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LaMia Flight 2933

Coordinates: 5°58′43″N 75°25′6″W / 5.97861°N 75.41833°W / 5.97861; -75.41833
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LaMia Flight 2933
The Avro RJ85 involved, photographed in 2013 with its previous registration number
Accident
Date28 November 2016 (2016-11-28)
SummaryFuel exhaustion due to pilot error
SiteMt. Cerro Gordo, near La Unión, Antioquia, Colombia
5°58′43″N 75°25′6″W / 5.97861°N 75.41833°W / 5.97861; -75.41833
Aircraft
Aircraft typeAvro RJ85
OperatorLaMia
ICAO flight No.LMI2933
RegistrationCP-2933
Flight originViru Viru International Airport, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
DestinationJosé María Córdova International Airport, Rionegro, Colombia
Occupants77
Passengers73
Crew4
Fatalities71
Injuries6
Survivors6

LaMia Flight 2933 was a charter flight of an Avro RJ85, operated by LaMia, that on 28 November 2016 crashed near Medellín, Colombia, killing 71 of the 77 people on board. The aircraft was transporting the Brazilian Chapecoense football squad and their entourage from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, to Medellín, where the team was scheduled to play at the 2016 Copa Sudamericana Finals. One of the four crew members, three of the players, and two other passengers survived with injuries.

The official report from Colombia's civil aviation agency, Aerocivil, found the causes of the crash to be fuel exhaustion, due to an inappropriate flight plan by the airline, pilot error regarding poor decision making as the situation worsened, including a failure to declare an emergency after fuel levels became critically low, thus failing to inform air traffic control at Medellin that a priority landing was required.

Aircraft and operator

The aircraft was an Avro RJ85, registration CP-2933,[1] serial number E.2348,[2] which first flew in 1999.[3] After service with other airlines and a period in storage between 2010 and 2013, it was acquired by LaMia, a Venezuelan-owned airline operating out of Bolivia.[2][4]

Flight and crash

The planned (blue) and actual (red) itineraries from São Paulo to Medellín. The party flew with a different airline from São Paulo to Santa Cruz, where it boarded the LaMia aircraft. The refuelling stop at Cobija was cancelled following a late departure from Santa Cruz.
Workers amidst the aircraft's wreckage on a Colombian mountainside
Recovery of bodies

The aircraft was carrying 73 passengers and 4 crew members[5] on a flight from Viru Viru International Airport, in the Bolivian city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, to José María Córdova International Airport, serving Medellín in Colombia, and located in nearby Rionegro.[6] Among the passengers were 22 players of the Brazilian Associação Chapecoense de Futebol club, 23 staff, 21 journalists and 2 guests.[7] The team was travelling to play their away leg of the Final for the 2016 Copa Sudamericana in Medellín against Atlético Nacional.[8]

Background and transit to Bolivia

Chapecoense's initial request to charter LaMia for the whole journey from São Paulo to Medellín was refused by the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil because of freedom of the air reasons and bilateral agreements under International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) rules, which would have required the use of a Brazilian or Colombian airline for such service.[9][10][11] The club opted to retain LaMia and arranged a flight with Boliviana de Aviación from São Paulo to Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, where it was to board the LaMia flight.[12][13] LaMia had previously transported other teams for international competitions, including Chapecoense and the Argentina national team, which had flown on the same aircraft two weeks before.[4][14] The flight from São Paulo landed at Santa Cruz at 16:50 local time.[15]

Flight from Santa Cruz

LaMia Flight 2933 is located in Colombia
LaMia Flight 2933
class=notpageimage|
Accident site within Colombia.

The RJ85 operating LaMia flight 2933 departed Santa Cruz at 18:18 local time.[16] A Chapecoense team member's request to have a video game retrieved from his luggage in the aircraft's cargo delayed departure.[17] The original flight plan included an intermediate refueling stop at the Cobija–Captain Aníbal Arab Airport, near Bolivia's border with Brazil;[18][13] however, the flight's late departure meant the aircraft would not arrive at Cobija prior to the airport's closing time.[3] An officer of Bolivia's Administración de Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares a la Navegación Aérea (AASANA – Airports and Air Navigation Services Administration) at Santa Cruz de la Sierra reportedly rejected the crew's flight plan for a direct flight to Medellín several times despite pressure to approve it, because of the aircraft's range being almost the same as the flight distance. The flight plan was altered to include a refueling stop in Bogotá instead and was approved by another AASANA officer.[13][19] The distance between Santa Cruz and Medellín airports is 1,598 nautical miles (2,959 km; 1,839 mi).[20] A fuel stop in Cobija would have broken the flight into two segments: an initial segment of 514 nautical miles (952 km; 592 mi) to Cobija followed by a flight of 1,101 nautical miles (2,039 km; 1,267 mi) to Medellín, a total of 1,615 nautical miles (2,991 km; 1,859 mi).[20] Bogotá's airport is 1,486 nautical miles (2,752 km; 1,710 mi) from Santa Cruz's airport and 116 nautical miles (215 km; 133 mi) from Medellín's. Despite the altered flight plan, the refueling stop in Bogotá was never made, and the flight proceeded directly from Santa Cruz to Medellín.[13][19]

Under standard conditions, the RJ85 has a range of approximately 1,600 nautical miles (3,000 km; 1,800 mi) with a payload of 7,800 kilograms (17,196 lb).[21] Using the International Air Transport Association (IATA)-recommended estimate for weight of passengers and luggage of 100 kilograms (220 lb) per person,[22] the aircraft's payload is estimated at 7,700 kilograms (16,976 lb) meaning a flight from Santa Cruz to Medellín would be at the limit of the aircraft's range.

Shortly before 22:00 local time on 28 November (03:00 UTC, 29 November), the pilot of the LaMia aircraft reported an electrical failure and fuel exhaustion while flying in Colombian airspace between the municipalities of La Ceja and La Unión.[23][24] The RJ85 had begun its descent from its cruising altitude at 21:30.[21] Another aircraft had been diverted to Medellín from its planned route (from Bogotá to San Andres) by its crew because of a suspected fuel leak.[3] Medellín air traffic controllers gave that aircraft priority to land and at 21:43 the LaMia RJ85's crew was instructed to enter a racetrack-shaped holding pattern at the Rionegro VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) radio navigation beacon and wait with three other aircraft for its turn to land.[21][25][26] The crew requested and were given authorisation to hold at an area navigation (RNAV) waypoint named GEMLI, about 5.4 nautical miles (10 km; 6 mi) south of the Rionegro VOR.[26][27] While waiting for the other aircraft to land, during the last 15 minutes of its flight, the RJ85 completed two laps of the holding pattern. This added approximately 54 nautical miles (100 km; 62 mi) to its flight path.[28] At 21:49, the crew requested priority for landing because of unspecified "problems with fuel", and were told to expect an approach clearance in "approximately seven minutes". Minutes later, at 21:52, they declared a fuel emergency and requested immediate descent clearance and "vectors" for approach. At 21:53, with the aircraft nearing the end of its second lap of the holding pattern, engines 3 and 4 (the two engines on the right wing) flamed out due to fuel exhaustion; engines 1 and 2 flamed out two minutes later, at which point the flight data recorder (FDR) stopped operating.[3][29]

After the LaMia crew reported the RJ85's electrical and fuel problems, an air traffic controller radioed that the aircraft was 0.1 nautical miles (190 m; 200 yd) from the Rionegro VOR, but its altitude data were no longer being received.[3] The crew replied that the aircraft was at an altitude of 9,000 feet (2,700 m); the procedure for an aircraft approaching to land at José María Córdova International Airport states it must be at an altitude of at least 10,000 feet (3,000 m) when passing over the Rionegro VOR.[3] Air traffic control radar stopped detecting the aircraft at 21:55 local time as it descended among the mountains south of the airport.[3][21]

At 21:59 the aircraft hit the crest of a ridge on a mountain known as Cerro Gordo at an altitude of 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) while flying in a northwesterly direction, with the wreckage of the rear of the aircraft on the southern side of the crest and other wreckage coming to rest on the northern side of the crest adjacent to the Rionegro VOR transmitter facility, which is in line with runway 01 at José María Córdova International Airport and about 18 kilometres (9.7 nmi; 11 mi) from the southern end.[3][21][30]

Profile of the flight's last 15 minutes
Aircraft's flight path in the last 15 minutes of the flight. Green line indicates the period during which the aircraft was in a holding pattern at Flight level 210 (approximately 21,000 feet altitude) (2:46:08–2:53:09 UTC). Orange star indicates the location where ADS-B signals were lost (2:55:48 UTC). The crash site is indicated in red.
Graphs of the aircraft's altitude and speed in the last 15 minutes before the FDR stopped recording

Rescue

Helicopters from the Colombian Air Force were initially unable to get to the site because of heavy fog in the area,[1] while first aid workers arrived two hours after the crash to find debris strewn across an area about 100 metres (330 ft) in diameter.[31] It was not until 02:00 on 29 November that the first survivor arrived at a hospital: Alan Ruschel, one of the Chapecoense team members.[31] Seven people were found alive in the wreckage. Starting goalkeeper Danilo died shortly after arriving at a hospital. The last survivor to be found was footballer Neto who was discovered at 05:40.[32] Chapecoense backup goalkeeper Jakson Follmann underwent a potentially life-saving leg amputation.[33] Including Danilo, 71 of the 77 occupants died as a result of the crash. The number of dead was initially thought to be 75, but it was later revealed that four people had not boarded the aircraft.[34] Colombian Air Force personnel extracted the bodies of 70 victims from the wreckage and took them to an air force base. They were then taken to the Instituto de Medicina Legal in Medellín for identification.[35]

Investigation

Colombian crash investigation

Graphs of flight altitude and airspeed from Santa Cruz until the engine flameouts and consequent loss of electrical power stopped the FDR recording

The Aircraft Accident Investigation Unit of Colombia's Unidad Administrativa Especial de Aeronáutica Civil (UAEAC or Aerocivil – Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics) began investigating the accident and requested assistance from BAE Systems (the successor company to British Aerospace, the aircraft’s manufacturer) and the British Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) as the investigative body of the state of the manufacturer. A team of three AAIB accident investigators was deployed.[36] They were joined by investigators from Bolivia's national aviation authority, the Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil (DGAC – General Directorate of Civil Aviation).[37] In all, twenty-three specialists were deployed on the investigation; in addition to ten Colombian investigators and those from Bolivia and the United Kingdom, Brazil and the United States contributed personnel to the investigation.[38] On the afternoon of 29 November the UAEAC reported that both flight recorders – the flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR) – had been recovered undamaged.[1]

Evidence very quickly emerged to suggest that the aircraft had run out of fuel: the flight attendant who survived the accident reported that the captain's final words were "there is no fuel",[39][40] and transmissions to that effect from the pilots to ATC were overheard by crews of other aircraft, and recorded in the control tower.[41][42] Shortly after the crash, the person leading the investigation stated that there was "no evidence of fuel in the aircraft" and the aircraft did not catch fire when it crashed.[1] Analysis of the FDR showed all four engines flamed out a few minutes before the crash.[43]

Four weeks after the crash the investigation confirmed that the cause of the crash was fuel exhaustion. Poor planning by the airline and poor oversight by aviation authorities in Bolivia were cited as contributory factors. Analysis by Aerocivil found that the total fuel on board was 6,000 pounds (2,700 kg) less than the required endurance fuel load – the amount required for the basic estimated time enroute at a particular altitude and onboard weight plus allowance for extended holding patterns plus allowance for diversions to secondary airports plus allowance for aborted initial landing with go-around and second attempt.[44][45] Due to restrictions imposed by the aircraft not being compliant with reduced vertical separation minima (RVSM) regulations, the submitted flight plan, with a nominated cruising flight level (FL) higher than 280 (approximately 28,000 feet (8,500 m) in altitude), was in violation of protocols. The flight plan, which was approved by AASANA, included a cruising altitude of FL300 (approximately 30,000 feet (9,100 m)).[46][47] The flight plan was sent for review to Colombian and Brazilian authorities as well, in accordance with regional regulations. The aircraft was estimated to be overloaded by nearly 400 kilograms (880 lb).[48] The preliminary accident report stated the pilots had discussed their fuel state and possible fuel stops en route.[49] For unknown reasons, the CVR stopped recording an hour and forty minutes before the FDR, when the aircraft was still about 550 nautical miles (1,020 km; 630 mi) away from the crash site at the Rionegro VOR.[30]

Findings in the final report

On 27 April 2018, the investigators, led by Aerocivil, released the final investigative report for the crash of Flight 2933, listing the following causal factors:[50]

  • The airline inappropriately planned the flight without considering the necessary amount of fuel that would be needed to fly to an alternate airport, fuel reserves, contingencies, or the required minimum fuel to land;
  • The four engines shut down in sequence as a result of fuel exhaustion;
  • Poor decision making by LaMia employees "as a result of processes that failed to ensure operational security";
  • Poor decision making by the flight crew, who continued the flight on extremely limited fuel despite being aware of the low fuel levels aboard the aircraft and who did not take corrective actions to land the aircraft and refuel.

Additional contributing factors cited by the investigators were:

  • Deploying the landing gear early;
  • "Latent deficiencies" in the planning and execution of non-regular flights related to the insufficient supply of fuel;
  • Specific deficiencies in the planning of the flight by LaMia;
  • "Lack of supervision and operational control" by LaMia, which did not supervise the planning of the flight or its execution, nor did it provide advice to the flight crew;
  • Failure to request priority or declare an emergency by the flight crew, particularly when fuel exhaustion became imminent; these actions would have allowed air traffic services to provide the necessary attention;
  • Failure by the airline to follow the fuel management rules that the Bolivian DGAC had approved in certifying the company;
  • Delays in CP-2933's approach to the runway resulting from its late declaration of priority and of fuel emergency, added to dense traffic in the Ríonegro VOR area.

Other investigations and disciplinary measures

Ten days after the crash, on 8 December, an investigative report by Spanish-language American media company Univision, using data from the Flightradar24 website, claimed that the airline had broken the fuel and loading regulations of the International Civil Aviation Organization on 8 of its 23 previous flights since 22 August. This included two direct flights from Medellín to Santa Cruz: one on 29 October transporting Atlético Nacional to the away leg of their Copa Sudamericana semifinal, and a flight without passengers on 4 November. The report claimed the eight flights would have used at least some of the aircraft's mandatory fuel reserves (a variable fuel quantity to allow for an additional 45 minutes of flying time), concluding the company was accustomed to operating flights at the limit of the RJ85's endurance.[51]

After the crash, the Bolivian government suspended the director of the DGAC and the chief executive of AASANA as well as the director of the DGAC’s National Aeronautics Registry—the son of one of LaMia's owners.[19][52]

Bolivian criminal investigation

A week after the crash, Bolivian police detained two individuals on criminal charges related to the crash of Flight 2933. The general director of LaMia was detained on various charges, including involuntary manslaughter.[52] His son, who worked for the DGAC, was detained for allegedly using his influence to have the aircraft be given an operational clearance. A prosecutor involved with the case told reporters that "the prosecution has collected statements and evidence showing the participation of the accused in the crimes of misusing influence, conduct incompatible with public office and a breach of duties."[53]

An arrest warrant was issued for the employee of AASANA in Santa Cruz who had refused to approve Flight 2933's flight plan - it was later approved by another official.[19][52] She fled the country seeking political asylum in Brazil, claiming that after the crash she had been pressured by her superiors to alter a report she had made before the aircraft took off and that she feared that Bolivia would not give her a fair trial.[53] A warrant was also issued for the arrest of another of LaMia's co-owners, but he still had not been located four weeks after the crash.[48]

In May 2017, a CNN report revealed that LaMia's insurance policy with Bolivian insurer Bisa had lapsed beginning in October 2016 for nonpayment; while said policy did not cover flights to Colombia, which the insurer included as part of a geographical exclusion clause along with several African countries, as well as Peru, Afghanistan, Syria and Iraq, the airline managed to get permission to fly to Colombia on at least eight occasions.[54]

Reactions

Governmental

Brazilian and Mercosur flags at half staff at the National Congress Building in Brasília

Following the crash, the DGAC of Bolivia suspended LaMia's air operator's certificate.[19][55] LaMia's remaining two RJ85s were impounded.[52] A few days after the crash, Bolivia's Defense Minister expressed concern over the possibility of aviation sanctions and downgrades by foreign national aviation authorities, for which consequences may include banning Bolivian carriers from foreign airspace.[56]

Brazilian President Michel Temer declared three days of national mourning and requested that personnel from Brazil's embassy to Colombia in Bogotá be moved to Medellín to better assist the survivors and the families of the victims.[57]

Sports

A vigil attended by thousands was held in Chapecó, the hometown of Chapecoense
A minute of silence observed before a football match in San Cristóbal, Venezuela

Many South American football teams paid tribute to Chapecoense by changing their playing kits to include Chapecoense's badge or wearing Chapecoense's playing kit or green colours. Matches all over the world also began with a minute of silence.[58][59][60][61]

CONMEBOL

All activities related to CONMEBOL (the South American Football Confederation) were suspended immediately, including both legs of the Copa Sudamericana final, scheduled for 30 November and 7 December,[62] and the second leg of the Copa do Brasil Final.[63] Atlético Nacional, Chapecoense's opponents-to-be in the final, asked CONMEBOL to honor Chapecoense by awarding them the Copa Sudamericana title, stating that "for our part, and forever, Chapecoense are champions of the 2016 Copa Sudamericana".[64] CONMEBOL officially named Chapecoense the 2016 Copa Sudamericana champions on 5 December.[65] The Brazilian team received the winner's prize money (US $2 million) and was awarded qualification to the 2017 Copa Libertadores, 2017 Recopa Sudamericana against Atlético Nacional and the 2017 Suruga Bank Championship against J1 League champions Urawa Red Diamonds.[66] Atlético Nacional also received the CONMEBOL Centennial Fair Play Award in recognition of its sportsmanship in suggesting that Chapecoense be awarded the title.[67]

FIFA

FIFA president Gianni Infantino gave a speech at Arena Condá, Chapecoense's stadium, at a public memorial. A committee representing FIFA at the service was composed of former football legends Clarence Seedorf and Carles Puyol; and Real Madrid player Lucas Silva. Infantino gave his speech at the end of the service by saying: "Today we are all Brazilians, we are all Chapecoenses".[68] Nacional were awarded the FIFA Fair Play Award for requesting the Copa Sudamerica title to be awarded to Chapecoense.[69]

UEFA

UEFA officially asked for a minute's silence at all upcoming Champions League and Europa League matches as a mark of respect.[70][71][72] President Aleksander Ceferin said in a statement: "European football is united in expressing its deepest sympathy to Chapecoense, the Brazilian football confederation, CONMEBOL and the families of all the victims following this week's air disaster".[73]

National football associations

The Argentine Football Association sent a support letter to Chapecoense offering free loans of players from Argentine clubs.[74]

The Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) encouraged Chapecoense to play its next scheduled Campeonato Brasileiro Série A game against Clube Atlético Mineiro, part of the final round of the tournament, as a tribute to the players.[75] Both Chapecoense and Atlético Mineiro refused to play the match, but they were not fined by the Superior Court of Sports Justice.[76]

Besides changing their profile pictures on social media to a black version of Chapecoense's badge and issuing messages of solidarity,[77] other Brazilian teams offered to loan the club players for the next year[62] and asked the CBF to exempt Chapecoense from relegation for the next three years.[78]

In Colombia, a four-hour tribute took place at Atlético Nacional's stadium at the time the match Chapecoense had been scheduled to play would have kicked off. This was attended by 40,000 spectators with live coverage on Fox Sports and a live stream on YouTube.[79][80]

The Uruguayan Football Association declared two days of mourning.[81] The association's referees wore a Chapecoense badge on their shirts for the 14th matchday of the Uruguayan Primera División.[82]

Other

Avianca, Colombia's flag carrier and largest airline, provided 44 psychologists to help in the counseling of the families of the victims. The airline, by request of the Colombian and Brazilian governments, also provided logistical support and transportation to Brazilian medical personnel who were involved in the identification of the deceased.[83] On Twitter, Avianca expressed its regrets over the incident and stated that "our prayers are with the families of the victims".[84]

Two weeks after the crash on 15 December, LaMia's lawyer announced that the airline had agreed with the International Civil Aviation Organization to a compensation scheme that would pay US$165,000 to each deceased passenger's family. LaMia's liability coverage insured up to a maximum of $25 million for passengers and $1.5 million for crew members.[85]

During an interview, Roberto Canessa, a member of a Uruguayan rugby team that was travelling to a match in 1972 when their aircraft crashed in what became known as the Andes flight disaster, said that he wanted to help the crash survivors.[86]

Spanish club FC Barcelona offered to play a friendly fundraiser, in order to help rebuild Chapecoense's team. The match was played on 7 August 2017 at Barcelona's stadium, which Barcelona subsequently won 5–0. Alan Ruschel, one of the three surviving players, played his first game since the tragedy. He started the game as the captain, and was substituted in the 35th minute.

In all copies of FIFA 17, players were given the Chapecoense emblem for free to wear for their FIFA Ultimate Team Club.[87]

Survivors

The surviving players were Alan Ruschel,[88] Jakson Follmann[89] and Neto.[32] The other survivors were a member of the flight crew and two passengers.[90] One of the surviving passengers, an employee of a Bolivian company contracted by LaMia to provide maintenance technicians to accompany the aircraft, said that there was no announcement by the pilots that there was an emergency and he thought the aircraft was simply descending prior to the crash.[91] Chapecoense goalkeeper Danilo was initially reported to have survived the crash and to have been taken to a hospital, where he later succumbed to his injuries.[92] However, the San Vicente Fundación hospital from Medellín clarified a few days later that he died in the crash.[93]

Rafael Henzel, who was a passenger on the flight and survived, died on 26 March 2019 after a heart attack.[94]

Notable fatalities

Chapecoense players

Chapecoense staff

Media

Guests

The United States cable TV network ESPN produced an hour long story about the crash for its E:60 news magazine TV show. It focused on how one of the pilots was also a co-owner of the airline company and the effects on the survivors and on family members of the people killed in the accident.[101]

The crash of LaMia Flight 2933 was covered in "Football Tragedy", a Season 19 (2019) episode of the internationally syndicated Canadian TV documentary series Mayday.[45] The show premiered in the United States on the Smithsonian Channel's Air Disasters as "Soccer Tragedy" in November 2019.

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b "CP-2933 LAMIA British Aerospace Avro RJ85 – cn E2348". Planespotters. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "CP-2933 accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Retrieved 29 November 2016. The airline's general director reported in local media that the initial plans were for LaMia to fly the football team from São Paulo, Brazil to Medellín with a refueling stop at Cobija in northern Bolivia
  4. ^ a b Torres, Fabián (29 November 2016). "Accidente avión Chapecoense: El piloto del avión siniestrado también era el dueño de la aerolínea LaMia" [Chapecoense aircraft accident: The pilot of the LaMia aircraft was also the owner of the airline]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  5. ^ Preliminary report, p. 3
  6. ^ "Colombia plane crash: 71 dead on Brazil soccer team's charter flight". CNN. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  7. ^ "Plane Carrying Football Players From Brazil Crashes In Colombia". NDTV. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
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  13. ^ a b c d Domonoske, Camila (1 December 2016). "Before Deadly Crash In Colombia, Pilot Said He was out of Fuel". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 2 December 2016. there was a planned refueling stop in Cobija, [Bolivia], but that the delay meant they'd have to refuel in Bogotá, Colombia, instead.
  14. ^ "Messi y la Selección argentina viajaron en el mismo avión del accidente hace 18 días" [Messi and the Argentine team travelled in the accident aircraft 18 days ago]. Infobae (in Spanish). 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  15. ^ "BoA transportó a Chapecoense sólo de San Pablo a Santa Cruz y Lamia hacia Medellin" [BoA only transported Chapecoense from São Paulo to Santa Cruz and LaMia [took them] to Medellin] (in Spanish). Bolivian Consulate in Rosario, Argentina. 29 November 2016. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
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  18. ^ "Why the Chapecoense football team's plane ran out of fuel". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016. An earlier commercial flight had brought them from São Paulo in Brazil to Bolivia. The private jet was scheduled to stop for refuelling in Cobija, in Bolivia's north.
  19. ^ a b c d e Uphoff, Rainer (2 December 2016). "Bolivia suspends LAMIA Bolivia's AOC". FlightGlobal. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  20. ^ a b "Great Circle Mapper". www.gcmap.com. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  21. ^ a b c d e Richter, Jan. "LAMIA Avro RJ-85 crashed near Medellin with 81 on board". JACDEC. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  22. ^ "Tenth Session of the Statistics Division, Available Capacity and Average Passenger Mass" (PDF). International Civil Aviation Organization. 13 October 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  23. ^ Ostrower, John. "Colombia plane crash: Jet ran out of fuel, pilot said". CNN. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
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  25. ^ Preliminary report, p. 4
  26. ^ a b Preliminary report, p. 5
  27. ^ Preliminary report, p. 7
  28. ^ "Not Enough Fuel: The Disgusting Truth About LaMia Flight 2933". Fear of Landing. Sylvia Wrigley. 2 December 2016. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.[self-published source]
  29. ^ Preliminary report, pp. 7–9
  30. ^ a b Preliminary report, p. 15
  31. ^ a b "Son seis los sobrevivientes del accidente aéreo en Antioquia" [Six survivors of the aircraft crash in Antioquia]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
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  33. ^ "Goalie Follmann's leg amputated, Neto suffering from head trauma". Fox News Latino. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  34. ^ Lawlor, David (29 November 2016). "Colombia plane crash: 71 dead and six survivors on flight carrying Chapecoense football team". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  35. ^ "Corpos de vítimas de queda do voo da Chapecoense já estão todos no IML de Medellin" [Bodies of victims of the Chapecoense air crash are already at the IML in Medellín]. G1 (in Portuguese). 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  36. ^ "The AAIB is sending a team of inspectors to Colombia" (Press release). Air Accidents Investigation Branch. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
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  66. ^ "CONMEBOL outorga o título Copa Sul-Americana 2016 à Chapecoense e reconhece o Atlético Nacional como Campeão Fair Play do Centenário" [CONMEBOL awards the 2016 South American Cup title to Chapecoense and recognizes Atletico Nacional as the Centennial Fair Play Champion] (in Portuguese). CONMEBOL. 5 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
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Accident reports

Further reading

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