Jump to content

Robotic process automation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by T patrick VA (talk | contribs) at 22:31, 12 November 2019 (→RPA in business). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Robotic process automation (or RPA) is an emerging form of business process automation technology based on the notion of metaphorical software robots (bots) or artificial intelligence (AI) workers.[1]

In traditional workflow automation tools, a software developer produces a list of actions to automate a task and interface to the back-end system using internal application programming interfaces (APIs) or dedicated scripting language. In contrast, RPA systems develop the action list by watching the user perform that task in the application's graphical user interface (GUI), and then perform the automation by repeating those tasks directly in the GUI. This can lower the barrier to use of automation in products that might not otherwise feature APIs for this purpose.

RPA tools have strong technical similarities to graphical user interface testing tools. These tools also automate interactions with the GUI, and often do so by repeating a set of demonstration actions performed by a user. RPA tools differ from such systems including features that allow data to be handled in and between multiple applications, for instance, receiving email containing an invoice, extracting the data, and then typing that into a bookkeeping system.

Historic evolution

As a form of automation, the same concept has been around for a long time in the form of screen scraping but RPA is considered to be a significant technological evolution of this technique in the sense that new software platforms are emerging which are sufficiently mature, resilient, scalable and reliable to make this approach viable for use in large enterprises[2] (who would otherwise be reluctant due to perceived risks to quality and reputation).

By way of illustration of how far the technology has developed since its early form in screen scraping, it is useful to consider the example cited in one academic study. Users of one platform at Xchanging anthropomorphized their robot into a co-worker named "Poppy" and even invited "her" to the Christmas party.[3][4] Such an illustration perhaps serves to demonstrate the level of intuition, engagement and ease of use of modern RPA technology platforms, that leads their users (or "trainers") to relate to them as beings rather than abstract software services. The "code-free" nature of RPA (described below) is just one of a number of significant differentiating features of RPA vs. screen scraping.[5]

Deployment

The hosting of RPA services also aligns with the metaphor of a software robot, with each robotic instance having its own virtual workstation, much like a human worker. The robot uses keyboard and mouse controls to take actions and execute automations. Normally all of these actions take place in a virtual environment and not on screen; the robot does not need a physical screen to operate, rather it interprets the screen display electronically. The scalability of modern solutions based on architectures such as these owes much to the advent of virtualization technology, without which the scalability of large deployments would be limited by available capacity to manage physical hardware and by the associated costs. The implementation of RPA in business enterprises has shown dramatic cost savings when compared to traditional non-RPA solutions.[6]

There are however several risks with RPA. Criticism include risks of stifling innovation and creating a more complex maintenance environment of existing software that now needs to consider the use of graphical user interfaces in a way they weren't intended to be used.[7]

Impact on employment

See also: Technological unemployment and Automation

According to Harvard Business Review, most operations groups adopting RPA have promised their employees that automation would not result in layoffs.[3] Instead, workers have been redeployed to do more interesting work. One academic study highlighted that knowledge workers did not feel threatened by automation: they embraced it and viewed the robots as team-mates.[4] The same study highlighted that, rather than resulting in a lower "headcount", the technology was deployed in such a way as to achieve more work and greater productivity with the same number of people.

Conversely however, some analysts proffer that RPA represents a threat to the business process outsourcing (BPO) industry.[8] The thesis behind this notion is that RPA will enable enterprises to "repatriate" processes from offshore locations into local data centers, with the benefit of this new technology. The effect, if true, will be to create high value jobs for skilled process designers in onshore locations (and within the associated supply chain of IT hardware, data center management, etc.) but to decrease the available opportunity to low skilled workers offshore. On the other hand, this discussion appears to be healthy ground for debate as another academic study was at pains to counter the so-called "myth" that RPA will bring back many jobs from offshore.[4]

Impact on society

Academic studies[9][10] project that RPA, among other technological trends, is expected to drive a new wave of productivity and efficiency gains in the global labour market. Although not directly attributable to RPA alone, Oxford University conjectures that up to 35% of all jobs may have been automated by 2035.[9]

In a TEDx talk[11] hosted by UCL in London, entrepreneur David Moss explains that digital labour in the form of RPA is not only likely to revolutionise the cost model of the services industry by driving the price of products and services down, but that it is likely to drive up service levels, quality of outcomes and create increased opportunity for the personalisation of services.

Meanwhile, Professor Willcocks, author of the LSE paper[10] cited above, speaks of increased job satisfaction and intellectual stimulation, characterising the technology as having the ability to "take the robot out of the human",[12] a reference to the notion that robots will take over the mundane and repetitive portions of people's daily workload, leaving them to be redeployed into more interpersonal roles or to concentrate on the remaining, more meaningful, portions of their day.

Robotic process automation 2.0

Robotic process automation 2.0, often referred to as "unassisted RPA,"[13] is the next generation of RPA related technologies. Technological advancements and improvements around artificial intelligence technologies are making it easier for businesses to take advantage of the benefits of RPA without dedicating a large budget for development work.[14]

While unassisted RPA has a number of benefits, it is not without drawbacks. Utilizing unassisted RPA, a process can be run on a computer without needing input from a user, freeing up that user to do other work. However, in order to be effective, very clear rules need to be established in order for the processes to run smoothly.[15]

Hyperautomation

Hyperautomation is the application of advanced technologies like RPA, Artificial Intelligence, machine learning (ML) and Process Mining to augment workers and automate processes in ways that are significantly more impactful that traditional automation capabilities. [16][17][18]. Hyperautomation is the combination of automation tools to deliver work.[19].

Gartner’s report notes that this trend was kicked off with robotic process automation (RPA). The report notes that, “RPA alone is not hyperautomation. Hyperautomation requires a combination of tools to help support replicating pieces of where the human is involved in a task."[20]

RPA failures

RPA automates a clearly defined process, but most enterprise don’t have clearly defined processes, So they start automating, and either automate the wrong thing or get lost in trying to reverse engineer the process. [21]

RPA in business

Grand View Research, Inc. performed a study in October, 2018, and said that the primary companies in the RPA market included: Automation Anywhere, Inc.; Blue Prism Group PLC; UIPath Inc.; Be Informed B.V.; OpenSpan; and Jacada, Inc.[22] UIPath, Automation Anywhere, Blue Prism, NICE are the Leaders in the industry according to research firm Everest Group.[23] A recent report released in 2019 predicts the CAGR of robotic process automation market in India at 20% annually[24].

In 2019, Gartner released its first 'Magic Quadrant' for RPA. UiPath, Blue Prism and Automation Anywhere was named in the market in this order.[25]

References

  1. ^ AI interns:Software already taking jobs from humans, New Scientist
  2. ^ Robotic Automation Emerges as a Threat to Traditional Low Cost Outsourcing, HfS Research, archived from the original on 2015-09-21
  3. ^ a b What knowledge workers stand to gain from automation, Harvard Business Review
  4. ^ a b c Robotic Process Automation at Xchanging (PDF), London School of Economics
  5. ^ Ciufudean, Calin (2018-07-10). "Industry 4.0`S Product Development Process Aided by Robotic Process Automation". Robotics & Automation Engineering Journal. 3 (3). doi:10.19080/raej.2018.03.555614. ISSN 2577-2899.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ [1]
  7. ^ DeBrusk, Chris. "Five Robotic Process Automation Risks to Avoid". MIT Sloan Management Review. MIT Sloan Management Review. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  8. ^ Gartner Predicts 2014: Business and IT Services Are Facing the End of Outsourcing as We Know It, Gartner
  9. ^ a b THE FUTURE OF EMPLOYMENT: HOW SUSCEPTIBLE ARE JOBS TO COMPUTERISATION?, archived from the original on 2016-02-05
  10. ^ a b Nine likely scenarios arising from the growing use of software robots (PDF), London School of Economics
  11. ^ White Collar Robots: The Virtual Workforce, TEDx Talks
  12. ^ Technology is not about to steal your job, www.techworld.com
  13. ^ Technologies, AIMDek (2018-08-29). "Evolution of Robotic Process Automation (RPA): The Path to Cognitive RPA". Medium. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
  14. ^ "Robotic Process Automation and the Age of the Digital Workforce". SDLC Partners. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
  15. ^ Brain, David. "RPA Technical Insights, Part 3: Assisted or Unassisted Robotic Process Automation: How to choose the right delivery model for your project". blog.symphonyhq.com. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
  16. ^ "Gartner Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2020". Gartner.
  17. ^ "Gartner Tech Trends 2020". Gigabit Magazine.
  18. ^ "Hyperautomation among top 10 technology trends for 2020". Tech Republic.
  19. ^ "Gartner's top 10 strategic trends for 2020". Information Age.
  20. ^ "Gartner Announces Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends For 2020". Forbes.
  21. ^ https://airational.com/rpa-pitfalls-and-tips-for-avoiding-rpa-failures/
  22. ^ "Robotic Process Automation (RPA) Market Worth $3.11 Billion by 2025". www.grandviewresearch.com. Retrieved 2019-03-25.
  23. ^ Robotic Process Automation (RPA) – Technology Vendor Landscape with Products PEAK Matrix™ Assessment 2019
  24. ^ "The Indian Robotic Process Automation (RPA) Market 2019-2025: Led by UiPath, Blue Prism, Automation Anywhere, Kofax, and WorkFusion - ResearchAndMarkets.com". www.businesswire.com. 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2019-09-18.
  25. ^ Ramnani, Meeta (2019-07-16). "Gartner Released Its First Magic Quadrant for RPA with Three Leaders". EnterpriseTalk. Retrieved 2019-09-20.

Sources

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Robotic_process_automation&oldid=925882307"