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Ferritic nitrocarburizing

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Not to be confused with Carbonitriding.

Ferritic nitrocarburizing, also known by the proprietary names Tennifer/ Tenifer and Melonite,[Note 1][1] is a range of proprietary case hardening processes that diffuse nitrogen and carbon into ferrous metals at sub-critical temperatures during a salt bath.[Note 2] The processing temperature ranges from 525 °C (977 °F) to 625 °C (1,157 °F), but usually occurs at 565 °C (1,049 °F). At this temperature steels and other ferrous alloys are still in a ferritic phase, which is advantageous compared to other case hardening processes that occur in the austenitic phase.[2] There are four main classes of ferritic nitrocarburizing: gaseous, salt bath, ion or plasma, and fluidized-bed.[3]

The process is used to improve three main surface integrity aspects including scuffing resistance, fatigue properties, and corrosion resistance. It has the added advantage of inducing little shape distortion during the hardening process. This is because of the low processing temperature, which reduces thermal shocks and avoids phase transitions in steel.[4]

History

The first ferritic nitrocarburizing methods were done at low temperatures, around 550 °C (1,022 °F), in a liquid salt bath. The first company to successfully commercialize the process was the Imperial Chemical Industries in Great Britain. ICI called their process "the cassel" due to the plant where it was developed [5][6] or "Sulfinuz" treatment because it had sulfur in the salt bath. While the process was very successful with high-speed spindles and cutting tools, there were issues with cleaning the solution off because it was not very water soluble.[7]

Because of the cleaning issues the Joseph Lucas Limited company began experimenting with gaseous forms of ferritic nitrocarburizing in the late 1950s. The company applied for a patent by 1961. It produced a similar surface finish as the Sulfinuz process with the exception of the formation of sulfides. The atmosphere consisted of ammonia, hydrocarbon gases, and a small amount of other carbon-containing gases.[8]

This spurred the development of a more environmentally friendly salt bath process by the German company Degussa after acquiring ICI patents.[9] Their process is the widely known as the Tufftride or Tenifer process. Following this the ion nitriding process was invented in the early 1980s. This process had faster cycle times, required less cleaning and preparation, formed deeper cases, and allowed for better control of the process.[10]

Processes

Despite the naming the process is a modified form of nitriding and not carburizing. The shared attributes of this class of this process is the introduction of nitrogen and carbon in the ferritic state of the material. The processes are broken up into four main classes: gaseous, salt bath, ion or plasma, or fluidized-bed. The trade name and patented processes may vary slightly from the general description, but they are all a form of ferritic nitrocarburizing.[11]

Salt bath ferritic nitrocarburizing

Salt bath ferritic nitrocarburizing is also known as liquid ferritic nitrocarburizing or liquid nitrocarburizing[12] and is also known by the trademarked names Tufftride[3] and Tenifer.[13]

The simplest form of this process is encompassed by the trademarked Melonite process, also known as Meli 1. It is most commonly used on steels, sintered irons, and cast irons to lower friction and improve wear and corrosion resistance.[14][15]

The process uses a salt bath of alkali cyanate. This is contained in a steel pot that has an aeration system. The cyanate thermally reacts with the surface of the workpiece to form alkali carbonate. The bath is then treated to convert the carbonate back to a cyanate. The surface formed from the reaction has a compound layer and a diffusion layer. The compound layer consists of iron, nitrogen, and oxygen, is abrasion resistant, and stable at elevated temperatures. The diffusion layer contains nitrides and carbides. The surface hardness ranges from 800 to 1500 HV depending on the steel grade. This also inversely affects the depth of the case; i.e. a high carbon steel will form a hard, but shallow case.[14]

A similar process is the trademarked Nu-Tride process, also known incorrectly as the Kolene process (which is actually the company's name), which includes a preheat and an intermediate quench cycle. The intermediate quench is an oxidizing salt bath at 400 °C (752 °F). This quench is held for 5 to 20 minutes before final quenching to room temperature. This is done to minimize distortion and to destroy any lingering cyanates or cyanides left on the workpiece.[16]

Other trademarked processes are Sursulf and Tenoplus. Sursulf has a sulfur compound in the salt bath to create surface sulfides which creates porosity in the workpiece surface. This porosity is used to contain lubrication. Tenoplus is a two-stage high-temperature process. The first stage occurs at 625 °C (1,157 °F), while the second stage occurs at 580 °C (1,076 °F).[17]

Gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing

Gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing is also known as controlled nitrocarburizing, soft nitriding, and vacuum nitrocarburizing or by the tradenames UltraOx[18], Nitrotec, Nitemper, Deganit, Triniding, Corr-I-Dur, Nitroc, NITREG-C and Nitrowear, Nitroneg.[3][19] The process works to achieve the same result as the salt bath process, except gaseous mixtures are used to diffuse the nitrogen and carbon into the workpiece.[20]

The parts are first cleaned, usually with a vapor degreasing process, and then nitrocarburized around 570 °C (1,058 °F), with a process time that ranges from one to four hours. The actual gas mixtures are proprietary, but they usually contain ammonia and an endothermic gas.[20]

Plasma-assisted ferritic nitrocarburizing

Plasma-assisted ferritic nitrocarburizing is also known as ion nitriding, plasma ion nitriding or glow-discharge nitriding. The process works to achieve the same result as the salt bath and gaseous process, except the reactivity of the media is not due to the temperature but to the gas ionized state.[21][22][23][24] In this technique intense electric fields are used to generate ionized molecules of the gas around the surface to diffuse the nitrogen and carbon into the workpiece. Such highly active gas with ionized molecules is called plasma, naming the technique. The gas used for plasma nitriding is usually pure nitrogen, since no spontaneous decomposition is needed (as is the case of gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing with ammonia). Due to the relatively low temperature range (420 °C (788 °F) to 580 °C (1,076 °F)) generally applied during plasma-assisted ferritic nitrocarburizing and gentle cooling in the furnace, the distortion of workpieces can be minimized. Stainless steel workpieces can be processed at moderate temperatures (like 420 °C (788 °F)) without the formation of chromium nitride precipitates and hence maintaining their corrosion resistance properties.[25]

Postoxidation black oxide

An additional step can be added to the nitrocarburizing process called postoxidation. When properly performed, postoxidation creates a layer of black oxide (Fe3O4), that greatly increases the corrosion resistance of the treated substrate while leaving an aesthetically attractive black color.[26] Since the introduction of the Glock pistol in 1982, this type of nitrocarburizing with postoxidation finish has become popular as a factory finish for military style handguns.

Uses

These processes are most commonly used on low-carbon, low-alloy steels, however they are also used on medium and high-carbon steels. Common applications include spindles, cams, gears, dies, hydraulic piston rods, and powdered metal components.[27]

Glock Ges.m.b.H., an Austrian firearms manufacturer, utilized the Tenifer process until 2010, to protect the barrels and slides of the pistols they manufacture. The finish on a Glock pistol is the third and final hardening process. It is 0.05 mm (0.0020 in) thick and produces a 64 Rockwell C hardness rating via a 500 °C (932 °F) nitride bath.[28] The final matte, non-glare finish meets or exceeds stainless steel specifications, is 85% more corrosion resistant than a hard chrome finish, and is 99.9% salt-water corrosion resistant.[29] After the Tenifer process, a black Parkerized finish is applied and the slide is protected even if the finish were to wear off. In 2010 Glock switched to a gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing process.[30] Besides Glock several other pistol manufacturers, including Smith & Wesson and Springfield Armory, Inc., also use ferritic nitrocarburizing for finishing parts like barrels and slides but they call it Melonite finish. Heckler & Koch use a nitrocarburizing process they refer to as Hostile Environment. Pistol manufacturer Caracal International L.L.C. uses ferritic nitrocarburizing for finishing parts such as barrels and slides with the plasma-based post oxidation process (PlasOx). Grandpower, a Slovakian firearms producer, also uses a quench polish quench (QPQ) treatment to harden metal parts on its K100 pistols.[31]

References

  1. ^ George E. Totten (28 September 2006). Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies. CRC. p. 530. ISBN 978-0-8493-8452-3.
  2. ^ Pye 2003, p. 193.
  3. ^ a b c Pye 2003, p. 202.
  4. ^ Pye 2003, pp. 193–194.
  5. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yt2DU-22qus
  6. ^ Imperial Chemical Industries, ltd (1954). "The 'Cassel' 'Sulfinuz' Process".
  7. ^ Pye 2003, p. 195.
  8. ^ Pye 2003, pp. 195–196.
  9. ^ Hans Velstrop (22 February 2015). "To find the way in the nomenclature jungle of nitrogen diffusion".
  10. ^ Pye 2003, pp. 196–197.
  11. ^ Pye 2003, pp. 201–202.
  12. ^ Easterday, James R., Liquid Ferritic Nitrocarburizing (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24, retrieved 2009-09-17.
  13. ^ History of the company, archived from the original on 2009-08-26, retrieved 2009-09-29.
  14. ^ a b Pye 2003, p. 203.
  15. ^ Melonite Processing, retrieved 2009-09-17.
  16. ^ Pye 2003, pp. 208–210.
  17. ^ Pye 2003, p. 217.
  18. ^ https://www.ahtcorp.com/services/nitriding-and-nitrocarburizing/ultraox/>
  19. ^ Pye 2003, p. 220.
  20. ^ a b Pye 2003, p. 219.
  21. ^ Pye 2003, p. 71.
  22. ^ An Introduction to Nitriding p. 9
  23. ^ Pye, David (2007), Steel Heat Treatment Metallurgy and Technologies, CRC Press, p. 493, ISBN 978-0-8493-8452-3.
  24. ^ MINIMIZING WEAR THROUGH COMBINED THERMO CHEMICAL AND PLASMA ACTIVATED DIFFUSION AND COATING PROCESSES by Thomas Mueller, Andreas Gebeshuber, Roland Kullmer, Christoph Lugmair, Stefan Perlot, Monika Stoiber Archived 2011-08-14 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Larisch, B; Brusky, U; Spies, HJ (1999). "Plasma nitriding of stainless steels at low temperatures". Surface and Coatings Technology. 116: 205–211. doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00084-5.
  26. ^ Holm, Torsten. "Furnace Atmospheres 3: Nitrading and Nitrocarburizing" (PDF). Ferronova. Ferronova. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  27. ^ Pye 2003, p. 222.
  28. ^ Kasler, Peter Alan (1992). Glock: The New Wave in Combat Handguns. Boulder, Col.: Paladin Press. pp. 136–137. ISBN 9780873646499. OCLC 26280979.
  29. ^ Kokalis, Peter (2001). Weapons Tests and Evaluations: The Best of Soldier of Fortune. Boulder, Col.: Paladin Press. p. 321. ISBN 9781581601220.
  30. ^ The Editor (2010-08-07). "Firearms History, Technology & Development". Retrieved 25 December 2014. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  31. ^ Grandpower on Tenifer QPQ
  1. ^ Other trade names include Tuffride/ Tuffrider, Sulfinuz, Sursulf, Meli 1, and Nitride, among others
  2. ^ Other methods of ferric nitrocarburizing include gaseous process such as Nitrotec and ion (plasma) ones such as Oxynit.

Bibliography

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