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Hurtful communication

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Article Draft

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Lead

Background

In the course of human interaction, one party will say or do something that causes negative emotional feelings for another[1]. Hurtful communication occurs when the receiver perceives social interaction as upsetting or harmful emotionally[2]. Negative social interactions can be intentional where one or both parties are involved in interpersonal conflict or unintentional where misunderstandings occur. Actions such as failure to recognize accomplishments or significant dates can cause hurtful events within relationships[3]. Hurtful communication more commonly occurs in intimate relationships where parties have disclosed more information to one another than stranger interaction[4]. Hurtful communication has been studied in romantic relationships including but not limited to marital relationships, sibling relationships, parent-child relationships, in-law relationships, work relationships, educator-student relationships, and friendships. In relation to other negative emotions such as anger or guilt, hurt is more often linked to interpersonal interaction[5]. Interactions are affected by hurtful communications[6].

History

Hurtful communication studies falls under relational communications which is an interdisciplinary subject with connections to psychology, sociology, and communications fields. Researchers have produced various studies over past two decades relating to hurtful communications.

What defines hurtful communication?

Types of hurtful verbal communications and actions:

  • Devaluation- the perception that one is not as close as thought. This can be a result of verbal or non-verbal communication where one party feels less important they they wish within the exchange.
  • Relational transgressions- the violation of relationship norms which causes one party to feel betrayal.
  • Hurtful messages- words that result in pain.

Responses to hurtful communication

Guerrero, Anderson & Afifi (2010) noted three ways people react and respond to hurtful communication[7]:

  • Active verbal responses-
  • Acquiescent responses-
  • Invulnerable responses-

References

Bippus, A. M., & Stacy L. Young. (2012). Using Appraisal Theory to Predict Emotional and Coping Responses to Hurtful Messages. Interpersona, 6(2), 176–190. https://doi-org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/10.5964/ijpr.v6i2.99

Guerrero, L.K., Andersen, P.A., & Afifi, W.A.(2010). Close encounters: Communication in relationships. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Hesse, C., Rauscher, E. A., Roberts, J. B., & Ortega, S. R. (2014). Investigating the Role of Hurtful Family Environment in the Relationship Between Affectionate Communication and Family Satisfaction. JOURNAL OF FAMILY COMMUNICATION, (2), 112. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.libdata.lib.ua.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsbl&AN=RN352950280&site=eds-live&scope=site

Hoskins, N. S., Woszidlo, A., & Kunkel, A. (2016). Words Can Hurt the Ones You Love: Interpersonal Trust as it Relates to Listening Anxiety and Verbal Aggression. Iowa Journal of Communication, 48(1/2), 96. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.libdata.lib.ua.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=118459975&site=eds-live&scope=site

Malachowski, M.M. & Frisby, B.N.(2015). The Aftermath of Hurtful Events: Cognitive, Communicative, and Relational Outcomes. Communication Quarterly, 63(2), 187–203. https://doi-org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/10.1080/01463373.2015.1012218

McLauren, R.M. & Pederson, J.R. (2014). Relational Communication and Understanding in Conversations About Hurtful Events Between Parents and Adolescents. Journal of Communication, 64(1), 145–166. https://doi-org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/10.1111/jcom.12072

Vangelisti, A. L. (2015). Hurtful Communication. In The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication (eds C. R. Berger, M. E. Roloff, S. R. Wilson, J. P. Dillard, J. Caughlin and D. Solomon). doi:10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic178

Vangelisti, A. L., Young, S. L., Carpenter-Theune, K. E., & Alexander, A. L. (2005). Why does it hurt? The perceived causes of hurt feelings. Communication Research, (4), 443. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.libdata.lib.ua.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.134536875&site=eds-live&scope=site

Young, S. (2010). Positive Perceptions of Hurtful Communication: The Packaging Matters. Communication Research Reports, 27(1), 49–57. https://doi-org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/10.1080/08824090903526562

Young, S., Bippus, A., & Dunbar, N. (2015). Comparing Romantic Partners’ Perceptions of Hurtful Communication During Conflict Conversations. Southern Communication Journal, 80(1), 39–54. https://doi-org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/10.1080/1041794X.2014.941113

  1. ^ Bippus, Amy M.; Young, Stacy L. (2012-12-19). "Using Appraisal Theory to Predict Emotional and Coping Responses to Hurtful Messages". Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships. 6 (2): 176–190. doi:10.5964/ijpr.v6i2.99. ISSN 1981-6472.
  2. ^ Young, Stacy L.; Bippus, Amy M.; Dunbar, Norah E. (2015-1). "Comparing Romantic Partners' Perceptions of Hurtful Communication During Conflict Conversations". Southern Communication Journal. 80 (1): 39–54. doi:10.1080/1041794X.2014.941113. ISSN 1041-794X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Vangelisti, Anita L.; Young, Stacy L.; Carpenter-Theune, Katy E.; Alexander, Alicia L. (2005-08). "Why Does It Hurt?". Communication Research. 32 (4): 443–477. doi:10.1177/0093650205277319. ISSN 0093-6502. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Guerrero, Laura K.,. Close encounters : communication in relationships. Andersen, Peter A.,, Afifi, Walid A., (Fifth edition ed.). Los Angeles. ISBN 9781506376721. OCLC 962141064. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Vangelisti, Anita L.; Young, Stacy L.; Carpenter-Theune, Katy E.; Alexander, Alicia L. (2005-08). "Why Does It Hurt?". Communication Research. 32 (4): 443–477. doi:10.1177/0093650205277319. ISSN 0093-6502. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Vangelisti, Anita L. (2015-12-01), Berger, Charles R; Roloff, Michael E; Wilson, Steve R; Dillard, James Price (eds.), "Hurtful Communication", The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1–9, doi:10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic178, ISBN 9781118540190, retrieved 2019-09-28
  7. ^ Guerrero, Laura K.,. Close encounters : communication in relationships. Andersen, Peter A.,, Afifi, Walid A., (Fifth edition ed.). Los Angeles. ISBN 9781506376721. OCLC 962141064. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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