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22 equal temperament

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In music, 22 equal temperament, called 22-TET, 22-EDO, or 22-ET, is the tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 22 equal steps (equal frequency ratios). Playⓘ Each step represents a frequency ratio of 22√2, or 54.55 cents (Playⓘ).

When composing with 22-ET, one needs to take into account different facts. Considering the 5-limit, there is a difference between 3 fifths and the sum of 1 fourth + 1 major third. It means that, starting from C, there are two A's - one 16 steps and one 17 steps away. There is also a difference between a major tone and a minor tone. In C major, the second note (D) will be 4 steps away. However, in A minor, where A is 6 steps below C, the fourth note (D) will be 9 steps above A, so 3 steps above C. So when switching from C major to A minor, one need to slightly change the note D. These discrepancies arise because, unlike 12-ET, 22-ET does not temper out the syntonic comma of 81/80, and in fact exaggerates its size by mapping it to one step.

Extending 22-ET to the 7-limit, we find the septimal minor seventh (7/4) can be distinguished from the sum of a fifth (3/2) and a minor third (6/5). Also the septimal subminor third (7/6) is different from the minor third (6/5). This mapping tempers out the septimal comma of 64/63, which allows 22-ET to function as a "Superpythagorean" system where four stacked fifths are equated with the septimal major third (9/7) rather than the usual pental third of 5/4. This system is a "mirror image" of septimal meantone in many ways. Instead of tempering the fifth narrow so that intervals of 5 are simple while intervals of 7 are complex, the fifth is tempered wide so that intervals of 7 are simple while intervals of 5 are complex. The enharmonic structure is also reversed: sharps are sharper than flats, similar to Pythagorean tuning, but to a greater degree.

Finally, 22-ET has a good approximation of the 11th harmonic, and is in fact the smallest equal temperament to be consistent in the 11-limit.

The net effect is that 22-ET allows (and to some extent even forces) the exploration of new musical territory, while still having excellent approximations of common practice consonances.


History and use

The idea of dividing the octave into 22 steps of equal size seems to have originated with nineteenth-century music theorist RHM Bosanquet. Inspired by the division of the octave into 22 unequal parts in the music theory of India, Bosanquet noted that an equal division was capable of representing 5-limit music with tolerable accuracy.[1] In this he was followed in the twentieth century by theorist José Würschmidt, who noted it as a possible next step after 19 equal temperament, and J. Murray Barbour in his survey of tuning history, Tuning and Temperament.[2] Contemporary advocates of 22 equal temperament include music theorist Paul Erlich.

Notation

22-EDO can be notated several ways. The first, Up/Down Notation, uses ups and downs in addition to sharps and flats, chord spellings may change(C, E↓, G is C major triad). This yields the following chromatic scale:

C, C↑, C♯↓, C♯,

D, E♭, E♭↑, E↓, E,

F, F↑, F♯↓, F♯,

G, G↑/A♭, G♯↓/A♭↑, G♯/A↓,

A, B♭, B♭↑, B↓, B, C

The second, Quarter Tone Notation, uses quarter tone notation to divide the notes of Up/Down Notation. However, some chord spellings may change(C, Ehalf flat, G is C major triad). This yields the following chromatic scale:

C, Chalf sharp, C♯/D♭, Dhalf flat,

D, Dhalf sharp, D♯/E♭, Ehalf flat, E,

F, Fhalf sharp, F♯/G♭, Ghalf flat,

G, Ghalf sharp, G♯/A♭, Ahalf flat,

A, Ahalf sharp, A♯/B♭, Bhalf flat, B, C

The third, Porcupine Notation, introduces no new accidentals, but significantly changes chord spellings(C, E♯, G♯ is C major triad). In addition, enharmonicities from 12-EDO are no longer valid. This yields the following chromatic scale:

C, C♯, D♭, D, D♯, E♭, E, E♯, F♭, F, F♯, G♭, G, G♯, Gdouble sharp/Adouble flat, A♭, A, A♯, B♭, B, B♯, C♭, C

Interval size

Here are the sizes of some common intervals in this system (intervals that are more than 1/4 of a step, in this case, more than ≈13.5 cents, out of tune):

interval name size (steps) size (cents) midi just ratio just (cents) midi error
octave 22 1200 2:1 1200 0
major seventh 20 1090.91 Playⓘ 15:8 1088.27 Playⓘ −2.64
17:10 wide major sixth 17 927.27 Playⓘ 17:10 918.64 −8.63
major sixth 16 872.73 Playⓘ 5:3 884.36 Playⓘ −11.63
perfect fifth 13 709.09 Playⓘ 3:2 701.95 Playⓘ +7.14
septendecimal tritone 11 600.00 Playⓘ 17:12 603.00 −3.00
septimal tritone 11 600.00 7:5 582.51 Playⓘ +17.49
11:8 wide fourth 10 545.45 Playⓘ 11:8 551.32 Playⓘ −5.87
15:11 wide fourth 10 545.45 15:11 536.95 Playⓘ +8.50
perfect fourth 9 490.91 Playⓘ 4:3 498.05 Playⓘ −7.14
septendecimal supermajor third 8 436.36 Playⓘ 22:17 446.36 −10.00
septimal major third 8 436.36 9:7 435.08 Playⓘ +1.28
undecimal major third 8 436.36 14:11 417.51 Playⓘ +18.86
major third 7 381.82 Playⓘ 5:4 386.31 Playⓘ −4.49
undecimal neutral third 6 327.27 Playⓘ 11:9 347.41 Playⓘ −20.14
septendecimal supraminor third 6 327.27 17:14 336.13 Playⓘ −8.86
minor third 6 327.27 6:5 315.64 Playⓘ +11.63
septendecimal augmented second 5 272.73 Playⓘ 20:17 281.36 −8.63
septimal minor third 5 272.73 7:6 266.88 Playⓘ +5.85
septimal whole tone 4 218.18 Playⓘ 8:7 231.17 Playⓘ −12.99
septendecimal major second 4 218.18 17:15 216.69 +1.50
whole tone, major tone 4 218.18 9:8 203.91 Playⓘ +14.27
whole tone, minor tone 3 163.64 Playⓘ 10:9 182.40 Playⓘ −18.77
neutral second, greater undecimal 3 163.64 11:10 165.00 Playⓘ −1.37
neutral second, lesser undecimal 3 163.64 12:11 150.64 Playⓘ +13.00
septimal diatonic semitone 2 109.09 Playⓘ 15:14 119.44 Playⓘ −10.35
diatonic semitone, just 2 109.09 16:15 111.73 Playⓘ −2.64
17th harmonic 2 109.09 17:16 104.95 Playⓘ +4.13
Arabic lute index finger 2 109.09 18:17 98.95 Playⓘ +10.14
septimal chromatic semitone 2 109.09 21:20 84.47 Playⓘ +24.62
chromatic semitone, just 1 54.55 Playⓘ 25:24 70.67 Playⓘ −16.13
septimal third-tone 1 54.55 28:27 62.96 Playⓘ −8.42
undecimal quarter tone 1 54.55 33:32 53.27 Playⓘ +1.27
septimal quarter tone 1 54.55 36:35 48.77 Playⓘ +5.78

See also

References

  1. ^ Bosanquet, R.H.M. "On the Hindoo division of the octave, with additions to the theory of higher orders" (Archived 2009-10-22), Proceedings of the Royal Society of London vol. 26 (March 1, 1877, to December 20, 1877) Taylor & Francis, London 1878, pp. 372–384. (Reproduced in Tagore, Sourindro Mohun, Hindu Music from Various Authors, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi, India, 1965).
  2. ^ Barbour, James Murray, Tuning and temperament, a historical survey, East Lansing, Michigan State College Press, 1953 [c1951].
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