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New Content Created

New content on pre-Nazi Homosexual Community in Germany:

New Content: Despite societal marginalization, a lively homosexual counterculture in Germany gradually developed throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In Berlin alone there were over forty gay clubs and meeting places, staffed by homosexuals, that served as popular pubs for gay community including more famous spots like 'Queer's Way' in Tiergarten. Private baths and other places were used as fronts for homosexuals to gather and socialize well.

New content on the revision of paragraph 175a in Nazi law:

New Content: Additionally, in 1935 paragraph 175 was altered with paragraph 175a which expanded the criminal offenses relating to homosexuality. This expanded homosexual conduct to include criminal indecency which encompassed any actions that went against "public morality" or "aroused sexual desires in oneself or strangers." As a result, someone could be prosecuted under 175a for looking at a man in an "enticing way."

New content on crackdown of homosexuals:

New Content: One homosexual man recounts was also regularly summoned to the Gestapo office for interrogation for a period of weeks following the arrest of an earlier romantic partner. He, like many homosexuals at the time, had to break off all relations with all his friends in the homosexuality community as he commented that "we lived like animals in a wild game park...always sensing the hunters." Arrested homosexuals were used to generate lists of other members in the gay community, leading towards a societal purge of the homosexual community.

Additions Made to Existing Sentences/Sentenes

Edit on lack of record of homosexual victims:

Original: Homosexual concentration camp prisoners were not acknowledged as victims of Nazi persecution in either post-war German state.

Edited: Homosexual concentration camp prisoners were not acknowledged as victims of Nazi persecution in either post-war German state. Additionally, neither state contained a record of homosexual victims of the Holocaust.

Edit on legal changes to Paragraph 175:

Original: Paragraph 175 was not repealed until 1994, although both East and West Germany liberalized their laws against adult homosexuality in the late 1960s.

Edited: Paragraph 175 was not repealed until 1994, although both East and West Germany liberalized their laws against adult homosexuality in the late 1960s. However, the Nazi edits to the law were partially repealed in 1950 while homosexual acts between adults were legalized in 1968.

Edit on treatment of gay men in concentration camps:

Original: For instance, they were assigned the most dangerous tasks at the Dora-Mittelbau underground rocket factory and the stone quarries at Flossenbürg and Buchenwald. SS soldiers also were known to use gay men for target practice, aiming their weapons at the pink triangles their human targets were forced to wear.

Edited: For instance, they were assigned the most dangerous tasks at the Dora-Mittelbau underground rocket factory and the stone quarries at Flossenbürg and Buchenwald. SS soldiers also were known to use gay men for target practice, aiming their weapons at the pink triangles their human targets were forced to wear, in camps such as the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Homosexuals were indiscriminately killed while they were creating artificial mound targets with earth and clay on the shooting range as guards often targeted homosexuals instead of the shooting rage targets themselves.

Edit on the change in the Berlin gay community during 1933 (beginning of the purge):

Original: A climate of fear took hold over the homosexual community, with – for example – many lesbians getting married to avoid being sent to the concentration camps that had first appeared in March 1933.

Edited: A climate of fear took hold over the homosexual community, with – for example – many lesbians getting married to avoid being sent to the concentration camps that had first appeared in March 1933. The raids of 1933 marked a stark turning point in the Nazi persecution of homosexuals as the gay community withdrew from the clubs and groups that had dominated the homosexual community in Germany. The personal testimony of an anonymous subject described the change in political climate as a "thunderbolt", while many of his Jewish and homosexual friends started to disappear as they were presumably detained.

Edit on Ernst Röhm:

Edit on Ernst Röhm:

Original: As a consequence, many fled Germany (e.g., Erika Mann, Richard Plant). Röhm himself was gay, but he subscribed to an ultra-macho "hard" image and despised the "soft" homosexuals.

Edited: As a consequence, many fled Germany (e.g., Erika Mann, Richard Plant). Röhm himself was gay, but he subscribed to an ultra-macho "hard" image and despised the "soft" homosexuals. Parties opposing Hitler even used Ernst, who was known to visit many of Berlin's gay clubs and parlors and was a member of the League of Human Rights, to attack Hitler by discussing "Hitler's queer friend Röhm".

Added Citations to the article:

Burleigh, Michael, and Wolfgang Wippermann. “The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945.” Cambridge Core, Cambridge University Press, 16 Dec. 2008.

Eissler, W. U. (1980). Arbeiterparteien und Homosexuellenfrage : zur Sexualpolitik von SPD und KPD in der Weimarer Republik. Verlag Rosa Winkel. ISBN 3921495504. OCLC 476524293.

Plant, Richard. (2013). The pink triangle : the nazi war against homosexuals. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9781429936934. OCLC 872608428.

Stümke, Hans-Georg; Finkler, Rudi (1981). Rosa Winkel, Rosa Listen: Homosexuelle und 'Gesundes Volksempfinden' von Auschwitz bis heute. Hamburg. p. 238.

Stümke, Hans-Georg. (1989). Homosexuelle in Deutschland : eine politische Geschichte. Beck. ISBN 3406331300. OCLC 230964202.

Giles, Geoffrey J. “The Denial of Homosexuality: Same-Sex Incidents in Himmler’s SS and Police.” Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 11 no. 1, 2002, pp. 256-290. Project MUSE

“Nazi Persecution of Homosexual 1933-1945.” USHMM, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, www.ushmm.org/exhibition/persecution-of-homosexuals/.

Scally, Derek. “Holocaust Resistance.” The White Rose - A Lesson in Dissent, Jewish Virtual Library, 30 Jan. 2018.

Whisnant, Clayton John. Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History, 1880-1945. Harrington Park Press, 2016.