]

Crime

Hercules has a generally low crime rate. Based on 2014 FBI Data, Hercules had 1.12 violent crimes per 1,000 and 13.27 property crimes per thousand, lower than national and state averages. Between 2000 and 2010, the city had only five murders. Another source, using the same data, classified Hercules as the 35th safest city in California in 2016, and 60th in 2017.[38]

Politics

In 2017, Hercules had 14,293 registered voters with 8,406 (58.8%) registered as Democrats, 1,743 (12.2%) registered as Republicans, and 3,703 (25.9%) decline to state voters.[39]

Hercules vote
by party in presidential elections
Year Democratic Republican
2016 80.2% 8,533 15.8% 1,684
2012 78.6% 7,929 19.0% 1,901
2008 77.3% 8,063 21.6% 2,248
2004 75.6% 6,659 23.7% 2,085
2000 73.2% 5,240 24.0% 1,718
1996 69.5% 4,332 24.0% 1,494
1992 59.0% 4,065 26.9% 1,852
1988 57.7% 2,840 41.8% 2,055
1984 47.1% 1,280 52.5% 1,429
1980 40.7% 781 47.9% 919
1976 49.2% 124 50.4% 127
1972 41.4% 36 55.2% 48
1968 42.4% 53 44.8% 56
1964 53.5% 77 46.5% 67

Education

Public schools

Hercules is served by the West Contra Costa Unified School District.

  • Hercules Middle/High School serves as the main middle and high school in the city.
  • Hanna Ranch Elementary serves the Trees and Mandalay area.
  • Ohlone Elementary serves the Birds, Gems and the Hercules Avenue area.
  • Lupine Elementary serves the Trees and Flowers area.
Hercules Public Library

Public libraries

The Contra Costa County Library System operates the Hercules Public Library.[40]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Hercules is at the intersection of I-80 and State Route 4. I-80 is an interstate that is the principal route between San Francisco and Sacramento. Highway 4 lead to I -680 which provide access to Concord, California, Walnut Creek, California and the Tri-Valley Area. Per 2015 Census Data, 90% of Hercules’ workforce commutes via automobile to work, the average commute time is 39 minutes.[10]

Public transportation is available through the WestCat bus system. The operator provides local and school buses throughout Hercules and to the neighboring cities of Rodeo, Pinole, and Richmond among other areas. WestCat also offers express buses to the county seat at Martinez, the El Cerrito del Norte BART station and the San Francisco Transbay Terminal. Its major hub is Hercules Transit Center. This had been the proposed location of a future Bay Area Rapid Transit station in BART's 20-year plan, but Hercules Mayor John Delgado and city council declined BART's request to fund a study, precluding the possibility of a BART stop.[41]

The closest international airports are Oakland International (29 miles) and San Francisco International Airport (35 miles). The closest general aviation facilities are Buchanan Field in Concord and Napa County Airport in Napa.

The Southern Pacific and the Burlington Northern railroads (formerly the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe Railway) have rail lines that pass through Hercules; however with the demise of industry Hercules no longer has a direct rail connection. However, a new Hercules station is planned that will provide a stop along the Capitol Corridor line with a target completion date of 2018. An environmental study is underway for San Francisco Bay Ferry Service to provide service from the same station to San Francisco, which would take 42 minutes.[42]

Sister city

Hercules's sister city is Japan Tsushima, Aichi Prefecture Japan.[43][44]

Notable people

Willie McGee, former outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals and the San Francisco Giants

References

  1. ^ "City of Hercules, California". City of Hercules, California. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
  2. ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "City Manager's Biography". City of Hercules. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  4. ^ "Council Members". City of Hercules. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  5. ^ "Senators". State of California. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  6. ^ "Members Assembly". State of California. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  7. ^ "California's 5th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  8. ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jul 19, 2017.
  9. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved July 26, 2019.
  10. ^ a b c d US Census (2015). "QuickFacts Hercules CA 94547". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  11. ^ "Ohlone Elementary School Logo". Hercules Historical Society. 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  12. ^ J. P. Munro-Fraser, 1882, History of Contra Costa County, California, W.A. Slocum.
  13. ^ Images of America: Richmond, by Donald Bastin, Arcadia Publishing (SC), November 2003
  14. ^ Martinez Historical Society (2017). "History of Martinez". Martinez Historical Society. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  15. ^ a b Jennifer Posedel, Stephen Lawton (2011). Images of America - Hercules. Charleston South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-7440-0.
  16. ^ a b c d e City of Hercules (2017). "History & Background". City of Hercules. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  17. ^ a b Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, Calif.: Word Dancer Press. p. 642. ISBN 1-884995-14-4.
  18. ^ "How the Army Worked to Save San Francisco, by Brigadier General Frederick Funston (U.S.A.)" (PDF). Cosmopolitan Magazine, July 1906.
  19. ^ Mariotti, Joseph (1980). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form, Hercules Village" (PDF). Hercules Historical Society. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  20. ^ Connelley, Ashley (2017). "City of Hercules Overview / Hercules Power and Chinese Labor". Hercules Historical Society. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  21. ^ a b c Hercules Historical Society (2017). "City of Hercules Overview / Plant History". Hercules Historical Society. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  22. ^ Wisniewski, Jeffrey. "Naming Contest Finalists". Waterfront Watch. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ M. Papineau and C. Michael Hogan, Air quality analysis of stationary sources, Hercules, Ca., Earth Metrics inc. (1976)
  24. ^ Hallissy, Erin (June 8, 1995). "Refinery Will Quit Hercules Production / 142 workers have been given pink slips". San Francisco Chronicle.
  25. ^ a b City of Hercules CAFR
  26. ^ Hoge, Patrick (May 24, 2006). "HERCULES / Vote goes against Wal-Mart / Council OKs using eminent domain to block retailer". San Francisco Chronicle.
  27. ^ Buchanan, Wyatt (September 12, 2012). "Hercules misspent millions, audit finds". San Francisco Chronicle.
  28. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hercules, California
  29. ^ "The Neighborhoods of Hercules". City of Hercules. 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  30. ^ "Intellicast | Weather Underground".
  31. ^ City of Hercules (2017). "About Hercules". City of Hercules. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  32. ^ American Fact Finder (2017). "Hercules City, Selected Economic Characteristics 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". American Fact Finder. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  33. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Hercules city". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  35. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  36. ^ US Census Bureau official city fact sheet for Hercules, CA
  37. ^ "City Council". City of Hercules. 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  38. ^ a b Safewise (2015). "50 Safest Cities in California - 2016". Safewise. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  39. ^ http://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/ror/ror-pages/ror-odd-year-2017/politicalsub.pdf
  40. ^ "Hercules Library." Contra Costa County Library. Retrieved on April 1, 2010.
  41. ^ Hercules Says No to BART, accessed October 3, 2015
  42. ^ A new commute option for Hercules/Rodeo, WETA, access date July 17, 2008
  43. ^ "US-Japan Sister Cities by State". Asia Matters for America. Honolulu, HI: East-West Center. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  44. ^ "Tsushima-Our Sister City | Hercules, CA".
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