Hell Creek Formation

Hell Creek Formation
Hell Creek Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian–Danian (Lancian); ~66.8–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Exposure in the badlands in the vicinity of Fort Peck Reservoir
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Montana Group
Sub-units	Breien, Little Beaver Creek, Middle Sandstone & Pretty Butte Members
Underlies	Fort Union Formation
Overlies	Fox Hills Formation
Thickness	50-100 metres
Lithology
Primary	Claystone, mudstone
Other	Sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate, amber
Location
Coordinates	46°54′N 101°30′W / 46.9°N 101.5°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	52°36′N 74°24′W / 52.6°N 74.4°W
Region	Montana, North Dakota,; South Dakota, Wyoming
Country	United States
Type section
Named for	Hell Creek, Jordan, Montana
Named by	Barnum Brown
Year defined	1907

The Hell Creek Formation is an intensively-studied division of mostly Upper Cretaceous and some lower Paleocene rocks in North America, named for exposures studied along Hell Creek, near Jordan, Montana. The formation stretches over portions of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. In Montana, the Hell Creek Formation overlies the Fox Hills Formation. The site of Pompeys Pillar National Monument is a small isolated section of the Hell Creek Formation. In 1966, the Hell Creek Fossil Area was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.^[1]

It is a series of fresh and brackish-water clays, mudstones, and sandstones deposited during the Maastrichtian and Danian (respectively, the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Paleogene) by fluvial activity in fluctuating river channels and deltas and very occasional peaty swamp deposits along the low-lying eastern continental margin fronting the late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. The climate was mild, and the presence of crocodilians suggests a sub-tropical climate, with no prolonged annual cold. The famous iridium-enriched Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, which separates the Cretaceous from the Cenozoic, occurs as a discontinuous but distinct thin marker bedding above and occasionally within the formation, near its boundary with the overlying Fort Union Formation.

The world's largest collection of Hell Creek fossils is housed and exhibited at the Museum of the Rockies, in Bozeman, Montana. The specimens displayed are the result of the museum's Hell Creek Project, a joint effort between the museum, Montana State University, the University of Washington,^[2] the University of California, Berkeley, the University of North Dakota, and the University of North Carolina which began in 1998.

Geology

The Hell Creek Formation in Montana overlies the Fox Hills Formation and underlies the Fort Union Formation, and the boundary with the latter occurs near the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (K-Pg), which defines the end of the Cretaceous period and has been dated to 66 ± 0.07 Ma old.^[3] The 90 metres of deposit was created in about 2 million years.^[4] Fauna characteristic of the Hell Creek (Lancian land vertebrate age) are found as high as a few meters below the boundary.^[5]

The K-Pg boundary is generally situated near the contact between the upper Hell Creek and the lower Ludlow member of the Fort Union Formation, though in some areas (e.g. in North Dakota) the boundary is well within the Ludlow Member, 3 metres (9.8 ft) above the boundary with the Hell Creek in some areas.^[5] On the other hand, in some small regions of Montana, the Hell Creek Formation contains the K-Pg boundary, and extends slightly into the Paleogene.^[6]

The Tanis site in North Dakota contains evidence of what is proposed to be a record of the effects of the Chicxulub meteorite impact – such as the chaotic mixing of fossil carcasses and a layer of glass tektites with associated impact impressions – deposited minutes to hours after the impact.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Paleobiology

Hell Creek Fauna

Many animals including dinosaurs lived in the Hell Creek Formation. The Hell Creek Formation has world-famous dinosaur fossil sites. Fossils are found of sea creatures from the recession and adjacent inland sea at that time. Vertebrates include dinosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodiles, champsosaurs, lizards, snakes, turtles, frogs and salamanders. Remains of fishes and mammals have also been found in the Hell Creek Formation. The formation has produced impressive assemblages of invertebrates (including ammonites), plants, mammals, fish, reptiles (including the lizard Obamadon), marine reptiles (including the marine reptiles like mosasaurs, plesiosaurs and sea turtles), and amphibians. Notable dinosaur finds include Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops, ornithomimids as well, caenagnathids like Anzu, a variety of small theropods, pachycephalosaurs, ankylosaurs, crocodylomorphs and squamates, including various animal fossils unearthed in the Hell Creek Formation. The most complete hadrosaurid dinosaur ever found, an Edmontosaurus, was retrieved in 2000 from the Hell Creek Formation and widely publicized in a National Geographic documentary aired in December 2007. A few bird, mammal, and pterosaur fossils have also been found. The teeth of sharks and rays are sometimes found in the riverine Hell Creek Formation, suggesting that some of these taxa were then, as now, tolerant of fresh water. The "Lancian" fauna is more similar overall phylogenetically to East Asian and Canadian/Alaskan faunas than most Campanian North American faunas.

Depositional environment

It is a series of fresh and brackish-water clays, mudstones, and sandstones deposited during the Maastrichtian and Danian (respectively, the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Paleogene) by fluvial activity in fluctuating channels and deltas and very occasional peaty swamp deposits along the low-lying eastern continental margin fronting the late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. The Hell Creek Formation, as typified by exposures in the Fort Peck area of Montana, has been interpreted as a flat, forested floodplain with a relatively subtropical climate that supported a variety of plants ranging from angiosperm trees to conifers such as the bald cypress, ferns and ginkgos. The Hell Creek Formation was laid down by streams, on a coastal plain along the edge of the Western Interior Seaway. The presence of crocodilia suggests climate was subtropical; there was no cold season and probably ample precipitation.

The Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation and Scollard Formation represent different sections of the western shore of the shallow sea that divided western and eastern North America during the Cretaceous. Swampy lowlands were the habitat of various animals, including dinosaurs. A broad coastal plain extended westward from the seaway to the newly formed Rocky Mountains. These formations are composed largely of sandstone and mudstone which have been attributed to floodplain, fluvial, lacustrine, swamp, estuarine and coastal plain environments.^[10]^[11]^[12] Hell Creek is the best studied of these ancient environments. At the time, this region had a subtropical, warm and moist climate. The climate was humid, with flowering plants, conifers, palmettos, and ferns in the swamps, and conifers, canopy, understory plants, ash trees, live oak and shrubs in the forests. In northwestern South Dakota, strips of black layers deposited in the wetland environment are rich in coal, and a bright band-like layer of sand and mud from the river floodplain accumulated. Many plant species were supported, primarily angiosperms, and less commonly conifers, bald cypress, ferns and cycads. An abundance of fossil leaves are found at dozens of different sites indicating that the area was largely forested by small trees.

Invertebrates

Invertebrates reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Plesielliptio	P. postbiplicatus				Fresh water Pelecypod.
	P. gibbosoides
	P. whitfieldi
Rhabdotophorus	R. aldrichi
Pleurobema	P. cryptorhynchus
Plethobasus	P. aesopiformis
Plethobasus	P. biesopoides
Quadrula	Q. cylindricoides
Proparreysia	P. verrucosiformis
	P. holmesiana
	P. barnumi
	P. percorrugata
	P. pyramidatoides
	P. letsoni
	P. retusoides
	P. corbiculoides
	P. paucinodosa
Obovaria?	O?. pyramidella
Corbicula	C. cf. subelliptica
Corbicula	C. sp				From a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota. Modern members of this genus live in fresh water
Sphaerium	S. beckmani				"Pill clam". "Nut clam". "Fingernail clam". "Pea clam". Family Sphaeriidae.
Pleiodon	Indeterminate
Campeloma	C. sp				Freshwater snail.
Anomia	A. gryphorhyncha				Bivalve. Family Anomiidae. From a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota.
Crassostrea	C. subtrigonalis				Oyster. Family Ostreidae. Collected from a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota.
Granocardium	G. sp				Bivalve. Family Cardiidae (cockle). Collected from a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota.
Hiatella?	H. sp				Bivalve. Present members of this genus are rock borers. Collected from a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota.
Leptosolen	indeterminate				Bivalve. Family Cultellidae. Collected from a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota.
Sphenodiscus	S. lenticularis				Ammonite. From a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota.
Discoscaphites	D. rossi				Microconch of an ammonite. From a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota.
Scaphitidae	indeterminate				Ammonite. From a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota. Other attributes: specimen has hooks on its shell.
Cephaloleichnites	C. strongi				hispine beetle. ("leaf beetle")

Amphibians

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Amphibians reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Anura (frog)^[13]	indeterminate^[13]	North Dakota^[14] South Dakota^[14]	Middle to upper Hell Creek Formation^[15]	3 unassigned specimens^[16]	Anura indet. consists of material not currently assigned to any genus of frog.^[13]
Barbourula^[17]	Indeterminate^[18]	Montana^[19]
Caudata (salamander)^[13]	indeterminate^[13]	North Dakota^[14] South Dakota^[14]	Lower to uppermost Hell Creek Formation^[15]	149 unassigned specimens^[16]	Material of Caudata indet. is not currently assigned to any genus.^[13]
Eopelobates^[20]	Indeterminate^[18]	Montana^[19]
Habrosaurus^[13]^[18]	H. dilatus^[13]^[18]	Montana^[19] North Dakota^[14] South Dakota^[14]	Middle to upper Hell Creek Formation^[15]	6 specimens^[16]	Habrosaurus is a sirenid amphibian.^[13]
Lisserpeton^[18]	L. bairdi^[18]	Montana^[19]
Opisthotriton^[13]^[18]	O. kayi^[13]^[18]	Montana^[19] North Dakota^[14] South Dakota^[14]	Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation^[15]	22 specimens^[16]	Opisthotriton is classified as a Batrachosauroididae.^[13]
Paranecturus^[21]	P. garbanii^[21]	Montana^[21]			A member of Proteidae.^[21]
Proamphiuma^[18]	P. cretacica^[18]	Montana^[19]
Prodesmodon^[18]	P. copei^[18]	Montana^[19]
Scapherpeton^[13]^[18]	S. tectum^[13]^[18]	Montana^[19] North Dakota^[14] South Dakota^[14]	Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation^[15]	144 specimens^[16]	Scapherpeton is a scapherpetonid that is very common in the Hell Creek Formation.^[13]
Scotiophryne^[18]	S. pustulosa^[18]	Montana^[19]			A small frog

Fish

Bony fish

Bony fishes reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Acipenser^[13]^[22]	A. eruciferus^[22]	Montana^[23]			A sturgeon
Acipenser^[13]^[22]	cf. A. sp.^[13]	North Dakota^[14] South Dakota^[14]	Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation^[15]	18 specimens are tentatively assigned to Acipenser sp.^[16]	Acipenser sp. is tentatively referred to the genus.^[13]
Amia^[22]	A. fragosa^[22]	Montana^[23]			small amiid fish (ubiquitous). Closely related to the modern Bowfin
Belonostomus^[13]^[22]	B. longirostris^[13]^[22]	Montana^[23] North Dakota^[14] South Dakota^[14]	Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation^[15]	28 specimens^[16]	A long-snouted slender fish classified as an aspidorhynchid.^[13]
Coriops^[24]	C. amnicolus^[24]	Montana^[25]
Kindleia^[13]	K. fragosa^[13]	North Dakota^[14] South Dakota^[14]	Lower to uppermost Hell Creek Formation^[15]	2610 specimens have been assigned to Kindleia, making it an extremely common genus.^[16]	Kindleia is a genus assigned to Amiidae, along with Melvius and Amia.^[13]
Lepisosteus^[13]^[22]	L. occidentalis^[13]^[22]	Montana^[23] North Dakota^[14] South Dakota^[14]	Lower to uppermost Hell Creek Formation^[15]	938 specimens are assigned to Lepidosteus^[16]	A lepidosteid that is very common in the Hell Creek Formation.^[13]
Melvius^[13]	M. thomasi^[13]	North Dakota^[14] South Dakota^[14]	Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation^[15]	6 specimens are assigned to Melvius^[16]	A large amiid fish.^[13]
Phyllodus	P. paulkatoi				fish with columnar teeth
Palaeolabrus^[22]	P. montanensis^[22]	Montana^[23]
Paleopsephurus^[22]	P. wilsoni^[22]	Montana^[23]			A paddlefish
Palaeolabrus	P. montanensis				fish (incertae sedis)
Paralbula^[26]	P. casei^[26]	Montana^[25]
Platacodon^[24]	P. nanus^[24]	Montana^[25]			small teleost fish
Protamia^[22]	Indeterminate^[22]	Montana^[23]
Pachyrhizodontoidei	Indeterminate				Fish
Protoscaphirhynchus^[22]	P. squamosus^[22]	Montana^[23]			a sturgeon

Cartilaginous fish

Chondrichthyes reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Chiloscyllium^[27]	C. sp.^[27]	Montana^[27]			A member of Hemiscylliidae.^[27]
Galagadon^[28]	G. nordquistae	South Dakota		Isolated teeth	A carpet shark
Lonchidion^[29]	L. selachos^[29]	Montana^[30] North Dakota^[14] South Dakota^[14]	Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation^[15]	40 specimens^[16]	A genus of prehistoric sharks in the family Hybodontidae. It makes up 0.4% of the remains of the vertebrates of the Hell Creek Formation.^[13]
Myledaphus^[27]	M. pustulosus^[27]	Montana^[27] North Dakota^[14] South Dakota^[14]	Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation.^[15]	1677 specimens^[16] previously assigned to M. bipartitus.^[27]	Is an anacoracid batoid^[13] rajiform related to guitarfishes.^[27] Described on the basis of teeth formerly assigned to the species M. bipartitus.^[27] The material assigned to Myledaphus bipartitus and makes up 16.5% of the vertebrate remains.^[13]
Protoginglymostoma^[27]	P. estesi^[27]	Montana^[27]			A member of Ginglymostomatidae.^[27] Formerly assigned to the genus Brachaelurus.
Restesia^[27]	R. americana^[27]	Montana^[27] North Dakota^[14] South Dakota^[14]	Middle Hell Creek Formation^[15]	5 specimens previously assigned to Squatirhina^[16]	A wobbegong-like shark.^[27] Formerly assigned to Squatirhina. The remains consist of 0.05% of the vertebrates.^[16] Also known from the Lance Formation.^[27]
Carcharhinidae indet.^[28]	Indeterminate	South Dakota		An isolated tooth.

Dinosaurs

A paleo-population study is one of the most difficult of analyses to conduct in field paleontology. Here is the most recent estimate of the proportions of the eight most common dinosaurian families in the Hell Creek Formation, based on detailed field studies by White, Fastovsky and Sheehan (1998). ^{[citation needed]}

Ceratopsidae 61%
Hadrosauridae 23%
Ornithomimidae 5%
Tyrannosauridae 4%
Hypsilophodontidae 3%
Dromaeosauridae 2%
Pachycephalosauridae 1%
Troodontidae 1% (represented only by teeth)

Outcrops sampled by the Hell Creek Project were divided into three sections: lower, middle and upper slices. The top and bottom sections were the focus of the PLoS One report, and within each portion many remains of Triceratops, Edmontosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus were found. Triceratops was the most common in each section, but, surprisingly, Tyrannosaurus was just as common, if not slightly more common, than the hadrosaur Edmontosaurus. In the upper Hell Creek section, for example, the census included twenty two Triceratops, five Tyrannosaurus, and five Edmontosaurus.

The dinosaurs Thescelosaurus, Ornithomimus, Pachycephalosaurus and Ankylosaurus were also included in the breakdown, but were relatively rare. Other dinosaurs, such as Sphaerotholus, Denversaurus, Torosaurus, Struthiomimus, Acheroraptor, Dakotaraptor, Pectinodon, Richardoestesia, Paronychodon, Anzu, Leptorhynchos and Troodon (more likely Pectinodon), were reported as being rare and are not included in the breakdown.

The dinosaur collections made over the past decade during the Hell Creek Project yielded new information from an improved genus-level collecting schema and robust data set that revealed relative dinosaur abundances that were unexpected, and ontogenetic age classes previously considered rare. We recognize a much higher percentage of Tyrannosaurus than previous surveys. Tyrannosaurus equals Edmontosaurus in U3 and in L3 comprises a greater percentage of the large dinosaur fauna as the second-most abundant taxon after Triceratops, followed by Edmontosaurus. This is surprisingly consistent in (1) the two major lag deposits (MOR loc. HC-530 and HC-312) in the Apex sandstone and Jen-rex sand where individual bones were counted and (2) in two thirds of the formation reflected in L3 and U3 records of dinosaur skeletons only.

Triceratops is by far the most common dinosaur at 40% (n = 72), Tyrannosaurus is second at 24% (n = 44), Edmontosaurus is third at 20% (n = 36), followed by Thescelosaurus at 8% (n = 15), Ornithomimus at 5% (n = 9), and Pachycephalosaurus and Ankylosaurus both at 1% (n = 2) are relatively rare.

Fossil footprints of dinosaurs from the Hell Creek Formation are very rare. As of 2017, there is only one find of a possible Tyrannosaurus rex footprint, dating from 2007 and described a year later.^[31]

Ornithischians

Ankylosaurs

Ankylosauria reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Ankylosaurus^[32]	A. magniventris^[32]	Montana^[32]			An ankylosaur. Also found in the Lance and Scollard Formations.
Denversaurus^[32]	D. schlessmani^[32]	Montana^[32] South Dakota^[33]			A nodosaurid ankylosaur.
Edmontonia	E. sp.^[34]	Montana		isolated teeth	A nodosaurid ankylosaur

Pachycephalosaurs

An undescribed Pachycephalosaur is present in North Dakota.^[35]

Pachycephalosaurs reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Dracorex^[36]	D. hogwartsia^[36]	South Dakota^[36]	Middle^[36]		A pachycephalosaur, possibly synonymous with Pachycephalosaurus.
Pachycephalosaurus^[32]	P. wyomingensis^[32]	Montana^[32] South Dakota^[33]			A pachycephalosaur. Also found in the Lance Formation.
Sphaerotholus^[32]	S. buchholtzae^[32]	Montana^[32]		"Skull material."^[37]
Stygimoloch^[32]	S. spinifer^[32]	Montana^[32] South Dakota North Dakota			A pachycephalosaur, possibly synonymous with Pachycephalosaurus. Also found in the Ferris Formation and the Lance Formation.

Ceratopsians

Indeterminate ceratopsid specimens are extremely common. 8.31% of all vertebrate remains from the Hell Creek Formation are unassigned ceratopsids.^[16] In 2012, a new unidentified species of chasmosaur ceratopsian with noticeable differences from Triceratops was unearthed in South Dakota by a fossil hunter named John Carter.^[38]^[39]^[40]

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Ceratopsians reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	Synonyms	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Leptoceratops^[32]	Leptoceratops c.f. gracilis^[32]		Montana^[32]			A small primitive-looking ceratopsian.
Tatankaceratops	T. sacrisonorum		South Dakota			A ceratopsian possibly synonymous with Triceratops^[41]
Torosaurus^[13]^[32]	T. latus^[13]^[32]		Montana^[32] North Dakota^[14]^[35] South Dakota^[14]^[33]	Upper Hell Creek Formation^[15]		A ceratopsian possibly synonymous with Triceratops.^[42] A rare ceratopsid.^[15]
Triceratops^[13]^[32]	T. horridus^[13]^[32]	T. serratus^[32] Ugrosaurus olsoni^[43]	Montana^[32] North Dakota^[14]^[35] Wyoming South Dakota^[14]^[33]	Lowermost to the middle Hell Creek Formation^[44]	4 specimens are assigned to Triceratops horridus from the Hell Creek Formation.^[16] Very common	A ceratopsian.^[13] Also found in the Evanston, Frenchman, Lance, Laramie, and Scollard Formations.
Triceratops^[13]^[32]	T. prorsus^[32]		Montana^[32] South Dakota	Upper 1/3 of the Hell Creek Formation^[44]	Very common.^{[citation needed]}	Also found in the Frenchman and Lance Formations.

Ornithopods and Parksosaurs

Indeterminate hadrosaurid remains are very common in the Hell Creek Formation.^[13]

Ornithopods and Theseclosaurs reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	Synonyms	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Edmontosaurus	E. annectens	Anatosaurus annectens^[45] Anatotitan copei^[45]	Montana^[32] South Dakota^[33] North Dakota(Mummy Fossil)		Very common.	A hadrosaur. Also found in the Denver, Frenchman, Lance, Laramie, and Scollard Formations.
Thescelosaurus^[33]	T. garbanii^[46]	Bugenasaura garbanii	Montana^[46] South Dakota^[47]
	T. neglectus^[13]^[33]		North Dakota^[14] South Dakota^[14]^[33]	Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation^[15]	50 specimens^[16]	A small thescelosaurine. Also found in the Frenchman, Lance, Laramie, and Scollard Formations.^[48]

Theropods

Theropod tracks have been found in South Dakota.^[33] An unnamed alvarezsaurid, closely related to the Asian genus Mononykus, is known from Montana.^[49] A second footprint that may have been made by a specimen of Tyrannosaurus was first reported in 2007 by British paleontologist Phil Manning, from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. This second track measures 72 centimeters (28 in) long, shorter than the track described by Lockley and Hunt. Whether or not the track was made by Tyrannosaurus is unclear, though Tyrannosaurus is the only large theropod known to have existed in the Hell Creek Formation.^[50]^[51]

Tyrannosaurids

Tyrannosaurids reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	Synonyms	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Tyrannosaurus^[13]^[32]	T. rex^[13]^[32]	Albertosaurus megagracilis^[32] Aublysodon molnari^[32] Dinotyrannus megagracilis^[32] Nanotyrannus lancensis?	Montana^[32] North Dakota^[14]^[35] South Dakota^[14]^[33]	Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation.		A tyrannosaur, known from several specimens including a juvenile nicknamed "Jane". Also found in the Denver, Frenchman, Hill Creek South, Javelina, Lance, Ferris, Livingston, McRae, North Horn, Scollard, Willow Creek Formation, and also found in Lomas Coloradas Formations.
Nanotyrannus?^[13]^[32]	N.lancensis^[13]^[32]	Stygivenator? Deinodon lancensis Albertosaurus lancensis^[32] Tyrannosaurus lancensis?	Montana Wyoming	A few specimens are known	Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation.	Dubious genus, possibly a juvenile T. rex.

Ornithomimosaurs

Ornithomimid remains are not uncommon in the Hell Creek Formation.^[13] Fifteen specimens from the Hell Creek Formation are undetermined ornithomimids^[16]

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Ornithomimids reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
"Orcomimus"	unnamed	South Dakota^[52]		One partial skeleton.	An ornithomimid. Numem nudum
Struthiomimus^[33]	S. sedens^[53]	Montana		AMNH 975, a foot claw UCMP 154569, a partial skeleton	A large ornithomimid similar to Gallimimus in size. Also found in the Lance Formation.^[53]
Ornithomimus	O. velox^[53]	Montana South Dakota North Dakota		Fragmentary specimens	A ornithomimid which was also found in the Denver Formation.

Oviraptorosaurs

Oviraptorosaur fossils have been found at the Hell Creek Formation for many years, most notably from isolated elements until the discovery of Anzu. In 1997, paleontologists discovered a fossil trackway of gigantic oviraptorid belonging to a creature dubbed Wakinyatanka styxi.^[54]

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Oviraptorosaurs reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Anzu^[32]^[55]	A. wyliei^[55]	North Dakota^[14]^[55] South Dakota^[14]^[55]	Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation^[16]	12 well-preserved specimens^[15]	One of the largest known oviraptorosaurs, and the largest known from North America. Material previously assigned to Caenagnathidae indet. is now placed in the genus Anzu.^[55]
Leptorhynchos	L. elegans	Montana			An extinct genus of caenagnathid.	File:Leptorhynchos elegans.jpg

Eumaniraptorans

Historically, numerous teeth have been attributed to various dromaeosaurid and troodontid taxa with known body fossils from only older formations, including Dromaeosaurus, Saurornitholestes, and Troodon. However, in a 2013 study, Evans et al. concluded that there is little evidence for more than a single dromaeosaurid taxon, Acheroraptor, in the Hell Creek-Lance assemblages, which would render these taxa invalid for this formation. This was disproved in a 2015 study, DePalma et al., when they described the new genus Dakotaraptor, a large species of dromaeosaur.^[56] Though it should be noted as mentioned earlier that fossilized teeth of various troodontids and coelurosaurs are common throughout the Hell Creek Formation; the best known examples include Paronychodon, Pectinodon and Richardoestesia, respectively.

Eumaniraptorans reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Acheroraptor^[56]	A. temertyorum ^[56]	Montana^[56] North Dakota?^[13] South Dakota?^[13]	Lower? to upper Hell Creek Formation^[13]	ROM 63777, a maxilla and tooth^[56] ROM 63778, a partial dentary^[56] isolated teeth^[56]	A velociraptorine dromaeosaurid. Teeth previously referred to various Campanian dromaeosaurids Saurornitholestes and Dromaeosaurus, frequently found throughout the formation, probably belong to this one species. Evans et al. conclude that there is little evidence for the former two taxa being present in the Hell Creek-Lance assemblages.^[56]
Avisaurus^[13]	A. archibaldi^[13]^[32]	Montana^[13]	Middle Hell Creek Formation^[15]	UCMP 117600, holotype, a tarsometatarsus PU 17324, a tarsometatarsus	An avisaurid.^[13]
	cf. A. archibaldi^[57]	Montana^[57]	Uppermost Hell Creek Formation^[57]	YPM 57235, a coracoid	An avisaurid tentatively referred to A. archibaldi based on its size.^[57]
	A. sp.^[58]	Montana^[58]		distal tarsals, metatarsus (juvenile)^[58]
Brodavis^[59]	B. baileyi^[59]	South Dakota^[59]		UNSM 50665, a left tarsometatarsus missing proximal end, trochleae II and III.^[59]	A primitive hesperornithiform.^[59]
Dakotaraptor^[60]	D. steini ^[60]	South Dakota^[60]	Upper Hell Creek Formation^[60]	PBMNH.P.10.113.T, a partial skeleton.^[60] PBMNH.P.10.115.T, a tibia.^[60] PBMNH.P.10.118.T, an astragalocalcaneum.^[60] isolated teeth.^[60]	A dromaeosaurid. Second-largest dromaeosaurid known.^[56]
Potamornis^[59]	P. skutchi ^[61]	Montana^[61]		UCMP 117605, a tarsometatarsus	A hesperornithiform also found in the Lance Formation.^[61]
"Unnamed enantiornithine B"^[57]	Unnamed	Montana^[57]		YPM 57823, a partial coracoid^[57]	An unnamed enantiornithean.^[57]
"Unnamed hesperornithiform A"^[57]	Unnamed	Montana		UCMP 13355, a tarsometatarsus	A primitive hesperornithiform.^[59] The Hell Creek specimen was referred to the same unnamed taxon as RSM P 2315.1 from the Canadian Frenchman Formation.^[57] RSM P 2315.1 was later made the holotype of Brodavis americanus.^[59] May be a synonym of Potamornis.^[57]
"Unnamed ornithurine B"^[57]	Unnamed^[62]	Montana^[63]		UCMP 129143, a partial coracoid^[57]	An ornithurine possibly similar to Cimolopteryx^[57]^[62]
"Unnamed ornithurine C"^[57]	Unnamed	Montana^[57] South Dakota^[57]		SDSM 64281A, a partial coracoid^[57] SDSM 64281B, a partial coracoid^[57] UCMP 175251, a partial coracoid^[57] MOR 2918, a partial coracoid^[57]	An ornithurine, also present in the Lance Formation and Fort Union Formation, one of the few individual bird species known to have survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction^[57]
"Unnamed ornithurine D"^[57]	Unnamed	Montana^[57]		UCMP 187207, a partial coracoid^[57]	An ichthyornithean also present in the Frenchman Formation^[57]

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs of the Hell Creek Formation
Taxa	Species	State	Stratigraphic location	Material	Notes	Images
Azhdarchidae spp.	Indeterminate	Montana^[64] North Dakota			Records of pterosaur remains from the Hell Creek Formation are two indeterminate specimens, which have been recorded from North Dakota but not described (Johnson et al., 2000; Pearson et al., 2002). A single azhdarchid neck bone may belong to the genus Quetzalcoatlus, though they are not diagnostic to the generic level.^[64]
Pterosaur spp.^[65]	Indeterminate	South Dakota

Crocodylomorphs

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Crocodylomorphs reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Borealosuchus^[66]	B. sternbergii^[66]	Montana North Dakota South Dakota			Extinct genus of crocodylians that lived from the Late Cretaceous to the Eocene in North America.
Brachychampsa^[66]	B. montana^[66]	Montana South Dakota North Dakota			Extinct genus of alligatoroid.
Thoracosaurus^[66]	T. neocesariensis^[66]	Montana			Extinct genus of gavialoid crocodilian which existed during the Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene.

Turtles

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Turtles reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Adocus^[67]	Indeterminate^[67]	Montana^[68]			Extinct genus of aquatic turtles belonging to the family Adocidae.
Axestemys^[69]	A. infernalis^[69]	Montana North Dakota South Dakota Wyoming			A turtle belonging to the family Trionychidae. Its fossils from the Hell Creek Formation were formerly assigned to the late Campanian species Axestemys splendidus.^[70]^[69]
Compsemys^[67]	C. victa^[67]	Montana^[68]			A relative of Dermatemydidae.
Peckemys	P. brinkman	Montana North Dakota			A relative of Baenidae.
Emarginachelys	E. cretacea	Montana			A relative of chelydrids.^[71]
Eubaena^[67]	E. cephalica^[67]	Montana^[68]			Baenid turtle
Gamerabaena	G. sonsalla	North Dakota			Extinct genus of baenid turtle.
Palatobaena	P. cohen	North Dakota			A relative of extinct family of cryptodiran turtles.
Cedrobaena	C. putorius	South Dakota North Dakota			A relative of Baenidae.
Gilmoremys	G. lancensis	Montana North Dakota			Trionychidae related to the softshell turtle.
Hoplochelys^[71]	H. clark^[71]	North Dakota^[71]			A kinosternoid related to the Central American river turtle.^[71]
Plastomenus	P. sp				Trionychidae turtle.
Basilemys	B. sinuosa				Largest dermatemydid land tortoise.
Trionyx^[67]	Indeterminate^[67]	Montana^[68]			A genus of softshell turtles belonging to the family Trionychidae.
Aspideretoides	A. foveatus				Trionychidae turtle.
Helopanoplia	H. distincta				Trionychidae turtle.
Judithemys	J. backmani				Thin-shelled macrobaenid turtle.
Plesiobaena	P. antiqua				Baenid turtle.
Stygiochelys	S. estesi				Baenid turtle.
Neurankylus	N. eximius				Largest baenid turtle in Hell Creek Formation.
Saxochelys^[72]	S. gilberti	North Dakota		A population of over 30 individual skeletons	A member of the family Baenidae.
Thescelus	T. insiliens				Baenid turtle.
Chelydridae	Indeterminate				Chelydrids-like turtle.

Squamata

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Squamates reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Cemeterius^[73]^[74]	C. monstrosus^[73]^[74]	Montana^[73]			A platynotan lizard of uncertain phylogenetic placement, also known from the Lance Formation.^[73]
Cerberophis^[73]^[74]	C. robustus^[73]^[74]	Montana^[73]			An alethinophidian snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement.^[73]
Obamadon^[73]^[74]	O. gracilis^[73]^[74]	Montana^[73]			A polyglyphanodontian lizard of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Also known from the Lance Formation.^[73]
Peneteius^[73]	P. aquilonius^[73]	Montana^[73]			A chamopsiid polyglyphanodontian lizard.^[73]
Haptosphenus	H. placodon				Teiidae lizard.
Leptochamops	L. denticulatus				Small Teiidae lizard.
Chamops	C. segnis				Largest Teiidae lizard in Hell Creek Formation
Contogenys	C. sloani				Scincidae? lizard.
Exostinus	E. lancensis				xenosaurid lizard.
Proxestops	P. jepseni				Anguidae lizard.
Parasaniwa	P. wyomingensis				Necrosaurid lizard.
Paraderma	P. bogerti				Helodermatidae? lizard.
Palaeosaniwa	P. canadensis				A large Monstersauria lizard, closely related to today's varanid lizards. It was the largest lizard in the Hell Creek formation.
Boidae	Indeterminate				Snake. Earliest-known boid.

Choristoderans

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Choristoderans reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Champsosaurus^[66]	C. sp.^[66]	Montana			A champsosaur.

Mammals

Multituberculates

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Multituberculates reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Cimexomys^[75]	C. minor^[75]	Montana^[75]			A multituberculate of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
Cimolodon^[75]	C. nitidus	Montana North Dakota^[75]			A cimolodontid multituberculate.
	C. cf. nitidus^[75]	South Dakota^[75]			A cimolodontid multituberculate.
	C. sp.^[75]	North Dakota^[75]			A cimolodontid multituberculate.
Cimolomys^[75]	C. gracilis	Montana^[75]			A cimolodontid multituberculate.
Cimolomys^[75]	C. cf. gracilis^[75]	South Dakota^[75]			A cimolomyid multituberculate.
Essonodon^[75]	E. browni^[75]	Montana^[75]			A cimolomyid multituberculate.
Meniscoessus^[75]	M. conquistus	South Dakota^[75]			A cimolomyid multituberculate.
	M. robustus	Montana North Dakota South Dakota^[75]			A cimolomyid multituberculate.
	M. cf. robustus	South Dakota^[75]			A cimolomyid multituberculate.
	M. sp.	North Dakota^[75]			A cimolomyid multituberculate.
	?M. sp.^[75]	North Dakota^[75]			A cimolomyid multituberculate.
Mesodma^[75]	M. formosa	Montana South Dakota^[75]			A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.
	M. cf. formosa	Montana^[75]			A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.
	M. hensleighi	Montana South Dakota^[75]			A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.
	M. cf. hensleighi	South Dakota^[75]			A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.
	M. thompsoni	Montana North Dakota South Dakota^[75]			A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.
	M. cf. thompsoni	Montana^[75]			A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.
	M sp.^[75]	Montana^[75]			A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.
	?M sp.^[75]	Montana^[75]			A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.
?Neoplagiaulax^[75]	?N. burgessi^[75]	Montana^[75]			A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.
Paracimexomys^[75]	P. priscus^[75]	Montana^[75]			A multituberculate of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
Paressonodon^[76]	P. nelsoni^[76]				A cimolomyid multituberculate.
Stygimys	S. kuszmauli	Montana			It was a member of the extinct order Multituberculata.

Metatherians

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Metatherians reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Aletridelphys^[77]^[78]	A. florencae	Montana North Dakota South Dakota^[75]			A pediomyid.
Aletridelphys^[77]^[78]	A. hatcheri^[77]	Montana South Dakota^[75]			A pediomyid.
Alphadon^[75]	A. marshi	Montana North Dakota^[75]			An alphadontid. genus of small, primitive mammal that was a member of the Metatheria, a group of mammals that includes modern-day marsupials.
	A. cf. marshi	Montana South Dakota^[75]			An alphadontid.
	A. wilsoni	Montana^[75]			An alphadontid.
	A. cf. wilsoni	Montana^[75]			An alphadontid.
	A. sp.^[75]	North Dakota South Dakota^[75]			An alphadontid.
Didelphodon^[75]	D. padanicus	South Dakota^[75]			A stagodontid.
	D. vorax	Montana North Dakota^[75]			A stagodontid. genus of Stagodontidae marsupials from the Late Cretaceous of North America.
	D. cf. vorax	South Dakota^[75]			A stagodontid.
	D. sp.	North Dakota^[75]			A stagodontid.
	cf. D. sp.^[75]	North Dakota South Dakota^[75]			A stagodontid.
Glasbius^[75]	G. twitchelli	Montana^[75]			A glasbiid.
Glasbius^[75]	G. cf. twitchelli^[75]	Montana^[75]			A glasbiid.
Leptalestes^[77]	L. cooki	Montana^[75]			A pediomyid.
Leptalestes^[77]	L. krejcii^[77]	Montana South Dakota^[75]			A pediomyid.
Nanocuris^[76]	N. improvida^[76]				A deltatheridiid.
Nortedelphys	N. jasoni (= N. intermedius)^[76]^[79]	Montana South Dakota			A herpetotheriid.
Pediomys^[75]	P. elegans^[75]	Montana South Dakota^[75]			A pediomyid.
Protalphadon^[75]	P. foxi	Montana^[75]			An alphadontid.
Protalphadon^[75]	P. lulli^[75]	Montana^[75]			An alphadontid.
Turgidodon^[75]	T. rhaister^[75]	Montana^[75]			An alphadontid.

Eutherians

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Eutherians reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Altacreodus	A. magnus	Montana North Dakota			a possibe creodont, formally a species of Cimolestes^[80]
Alostera^[75]	A. saskatchewanensis^[75]	Montana^[75]			A eutherian of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
Ambilestes	A. cerberoides	Montana			A eutherian of uncertain classification, formally a species of Cimolestes
Batodon^[75]	B. tenuis^[75]	Montana^[75]			A cimolestid eutherian.
Cimolestes^[75]	C. incisus	Montana^[75]			A cimolestid eutherian.
Cimolestes^[75]	C. stirtoni^[75]	Montana^[75]			A cimolestid eutherian.
Gypsonictops^[75]	G. hypoconus	Montana South Dakota^[75]			A gypsonictopsid eutherian.
	G. illuminatus	Montana North Dakota^[75]			A gypsonictopsid eutherian.
	G. cf. illuminatus	Montana^[75]			A gypsonictopsid eutherian.
	G. sp.^[75]	Montana^[75]			A gypsonictopsid eutherian.
cf. Paranyctoides^[75]	cf. Paranyctoides sp.^[75]	Montana^[75]			A nyctitheriid eutherian.
Protungulatum^[77]	P. coombsi^[77]	Montana^[77]			A stem-placental.
Purgatorius	P. ceratops	Montana			A genus with four species believed to be either stem-placentals or stem-primates.
Scollardius	S. propalaeoryctes	Montana			A eutherian of uncertain classification, formally a species of Cimolestes

Flora

The Hell Creek Formation was a low floodplain at the time before the sea retreated, and in the wet ground of the dense woodland, laurels, sycamores, beech, magnolias, and palm trees grew. Ferns and moss grew in the forest understory. Plant fossils from the upper early Paleocene of the Hell Creek Formation include the ferns Botrychium, Woodwardia, Osmunda, Onoclea and Azolla; conifers Metasequoia, Glyptostrobus and cupressaceous conifers; the monocot Limnobiophyllum (a relative of duckweeds); and the dicots Cercidiphyllum and Platanus.^[81]^[82] There are numerous types of leaves, seeds, flowers and other structures from Angiosperms, or flowering plants. The Hell Creek Formation of this layer contains 300 tablets or more of plants. Angiosperms are by far the most diverse and dominant flora of the entire population, about 90 percent. However, the evergreens included conifers, ginkgo, bald cypress, and cycads. Flowering plants included a variety of trees that no longer exist. Today Hell Creek's flora is hardwood forest mixed with deciduous and evergreen forest and apparently similar to then, but with a closer look, the current plant community is distinct. In sharp contrast to Montana today, the presence of palm trees meant the climate was warmer then.

Dr. Kirk Johnson (Scientist) claims that there are no grasses, oaks, maples, or willows in the Hell Creek Formation. Ferns are uncommon in the majority of the formation, however there is a great increase in the abundance of fossil fern spores in the two centimeters of rock that directly overlies the impact fallout layer (the famous K-T boundary layer). This increase in fern spore abundance is commonly referred to as "the fern spike" (meaning that if the abundance of spores as a function of stratigraphic position were plotted out, the graph would show a spike just above the impact fallout layer). Johnson also found that the majority of the angiosperm genera in the Hell Creek Formation are now extinct. He also believes that, very roughly, 80% of the terrestrial plant taxa died out in what is now Montana and the Dakotas at the K/T boundary.

Many of the modern plant affinities in the Hell Creek Formation (e.g., those with the prefix "aff." or with quotes around the genus name) may not in reality belong to these genera; instead they could be entirely different plants that resemble modern genera. Therefore, there is some question regarding whether the modern Populus or Juglans, as two examples, actually lived in the late Cretaceous.

Compared to the rich Hell Creek Formation fossil plant localities of the Dakotas, relatively few plant specimens have been collected from Montana. A few taxa were collected at Brownie Butte Montana by Shoemaker, but most plants were collected from North Dakota (Slope County) and from South Dakota. "TYPE" after the binomial means that it is represented by a type specimen found in the Yale-Peabody Museum collections. "YPM" is the prefix for the Yale-Peabody Museum specimen number.

Overview (from Johnson, 1997): 190 plant morphotypes, including:

1 bryophyte (mosses and liverworts)
6 "pteridophytes" (A paraphyletic group: modern examples are horsetails, club mosses and ferns.)
9 conifers
2 ginkgo (uncommon)
172 angiosperms (90% of all specimens collected, as well as 90% of all taxa found)

Ferns from Hell Creek
Cycads are found in Hell Creek
Ginkgo (uncommon) are found in Hell Creek
Various angiosperms from Hell Creek

Monkey-puzzle leaves are found in Hell Creek
Fossil palm trees indicate a hotter paleoclimate
Redwood seed cones are known from Hell Creek
Laurus are found in Hell Creek
Cercidiphyllum are found in Hell Creek
Magnolia is commonly found in Hell Creek

Plants of the Hell Creek Formation

various ferns and cycads.
Equisetum (Equisetaceae)

Gymnosperms

Platyspiroxylon (Cupressaceae)
Podocarpoxylon (Podocarpaceae)
Elatocladus (Taxodiaceae)
Sequoiaxylon (Taxodiaceae)
Taxodioxylon (Taxodiaceae)
Araucaria (Araucariaceae)
very widespread Mesozoic conifer group. All members are extinct (Cheirolepidiaceae)

Ginkgos

Baiera
Ginkgo adiantoides

Angiosperms

Artocarpus (Moraceae)
Barberry family (Berberidaceae)
Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
Dombeyopsis (Sterculiaceae)
Laurel family (Lauraceae)
Magnolia (Magnoliaceae)
Palms (Arecaceae)
Platanus family includes today's American sycamore or plane tree (Platanaceae)

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Flora of the Hell Creek Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Aquilapollenites	"Aquilapollenites" attenuatus
	"Aquilapollenites" collaris
	"Aquilapollenites" conatus
	"Aquilapollenites" delicatus
	"Aquilapollenites" marmarthensis
	"Aquilapollenites" quadricretaeus
	"Aquilapollenites" quadrilobus
	"Aquilapollenites" reductus
	"Aquilapollenites" senonicus
	"Aquilapollenites" turbidus
	"Aquilapollenites" striatus
Alnipollenites
"Ficus"	"Ficus" planicostata
	"Ficus" artocarpoides
	"Ficus" trinervis
Ilexpollenites	Ilexpollenites compactus
Interpollis	Interpollis cf. I. supplingensis
Balmeisporites	Balmeisporites sp.
Marmarthia	Marmarthia pearsonii
"Myrica"	"Myrica" torreyi
Platanites	Platanites marginata
Sabalites	Sabalites sp.
Tricolpites	Tricolpites interangulus
Metasequoia	M. sp				Casts of Dawn Redwood seed cones are known from the Hell Creek.
"Grewiopsis"	"G" saportana				Another generic Hamamelididae.
Annona?	A?. robusta				Abundant at Brownie Butte, Montana.
Cobbania	C. corrugata				A prehistoric species of water lettuce, previously assigned to the genus Pistia.
Araucaria	A. araucana				Casts of Monkey-puzzle leaves are found in Hell Creek.
Artocarpus	A. lessigiana				Abundant at Brownie Butte, Montana.
Celastrus	C. taurenensis				Some may be Eucommiacaea.
Cinnamomum	C. lineafolia				Included in Ficus affinis by L. Hickey. Belongs in Rhamnaceae (modern buckthorns and Ceanothus). Some other specimens referred to Cinnamomum sezanensis(?) sp.), a real cinnamon bush.
Cissu	C. marginata				Also spelled "marginatus".
Juglans	J. leconteana
Liriodendrites	L. bradacci				Johnson, 1996. In the Magnoliidae: a common taxon.
Liriodendron	L. laramiense				May be related to today's tulip tree (yellow poplar).
Leepiesceia	L. presrtocarpoides				another laurel.
Marmarthia	M. pearsonii				Johnson, 1996. In the Lauraceae: a common taxon.
Marmarthia	M. trivialis				Johnson, 1996. In the Lauraceae: a common taxon.
Platanites	P. marginata				Johnson, 1996. In the Platanaceae: Hamamelididae. A common taxon.
Quercus	Q. viburnifolia				Included within "Cissus" marginata. May be in the Platanaceae.
Dombeyopsis	D. trivialis				Included within "Cissus" marginata. May be in the Platanaceae.
Dombeyopsis	D. obtusa				Included within "Cissus" marginata. May be in the Platanaceae.
Rhamnus	R. cleburnii				A buckthorn look-alike.
Vitis	V. stantonii				This could be a real Vitus (a real grape).
Ziziphus	Z. fibrillosus
Androvettia	A. catenulata
Araliaephyllum	A. polevoi
Bisonia	B. niemii				Incertae sedis. Johnson, 1996. A broad leaf, probably in the Laurales. A common taxon. Type specimen was found near a Tyrannosaurus skeleton in South Dakota.
Cannabaceae	C. sp
Cissites	C. insignis				May belong in Hamemelididae.
	C. lobata
	C. puilasokensis
Cupressinocladus	C. interruptus
Dombeyopsis	D. trivialis
Elatides	E. longifolia				In Platanales, according to Leo Hickey.
Erlingdorfia	E. montana				Johnson, 1996. In the Platanaceae: Hamamelididae (related to today's Sycamore). A common taxon.
Ginkgo	G. adiantoides				The only ginkgo in the Hell Creek Formation; uncommon
Glyptostrobus	G. nordenskioldii
Glyptostrobus	G. sp
Laurophyllum	L. wardiana
Magnolia	M. pulchra				This species was thought to occur only in southern Wyoming flora, but Leo Hickey claims it is found further north in Montana and the Dakotas.
Marchantia	M. pealii
Nilssonia	N. yukonensis				The only Hell Creek Formation cycadeoid. Uncommon.
Onoclea	O. hesperia
Paranymphaea	P. hastata
Platanophyllum	P. montanum
Porosia	P. verrucosa
Rhamnus	R. salicifolius				Another buckthorn look-alike. Abundant at Brownie Butte, Montana
Sabalites	S. sp				Palm tree.
Sapindopsis	S. powelliana
Sequoites	S. artus				Sequoia tree.
Taxodium	T. olrikii				Related to today's bald cypress.
Trochodendroides	T. arctica
Trochodendroides	T. nebrascensis
Zingiberopsis	Z. attenuata				Related to today's ginger plant. Its closest living relative is the Asian genus Alpinia. Some Hell Creek Formation specimens show damage from hispine beetles ("leaf beetles" (Wilf et al., 2000)).
Dryophyllum	D. subfalcatum				One of the most common plant taxa in the Hell Creek and Lance Formations. Common at Brownie Butte, Montana. If it is close to real Dryophyllum, then it is a beech/chestnut-like tree (Fagaceae). It may also be a walnut-like tree (Juglandaceae).
	D. tenneseensis				see above.
	aff. "Dryophyllum" subfalcatum				see above.
Populus	P. nebrascensis
Cocculus	cf. C. flabella
Cissites	cf. C. acerifolia
Pistia	cf. P. corrugata				Floating aquatic herb.
Palaeoaster	P. inquirenda				A poppy with quite similar seed pods and seeds to that of the extant poppy genus Romneya.

References

^ "National Natural Landmarks - National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 22 March 2019. Year designated: 1966
^ "Hell Creek Project – Wilson Lab".
^ Husson, D.; Galbrun, B.; Laskar, J.; Hinnov, L. A.; Thibault, N.; Gardin, S.; Locklair, R. E. (2011). "Astronomical calibration of the Maastrichtian (late Cretaceous)". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 305 (3): 328–340. Bibcode:2011E&PSL.305..328H. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.008.
^ LeCain, Rebecca (2010). "Magnetostratigraphy of the Hell Creek and lowerFort Union formations in northeast Montana". Master's Theses and Capstones.
^ ^a ^b Pearson, D. A., Schaefer, T., Johnson, K. R., Nichols, D. J., & Hunter, J. P. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. Hartman et al, 145–167.
^ Johnson, K. R., Nichols, D. J., & Hartman, J. H. (2002). Hell Creek Formation: A 2001 synthesis. The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the northern Great Plains: Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 503–510.
^ DePalma RA, Smit J, Burnham DA, Kuiper K, Manning PL, Oleinik A, Larson P, Maurrasse FJ, Vellekoop J, Richards MA, Gurche L, Walter Alvarez W (April 2019). "A seismically induced onshore surge deposit at the KPg boundary, North Dakota". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (17): 8190–8199. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.8190D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1817407116. PMC 6486721. PMID 30936306.
^ Broad, William J.; Chang, Kenneth (29 March 2019). "Fossil Site Reveals Day That Meteor Hit Earth and, Maybe, Wiped Out Dinosaurs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^ Douglas Preston (28 March 2019). "The Day the Dinosaurs Died". The New Yorker.
^ Lofgren, D.F. (1997). "Hell Creek Formation". In: The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 1997. pp. 302–303. ISBN 978-0-122-26810-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
^ Breithaupt, B.H. (1997). "Lance Formation". In: The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 1997. pp. 394–395. ISBN 978-0-122-26810-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
^ Eberth, D.A. (1997). "Edmonton Group". In: The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 1997. pp. 199–204. ISBN 978-0-122-26810-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az Pearson et al. (2002) p. 154
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj Pearson et al. (2002) pp. 145–167
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Pearson et al. (2002) p. 155
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Pearson et al. (2002) pp. 156
^ Listed as "cf. Barbourula sp." in "Class Amphibia," Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p "Class Amphibia," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Class Amphibia," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.
^ Listed as "Eopelobates? sp." in "Class Amphibia," Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d David G. Demar Jr. (2013). "A new fossil salamander (Caudata, Proteidae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U.S.A". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (3): 588–598. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.734887.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p "Class Osteichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Class Osteichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 3. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Class Osteichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Class Osteichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.
^ ^a ^b Listed as "cf. Paralbula casei" in "Class Osteichthyes," Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Todd D. Cook; Michael G. Newbrey; Donald B. Brinkman; James I. Kirkland (2014). Euselachians from the freshwater deposits of the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Geological Society of America Special Papers. Vol. 503. pp. 229–246. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(08). ISBN 978-0-8137-2503-1. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b Terry A. Gates; Eric Gorscak; Peter J. Makovicky (2019). "New sharks and other chondrichthyans from the latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of North America". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (3): 512–530. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.92.
^ ^a ^b "Class Chondrichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 3.
^ "Class Chondrichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 3. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.
^ Manning, P. L.; Ott, C.; Falkingham, P. L. (2008). "The first tyrannosaurid track from the Hell Creek Formation (Late Cretaceous), Montana, U.S.A". PALAIOS. 23 (10): 645–647. Bibcode:2008Palai..23..645M. doi:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-030r.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Montana)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 584.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; South Dakota)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 586.
^ The Dinosauria 2nd Edition (David B. Weishampel, Halszka Osmólska and Peter Dodson), p. 585, Dinosaur Distribution (DAVID B. WEISHAMPEL, PAUL M. BARRETT, RODOLFO A. CORIA, JEAN LE LOEUFF, XU XING, ZHAO XIJIN, ASHOK SAHNI, ELIZABETH M. P. GOMANI, CHRISTOPHER R. NOTO)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; North Dakota)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 585.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bakker et al. (2006)
^ "Table 21.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 465.
^ Biles, Jan. "Rare dinosaur skull being prepared for exhibition". Topeka Capital-Journal.com. Topeka Capital-Journal. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
^ "Super-sized Ceratopsian Skull Might be New Species". Everything Dinosaur. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
^ O' Connell, Max. "Dinosaur skull found in Buffalo likely a new species". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
^ Nicholas R. Longrich (2011). "Titanoceratops ouranous, a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico". Cretaceous Research. 32 (3): 264–276. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007.
^ Scannella, J.; Horner, J.R. (2010). "Torosaurus Marsh, 1891, is Triceratops Marsh, 1889 (Ceratopsidae: Chasmosaurinae): synonymy through ontogeny". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (4): 1157–1168. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.483632.
^ Forster, Catherine A. (2016). "Taxomomic validity of the ceratopsid dinosaur Ugrosaurus olsoni (Cobabe and Fastovsky)". Journal of Paleontology. 67 (2): 316–318. doi:10.1017/S0022336000032273. ISSN 0022-3360.
^ ^a ^b Scannella, John B.; Fowler, Denver W.; Goodwin, Mark B.; Horner, John R. (15 July 2014). "Evolutionary trends in Triceratops from the Hell Creek Formation, Montana". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (28): 10245–10250. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11110245S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313334111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4104892. PMID 24982159.
^ ^a ^b Campione, N.E.; Evans, D.C. (2011). "Cranial Growth and Variation in Edmontosaurs (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae): Implications for Latest Cretaceous Megaherbivore Diversity in North America". PLoS ONE. 6 (9): e25186. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625186C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025186. PMC 3182183. PMID 21969872.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ ^a ^b Listed as "?Thescelosaurus garbanii" in "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Montana)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 584.
^ Noted as being present, although misspelled as "Thescelosaurus garbani, in " "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; South Dakota)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 586.
^ Boyd, Brown, et al. (2009)
^ Hutchinson and Chiappe, 1998. The first known alvarezsaurid (Theropoda: Aves) from North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18(3), 447–450.
^ Dalman, S.G.; Lucas, S.G. "A new large Tyrannosaurid Alamotyrannus brinkmani, n. gen., n. sp. (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae), from the Upper Cretaceous Ojo Alamo Formation (Naashoibito Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin.
^ Molnar, R.E. (January 1980). "An Albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana". Journal of Paleontology. 54 (1): 102–108. JSTOR 1304167.
^ Triebold, 1997. The Sandy Site: Small Dinosaurs from the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. in Wolberg, Stump and Rosenberg (eds). Dinofest International: Proceedings of a Symposium sponsored by Arizona
^ ^a ^b ^c Longrich (2008), pages 983–996.
^ Maltese, Anthony (17 December 2013). "Giant Oviraptor Tracks from the Hell Creek". RMDRC paleo lab. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lamanna, M. C.; Sues, H. D.; Schachner, E. R.; Lyson, T. R. (2014). "A New Large-Bodied Oviraptorosaurian Theropod Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America". PLoS ONE. 9 (3): e92022. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...992022L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092022. PMC 3960162. PMID 24647078.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Evans, D. C.; Larson, D. W.; Currie, P. J. (2013). "A new dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) with Asian affinities from the latest Cretaceous of North America". Naturwissenschaften. 100 (11): 1041–9. Bibcode:2013NW....100.1041E. doi:10.1007/s00114-013-1107-5. PMID 24248432.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Longrich, N.R.; Tokaryk, T.; Field, D.J. (2011). "Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (37): 15253–15257. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10815253L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108. PMC 3174646. PMID 21914849.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stidham, 1999. North American avisaurids (Aves: Enantiornithes): New data on morphology and phylogeny. VII International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, abstracts.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Larry D. Martin; Evgeny N. Kurochkin; Tim T. Tokaryk (2012). "A new evolutionary lineage of diving birds from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia". Palaeoworld. 21: 59–63. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2012.02.005.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Bakker, Robert T.; Larson, Peter L.; Martin, Larry D.; Burnham, David A.; DePalma, Robert A. (30 October 2015). "The first giant raptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Hell Creek Formation". Paleontological Contributions. 14: 1–16. doi:10.17161/paleo.1808.18764.
^ ^a ^b ^c Elzanowski, A.; Paul, G.S.; Stidham, T.A. (2001). "An avian quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (4): 712–719. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0712:aaqftl]2.0.co;2.
^ ^a ^b "Class Aves," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 7.
^ "Class Aves," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 7. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.
^ ^a ^b Henderson and Peterson (2006) 192–195.
^ "New Hell Creek Pterosaur Species". TrieboldPaleo.Inc.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h R. Matsumoto; S. E. Evans (2010). "Choristoderes and the freshwater assemblages of Laurasia". Journal of Iberian Geology. 36 (2): 253–274. doi:10.5209/rev_jige.2010.v36.n2.11.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Order Testudinata," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Order Testudinata," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 5. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Walter G. Joyce; Donald B. Brinkman; Tyler R. Lyson (2019). "A new species of trionychid turtle, Axestemys infernalis sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek and Lance formations of the Northern Great Plains, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica. 22 (3): Article number 22.3.72. doi:10.26879/949.
^ Arbour, V.M.; Zanno, L.E.; Larson, D.W.; Evans, D.C.; Sues, H. (2015). "The furculae of the dromaeosaurid dinosaur Dakotaraptor steini are trionychid turtle entoplastra". PeerJ PrePrints. 3: e1957.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Georgia E. Knauss; Walter G. Joyce; Tyler R. Lyson; Dean Pearson (2011). "A new kinosternoid from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota and Montana and the origin of the Dermatemys mawii lineage". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 85 (2): 124–142. doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0081-x.
^ Tyler R. Lyson; Jacob L. Sayler; Walter G. Joyce (2019). "A new baenid turtle, Saxochelys gilberti, gen. et sp. nov., from the uppermost Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation: sexual dimorphism and spatial niche partitioning within the most speciose group of Late Cretaceous turtles". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. in press: e1662428. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1662428.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Nicholas R. Longrich; Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar; Jacques A. Gauthier (2012). "Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (52): 21396–21401. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10921396L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110. PMC 3535637. PMID 23236177.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Nicholas R. Longrich; Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar; Jacques A. Gauthier (2013). "Correction for "Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary," by Nicholas R. Longrich, Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar, and Jacques A. Gauthier, which appeared in issue 52, December 26, 2012, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (109:21396–21401; first published December 10, 2012; 10.1073/pnas.1211526110)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (16): 6608. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110Q6608.. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303907110. PMC 3631639.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Richard L. Cifelli, and Zhe-Xi Luo, Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure, Columbia University Press, New York, 2004 ISBN 0-231-11918-6, p. 98-99
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Gregory P. Wilson (2013). "Mammals across the K/Pg boundary in northeastern Montana, U.S.A.: dental morphology and body-size patterns reveal extinction selectivity and immigrant-fueled ecospace filling". Paleobiology. 39 (3): 429–469. doi:10.1666/12041.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g J. David Archibald; Yue Zhang; Tony Harper; Richard L. Cifelli (2011). "Protungulatum, confirmed Cretaceous occurrence of an otherwise Paleocene eutherian (placental?) mammal". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 18 (3): 153–161. doi:10.1007/s10914-011-9162-1.
^ B. M. Davis. 2007. A revision of “pediomyid” marsupials from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52(2):217–256
^ Thomas E. Williamson; Stephen L. Brusatte; Thomas D. Carr; Anne Weil; Barbara R. Standhardt (2012). "The phylogeny and evolution of Cretaceous–Palaeogene metatherians: cladistic analysis and description of new early Palaeocene specimens from the Nacimiento Formation, New Mexico". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (4): 625–651. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.631592.
^ Richard C. Fox (2015) A revision of the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene eutherian mammal Cimolestes Marsh, 1889. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (advance online publication) doi: 10.1139/cjes-2015-0113 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjes-2015-0113?src=recsys#.VkAcsrerTcs
^ Chandrasekharam, A., 1974. Megafossil flora from the Genesee locality, Alberta, Canada. Palaeontographica, Abt. A, Band 174
^ Christophel, D.C., 1976. Fossil floras from the Smoky Tower locality, Alberta, Canada. Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Band 157

Bibliography

Pearson, D. A.; Schaefer, T.; Johnson, K. R.; Nichols, D. J.; Hunter, J. P. (2002). "Vertebrate Biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in Southwestern North Dakota and Northwestern South Dakota". In Hartman, John H.; Johnson, Kirk R.; Nichols, Douglas J. (eds.). The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains: An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. Geological Society of America. pp. 145–167. ISBN 9780813723617. Special Paper 361.
Bakker, R. T., Sullivan, R. M., Porter, V., Larson, P. and Saulsbury, S. J. (2006). "Dracorex hogwartsia, n. gen., n. sp., a spiked, flat-headed pachycephalosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota". in Lucas, S. G. and Sullivan, R. M., eds., Late Cretaceous vertebrates from the Western Interior. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35, pp. 331–345.
Boyd, Clint A.; Brown, Caleb M.; Scheetz, Rodney D.; Clarke; Julia A. (2009). "Taxonomic revision of the basal neornithischian taxa Thescelosaurus and Bugenasaura". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 758–770. doi:10.1671/039.029.0328.
Estes, R.; Berberian, P. (1970). "Paleoecology of a late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana". Breviora. 343.
Henderson, M.D.; Peterson, J.E. (2006). "An azhdarchid pterosaur cervical vertebra from the Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian) of southeastern Montana". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (1): 192–195. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[192:aapcvf]2.0.co;2.
Longrich, N. (2008). "A new, large ornithomimid from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the study of dissociated dinosaur remains". Palaeontology. 54 (1): 983–996. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00791.x.
Varricchio, D. J. 2001. Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Theropoda) dinosaurs from Montana. pp. 42–57 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pages. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

External links

[1] "National Natural Landmarks - National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 22 March 2019. Year designated: 1966

[2] "Hell Creek Project – Wilson Lab".

[3] Husson, D.; Galbrun, B.; Laskar, J.; Hinnov, L. A.; Thibault, N.; Gardin, S.; Locklair, R. E. (2011). "Astronomical calibration of the Maastrichtian (late Cretaceous)". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 305 (3): 328–340. Bibcode:2011E&PSL.305..328H. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.008.

[4] LeCain, Rebecca (2010). "Magnetostratigraphy of the Hell Creek and lowerFort Union formations in northeast Montana". Master's Theses and Capstones.

[pearsonetal2002-5] Pearson, D. A., Schaefer, T., Johnson, K. R., Nichols, D. J., & Hunter, J. P. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. Hartman et al, 145–167.

[synthesis-6] Johnson, K. R., Nichols, D. J., & Hartman, J. H. (2002). Hell Creek Formation: A 2001 synthesis. The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the northern Great Plains: Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 503–510.

[7] DePalma RA, Smit J, Burnham DA, Kuiper K, Manning PL, Oleinik A, Larson P, Maurrasse FJ, Vellekoop J, Richards MA, Gurche L, Walter Alvarez W (April 2019). "A seismically induced onshore surge deposit at the KPg boundary, North Dakota". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (17): 8190–8199. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.8190D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1817407116. PMC 6486721. PMID 30936306.

[8] Broad, William J.; Chang, Kenneth (29 March 2019). "Fossil Site Reveals Day That Meteor Hit Earth and, Maybe, Wiped Out Dinosaurs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 April 2019.

[9] Douglas Preston (28 March 2019). "The Day the Dinosaurs Died". The New Yorker.

[lofgren1997-10] Lofgren, D.F. (1997). "Hell Creek Formation". In: The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 1997. pp. 302–303. ISBN 978-0-122-26810-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

[breithaupt1997-11] Breithaupt, B.H. (1997). "Lance Formation". In: The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 1997. pp. 394–395. ISBN 978-0-122-26810-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

[eberth1997-12] Eberth, D.A. (1997). "Edmonton Group". In: The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 1997. pp. 199–204. ISBN 978-0-122-26810-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

[parsons-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az Pearson et al. (2002) p. 154

[parsons2-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj Pearson et al. (2002) pp. 145–167

[parsons3-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Pearson et al. (2002) p. 155

[parsons4-16] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Pearson et al. (2002) pp. 156

[eb1970-amphibians-barb-17] Listed as "cf. Barbourula sp." in "Class Amphibia," Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.

[eb1970-amphibians-18] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p "Class Amphibia," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.

[eb1970-amphibians-montana-19] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Class Amphibia," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.

[eb1970-amphibians-eopel-20] Listed as "Eopelobates? sp." in "Class Amphibia," Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.

[Paranecturus-21] David G. Demar Jr. (2013). "A new fossil salamander (Caudata, Proteidae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U.S.A". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (3): 588–598. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.734887.

[eb1970-bonyfish-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p "Class Osteichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 3.

[eb1970-bonyfish-montana-23] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Class Osteichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 3. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.

[eb1970-bonyfish-4-24] "Class Osteichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.

[eb1970-bonyfish-montana-4-25] "Class Osteichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.

[eb1970-bonyfish-para-26] Listed as "cf. Paralbula casei" in "Class Osteichthyes," Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.

[GSAeuselachians-27] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Todd D. Cook; Michael G. Newbrey; Donald B. Brinkman; James I. Kirkland (2014). Euselachians from the freshwater deposits of the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Geological Society of America Special Papers. Vol. 503. pp. 229–246. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(08). ISBN 978-0-8137-2503-1. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

[Galagadon-28] Terry A. Gates; Eric Gorscak; Peter J. Makovicky (2019). "New sharks and other chondrichthyans from the latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of North America". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (3): 512–530. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.92.

[eb1970-cartfish-29] "Class Chondrichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 3.

[eb1970-cartfish-montana-30] "Class Chondrichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 3. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.

[31] Manning, P. L.; Ott, C.; Falkingham, P. L. (2008). "The first tyrannosaurid track from the Hell Creek Formation (Late Cretaceous), Montana, U.S.A". PALAIOS. 23 (10): 645–647. Bibcode:2008Palai..23..645M. doi:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-030r.

[cretaceous-distribution-montana-32] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Montana)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 584.

[cretaceous-distribution-southdakota-33] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; South Dakota)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 586.

[34] The Dinosauria 2nd Edition (David B. Weishampel, Halszka Osmólska and Peter Dodson), p. 585, Dinosaur Distribution (DAVID B. WEISHAMPEL, PAUL M. BARRETT, RODOLFO A. CORIA, JEAN LE LOEUFF, XU XING, ZHAO XIJIN, ASHOK SAHNI, ELIZABETH M. P. GOMANI, CHRISTOPHER R. NOTO)

[cretaceous-distribution-northdakota-35] "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; North Dakota)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 585.

[bakkeretal2006-36] Bakker et al. (2006)

[table-21-1-465-37] "Table 21.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 465.

[38] Biles, Jan. "Rare dinosaur skull being prepared for exhibition". Topeka Capital-Journal.com. Topeka Capital-Journal. Retrieved 7 September 2015.

[39] "Super-sized Ceratopsian Skull Might be New Species". Everything Dinosaur. Retrieved 29 August 2015.

[40] O' Connell, Max. "Dinosaur skull found in Buffalo likely a new species". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved 27 August 2015.

[Longrich-41] Nicholas R. Longrich (2011). "Titanoceratops ouranous, a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico". Cretaceous Research. 32 (3): 264–276. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007.

[scannella&horner2010-42] Scannella, J.; Horner, J.R. (2010). "Torosaurus Marsh, 1891, is Triceratops Marsh, 1889 (Ceratopsidae: Chasmosaurinae): synonymy through ontogeny". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (4): 1157–1168. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.483632.

[Forster2016-43] Forster, Catherine A. (2016). "Taxomomic validity of the ceratopsid dinosaur Ugrosaurus olsoni (Cobabe and Fastovsky)". Journal of Paleontology. 67 (2): 316–318. doi:10.1017/S0022336000032273. ISSN 0022-3360.

[:0-44] Scannella, John B.; Fowler, Denver W.; Goodwin, Mark B.; Horner, John R. (15 July 2014). "Evolutionary trends in Triceratops from the Hell Creek Formation, Montana". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (28): 10245–10250. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11110245S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313334111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4104892. PMID 24982159.

[campioneevens2011-45] Campione, N.E.; Evans, D.C. (2011). "Cranial Growth and Variation in Edmontosaurs (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae): Implications for Latest Cretaceous Megaherbivore Diversity in North America". PLoS ONE. 6 (9): e25186. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625186C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025186. PMC 3182183. PMID 21969872.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[cretaceous-distribution-montana-thesgarb-46] Listed as "?Thescelosaurus garbanii" in "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Montana)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 584.

[cretaceous-distribution-southdakota-thesgarb-47] Noted as being present, although misspelled as "Thescelosaurus garbani, in " "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; South Dakota)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 586.

[CABetal09-48] Boyd, Brown, et al. (2009)

[49] Hutchinson and Chiappe, 1998. The first known alvarezsaurid (Theropoda: Aves) from North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18(3), 447–450.

[50] Dalman, S.G.; Lucas, S.G. "A new large Tyrannosaurid Alamotyrannus brinkmani, n. gen., n. sp. (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae), from the Upper Cretaceous Ojo Alamo Formation (Naashoibito Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin.

[51] Molnar, R.E. (January 1980). "An Albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana". Journal of Paleontology. 54 (1): 102–108. JSTOR 1304167.

[52] Triebold, 1997. The Sandy Site: Small Dinosaurs from the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. in Wolberg, Stump and Rosenberg (eds). Dinofest International: Proceedings of a Symposium sponsored by Arizona

[longrich2008-53] Longrich (2008), pages 983–996.

[54] Maltese, Anthony (17 December 2013). "Giant Oviraptor Tracks from the Hell Creek". RMDRC paleo lab. Retrieved 17 December 2013.

[anzu-55] Lamanna, M. C.; Sues, H. D.; Schachner, E. R.; Lyson, T. R. (2014). "A New Large-Bodied Oviraptorosaurian Theropod Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America". PLoS ONE. 9 (3): e92022. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...992022L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092022. PMC 3960162. PMID 24647078.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[acheroraptor-56] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Evans, D. C.; Larson, D. W.; Currie, P. J. (2013). "A new dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) with Asian affinities from the latest Cretaceous of North America". Naturwissenschaften. 100 (11): 1041–9. Bibcode:2013NW....100.1041E. doi:10.1007/s00114-013-1107-5. PMID 24248432.

[longrichetal2011-57] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Longrich, N.R.; Tokaryk, T.; Field, D.J. (2011). "Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (37): 15253–15257. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10815253L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108. PMC 3174646. PMID 21914849.

[stidham1999-58] Stidham, 1999. North American avisaurids (Aves: Enantiornithes): New data on morphology and phylogeny. VII International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, abstracts.

[Brodavis-59] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Larry D. Martin; Evgeny N. Kurochkin; Tim T. Tokaryk (2012). "A new evolutionary lineage of diving birds from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia". Palaeoworld. 21: 59–63. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2012.02.005.

[DePalma_et_al.-60] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Bakker, Robert T.; Larson, Peter L.; Martin, Larry D.; Burnham, David A.; DePalma, Robert A. (30 October 2015). "The first giant raptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Hell Creek Formation". Paleontological Contributions. 14: 1–16. doi:10.17161/paleo.1808.18764.

[Potamornis-61] Elzanowski, A.; Paul, G.S.; Stidham, T.A. (2001). "An avian quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (4): 712–719. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0712:aaqftl]2.0.co;2.

[eb1970-aves-62] "Class Aves," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 7.

[eb1970-aves-montana-63] "Class Aves," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 7. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.

[henderson&peterson2006-64] Henderson and Peterson (2006) 192–195.

[65] "New Hell Creek Pterosaur Species". TrieboldPaleo.Inc.

[JIG362-66] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h R. Matsumoto; S. E. Evans (2010). "Choristoderes and the freshwater assemblages of Laurasia". Journal of Iberian Geology. 36 (2): 253–274. doi:10.5209/rev_jige.2010.v36.n2.11.

[eb1970-turtles-67] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Order Testudinata," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 5.

[eb1970-turtles-montana-68] "Order Testudinata," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 5. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.

[PEinfernalis-69] Walter G. Joyce; Donald B. Brinkman; Tyler R. Lyson (2019). "A new species of trionychid turtle, Axestemys infernalis sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek and Lance formations of the Northern Great Plains, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica. 22 (3): Article number 22.3.72. doi:10.26879/949.

[70] Arbour, V.M.; Zanno, L.E.; Larson, D.W.; Evans, D.C.; Sues, H. (2015). "The furculae of the dromaeosaurid dinosaur Dakotaraptor steini are trionychid turtle entoplastra". PeerJ PrePrints. 3: e1957.

[Hoplochelysclark-71] Georgia E. Knauss; Walter G. Joyce; Tyler R. Lyson; Dean Pearson (2011). "A new kinosternoid from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota and Montana and the origin of the Dermatemys mawii lineage". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 85 (2): 124–142. doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0081-x.

[72] Tyler R. Lyson; Jacob L. Sayler; Walter G. Joyce (2019). "A new baenid turtle, Saxochelys gilberti, gen. et sp. nov., from the uppermost Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation: sexual dimorphism and spatial niche partitioning within the most speciose group of Late Cretaceous turtles". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. in press: e1662428. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1662428.

[PNASsquamates-73] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Nicholas R. Longrich; Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar; Jacques A. Gauthier (2012). "Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (52): 21396–21401. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10921396L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110. PMC 3535637. PMID 23236177.

[PNASsquamatescorrection-74] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Nicholas R. Longrich; Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar; Jacques A. Gauthier (2013). "Correction for "Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary," by Nicholas R. Longrich, Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar, and Jacques A. Gauthier, which appeared in issue 52, December 26, 2012, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (109:21396–21401; first published December 10, 2012; 10.1073/pnas.1211526110)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (16): 6608. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110Q6608.. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303907110. PMC 3631639.

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[Paleobiology393-76] Gregory P. Wilson (2013). "Mammals across the K/Pg boundary in northeastern Montana, U.S.A.: dental morphology and body-size patterns reveal extinction selectivity and immigrant-fueled ecospace filling". Paleobiology. 39 (3): 429–469. doi:10.1666/12041.

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[81] Chandrasekharam, A., 1974. Megafossil flora from the Genesee locality, Alberta, Canada. Palaeontographica, Abt. A, Band 174

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Geology

Paleobiology

Depositional environment

Invertebrates

Amphibians

Fish

Bony fish

Cartilaginous fish

Dinosaurs

Ornithischians

Ankylosaurs

Pachycephalosaurs

Ceratopsians

Ornithopods and Parksosaurs

Theropods

Tyrannosaurids

Ornithomimosaurs

Oviraptorosaurs

Eumaniraptorans

Pterosaurs

Crocodylomorphs

Turtles

Squamata

Choristoderans

Mammals

Multituberculates

Metatherians

Eutherians

Flora

See also

References

Bibliography

External links