Jump to content

Macedonia (terminology)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 82.110.222.96 (talk) at 09:14, 8 December 2006 (→In history). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Template:Macedonia intro

The definition of Macedonia is a major source of confusion due to the overlapping use of the term to describe geographical, political and historical areas, languages and peoples. Ethnic groups inhabiting the area use different terminology for the same entity, or the same terminology for different entities, which is often confusing to other inhabitants of the region and foreigners alike.

Historically, the region has presented markedly shifting borders across the Balkan peninsula. Geographically, no single definition of its borders or the names of its subdivisions is accepted by all scholars and ethnic groups. Demographically, it is mainly inhabited by four ethnic groups, three of which self-identify as Macedonians: One Slavic group does so at a national level, while another, Bulgarians, as well as a Greek one do so at a regional level. Linguistically, the names and origins of the languages and dialects spoken in the region are a source of controversy. Politically, the use of the name Macedonia has led to a diplomatic dispute between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia. Despite intervention from the United Nations, the dispute is still pending full resolution.

Regardless of the borderless, historic nature of the region, Macedonia can be safely considered as lying in the heart of the Balkan peninsula. Therefore, the reason for this polyonymy, heteronymy and confusion can be summarised in Winston Churchill's words: "The Balkan region has a tendency to produce more history than it can consume."[1]

Etymology

Main article: Etymology of the name "Macedonia"

Wank stain!

I am pwning this wiki!

In geography

Macedonia (as a current geographical term) refers to a region of the Balkan peninsula in south-eastern Europe, covering some 60,000 or 70,000 square kilometers. Although the region's borders are not officially defined by any international organization or state, in some contexts, the territory appears to correspond to the basins of (from west to east) the Haliacmon (Aliákmonas), Vardar / Axios and Struma / Strymónas rivers, and the plains around Thessaloniki and Serres.

French geographical map of the wider Macedonia (region) as seen by Bianconi, 1885. Most other maps of that period have similar borders, differing slightly from each other; a few maps restrict the region to its southern part. Enlarge.

In a historic context, the region presents markedly shifting borders across the Balkan peninsula, since borders were loosely defined according to the administrative requirements of its conquerors. Under the Ottoman conquest, which lasted five centuries, Macedonia was not an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire.[2] H.R. Wilkinson, the geographer, suggests that the region "defies definition", but that many mappers agree "on its general location".[3] Macedonia was well enough defined in 1897 for Gladstone propose "Macedonia for the Macedonians", implying all the inhabitants of the region, irrespectively of their ethnicity.[4] The Balkan nations began to proclaim their rights to it after the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878, and its subsequent revision.

Many ethnographic maps were produced in this period of controversy; these differ primarily in the areas given to each nationality within Macedonia. This was in part a result of the choice of definition: an inhabitant of Macedonia might well have different nationalities depending on whether the basis of classification was denomination, descent, language, self-identification or personal choice. In addition, the Ottoman census, taken on the basis of religion, was misquoted by all sides; descent, or "race", was largely conjectural; inhabitants of Macedonia might speak a different language at the market and at home, and the same Slavic dialect might be called Serbian "with Bulgarian influences", Macedonian, or West-Bulgarian.

These maps would also differ somewhat in the boundaries given to Macedonia. Its only inarguable limits were the Aegean Sea and the Serbian and Bulgarian frontiers (as of 1885); where it bordered on Old Serbia, Albania, and Thrace (all parts of Ottoman Rumelia) was debatable.[3]

The Greek ethnographer Nicolaides, the Austrian Meinhard, and the Bulgarian Kǎnčev accepted the Šar Mountains and the Crna hills; as had scholars before 1878.[3] The Serb Gopčevič preferred a line much further south, assigning the entire region from Skopje to Strumica to "Old Serbia"; and some later Greek geographers have agreed to a more restricted Macedonia.[3] In addition, maps might vary in smaller details: as to whether this town or that was Macedonian. One Italian map included Prizren, where Nicolaides and Meinhard had drawn the boundary just south of it. On the south and west, Grevena, Korçë, and Konitsa varied from map to map; on the east, the usual line is the lower Mesta / Nestos river and then north or northwest, but one German geographer takes the line so far west as to exclude Bansko and Nevrokop / Gotse Delcev.[3]

Extremist ethnic Macedonian nationalists of the "United Macedonia" movement have expressed irredentist claims to what they refer to as "Aegean Macedonia" (in Greece),[5][6][7] "Pirin Macedonia" (in Bulgaria),[8] "Mala Prespa and Golo Bardo" (in Albania),[9] and "Gora and Prohor Pchinski" (in Serbia).[10] Greek Macedonians, Bulgarians, Albanians and Serbs form the overwhelming majority of the population of each part of the region respectively. These fringe groups have received no official encouragement from the government of the Republic of Macedonia, especially since 1995 when a constitutional amendment was added stating that there were no territorial claims on neighbouring countries. However, schoolbooks and official government publications in the Republic have shown the country as part of an unliberated whole.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

Template:Geographical Macedonia The region of Macedonia is commonly divided into three major and two minor sub-regions.[18] The name Macedonia appears under certain contexts on the major regions, while the smaller ones are traditionally referred to by other local toponyms:

Major sub-regions

The region of Macedonia is commonly split geographically into three main sub-regions, especially when discussing the Macedonian Question. The terms are used in non-partisan scholarly works, although they are also used in ethnic Macedonian literature of an irredentist nature:[19]

Minor parts

In addition to the above named sub-regions, there are also two smaller regions, in Albania and Serbia respectively. These regions are also considered geographically part of Macedonia. They are referred to by ethnic Macedonians as follows,[19] but typically aren't referred to by non-partisan scholars.

Mala Prespa and Golo Bardo is a small area in the west of the Macedonia region in Albania, mainly around the Lake Ohrid. It includes parts of the Korçë, Pogradec and Devoll districts. These districts in whole occupy about 3,000 km², but the area concerned is significantly smaller.

Gora and Prohor Pchinski are minor parts in the north of the Macedonia region in Serbia. They roughly correspond to the Serbian district of Dragash (435 km²) and the monastery of Prohor Pčinjski.

In demographics

Main article: Demographic history of Macedonia

The region, as defined above, has a total population of about 5 million. The main disambiguation issue in demographics is the self-identifying name of two contemporary groups. The ethnic Macedonian population of the Republic of Macedonia self-identify as Macedonian on a national level, while the Greek Macedonians self-identify as both Macedonian on a regional, and Greek on a national level. This disambiguation problem has led to a wide variety of terms used to refer to the separate groups, more information of which can be found in the terminology by group section.

Demographic Macedonia
Macedonians      All inhabitants of the region, irrespective of ethnicity
MacedoniansN-[3] A contemporary ethnic group, also referred to as Slavomacedonians or Macedonian Slavs[23], N-[5]
MacedoniansN-[3] Citizens of the Republic of Macedonia irrespective of ethnicity
Macedonians A Greek regional group, also referred to as Greek Macedonians or Aegean MacedoniansN-[1]
Macedonians A group of antiquity
Macedonians A Bulgarian regional group,[24] also referred to as Piriners.
Macedo-Romanians An alternative name for Aromanians

The self-identifying Macedonians (collectively referring to the inhabitants of the region) that inhabit or inhabited the area are:

As an ethnic group, Macedonians refersN-[3] to the majority of the population of the Republic of Macedonia. Statistics for 2002 indicate the population of ethnic Macedonians within Republic of Macedonia as 1,297,981.[22][25] On the other hand, as a legal term, it refers to all the citizens of the Republic of Macedonia, irrespective of their ethnic or religious affiliation.[22] However, the preamble of the constitution[26] distinguishes between "the Macedonian people" and the "Albanians, Turks, Vlachs, Romanics and other nationalities living in the Republic of Macedonia", but for whom "full equality as citizens" is provided. As of 2002 the total population of the country is 2,022,547.[25]

As a regional group in Greece, Macedonians refers to ethnic Greeks living in regions referred to as Macedonia, and particularly Greek Macedonia. This group composes the vast majority of the population of the Greek region of Macedonia. The 2001 census for the total population of the Macedonia region in Greece shows 2,625,681.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).

The same term in antiquity described the inhabitants of the kingdom of Macedon,[4] including their notable rulers Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great who self-identified as Greeks.[27]

As a regional group in Bulgaria, Macedonians refers to the inhabitants of Bulgarian Macedonia, who in their vast majority self-identify as Bulgarians at a national level and as Macedonians at a regional, but not ethnic level.[24] As of 2001, the total population of Bulgarian Macedonia is 341,245, while the ethnic Macedonians living in the same region are 3,117.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). The Bulgarian Macedonians also self-identify as Piriners (пиринци, pirintsi)[28] to avoid confusion with the neighboring ethnic group.

Macedo-Romanians can be used as an alternative name for Aromanians, people living throughout the southern Balkans, especially in northern Greece, Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria, and as an emigrant community in Northern Dobruja, Romania. According to Ethnologue, their total population in all countries is 306,237.[29] This not very frequent appellation is the only one with the disambiguating portmanteau, both within the members of the same ethnic group and the other ethnic groups in the area.[30]

The ethnic Albanians living in the region of Macedonia, as defined above, are mainly concentrated in the Republic of Macedonia (especially in the northwestern part that borders Kosovo and Albania), and less in the Albanian minor sub-region of Macedonia around the Lake Ohrid. As of 2002, the total population of Albanians within the republic is 509,083 or 25.2% of the country's total population.[25]

It should be noted that the ancient Macedonian religious sect derived their name from their founder, Bishop Macedonius I of Constantinople, not from the geographical region of Macedonia.

In linguistics

As language is one of the elements tied in with national identity, the same disputes that are voiced over demographics are also found in linguistics. There are two main disputes about the use of the word Macedonian to describe a linguistic phenomenon, be it a language or a dialect:

Linguistic Macedonia
MacedonianN-[3] A contemporary Slavic language, also referred to as Slavomacedonian or Macedonian Slavic[31][32][33], N-[5]
Macedonian        A dialect of Modern Greek, typically simply referred to as Greek
Macedonian A language or dialect of antiquity
Macedo-Romanian Another name for the Aromanian language

On the first hand, the origins of the Ancient Macedonian language are currently debated. It is as yet undetermined whether the language / dialect was a Greek dialect related to Doric Greek[34][35] and/or Aeolic Greek[36] dialects among others, a sibling language of ancient Greek forming a Greaco-Macedonian or Hellenic supergroup, or an independent Indo-European language close to Greek, Thracian and Phrygian languages.[37] The scientific community generally agrees that, although some sources are available (e.g. Hesychius' lexicon, Pella curse tablet)[38] there is no decisive evidence for supporting either hypothesis.[39]

On the other hand, the (south Slavic) Macedonian languageN-[3] is unrelated to the Ancient Macedonian language. It currently suffers from two main disputes. The first dispute is over the name (alternative ways of referring to this language can be found in the terminology by group section). The second dispute is over the existence of a Macedonian language distinct from Bulgarian, the denial of which is a position supported by nationalist groups,[40] but also, less vehemently, by ordinary Bulgarians. Further information on this can be found in the Macedonian language article.

Today, Macedonian is also dialect of Modern Greek a language of the Indo-European family. Additionally, Macedo-Romanian is an Eastern Romance language spoken in Southeastern Europe by the Aromanians.[30]

In politics

The controversies in geographic, linguistic and demographic terms, are also manifested in international politics. Among the autonomous countries that were formed as a result of the Yugoslavian split in the 1990s, was the (until then) subnational entity of SFRJ, by the official name of Socialist Republic of Macedonia, the others being Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. The peaceful break-away of that nation, resulted in a necessary change for its name, to signify disassociation from federal Yugoslavia. Template:Political Macedonia Republic of MacedoniaN-[3] is the constitutional name[26] of the sovereign state which occupies the northern part of the geographical region of Macedonia. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) is a term used to refer to this state by the main international organisations, including United Nations,[41] European Union,[42] NATO,[43] IMF,[44] WTO,[45] IOC,[46] World Bank,[47] EBRD,[48] OSCE,[49] FIFA,[50] and FIBA.[51] The term was introduced in 1993 by the United Nations, following a naming dispute with Greece. Some countries use this term as a stop-gap measure, pending resolution of the naming dispute.

Greece and the Republic of Macedonia each consider this name a compromise:[52] it is opposed by some Greeks for containing the Greek self-identifying name Macedonia, and by many in the Republic of Macedonia for not being the short self-identifying name.[53] Greece uses it in both the abbreviated (FYROM or ΠΓΔΜ)N-[1] and spellout form (πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας).

Macedonia refers also to a geographic region in Greece, divided in the three administrative sub-regions (peripheries) of West, Central, and East Macedonia. The region is overseen by the Ministry for Macedonia–Thrace. The capital of Greek Macedonia is Thessaloniki, which is the largest city in the region of Macedonia. Thessaloniki is also the joint capital city ("συμπρωτεύουσα"-symprotévousa)[54] of Greece, the capital being Athens.

Names in the languages of the region

Macedonia
Albanian: Maqedonia   Macedonian: Македонија (Makedonija)
Armenian: Մակեդոնիա (Makedonia)   Romany: Makedoniya'
Aromanian: Machidunia   Russian: Македония (Makedonija)
Bulgarian: Македония (Makedonija)   Serbian: Македонија, Makedonija
Greek: Μακεδονία (Makedhonia)   Turkish: Makedonya
Ladino: Makedonia, מקדוניה

Terminology by group

All these controversies have led ethnic groups in Macedonia to use terms in conflicting ways. Despite the fact that these terms may not always be used in a pejorative way, they may be perceived as such by the receiving ethnic group. Both Greeks and ethnic Macedonians, generally use all terms deriving from Macedonia to describe their own ethnic or regional group, and have devised several other terms to disambiguate the other side, or the region in general.

A proportion of Bulgarians and ethnic Macedonians have extremist views about their inter-relatedness. On the one hand, extremist ethnic Macedonians[55] seek to deny the possibility of any national, linguistic and historical relatedness to the Bulgarians. On the other hand, extremist Bulgarians seek to downplay this distinctiveness,[56] and are often supported by extremist Greeks.[57] Bulgarians and ethnic Macedonians seek to deny the self-identification of the Slavic speaking minority in northern Greece,[58] which mostly self-identifies as Greek. Extremists on all sides have been known to fabricate and reproduce falsified information, along with denying genuine information and propagating unscientific and pseudoscientific theories.[59][60][61]

Certain terms are in use by these groups as outlined below. Any denial of self-identification by any side, or any attribution to Macedonia related terms by third parties to the other side, can be seen as highly offensive. General usage of these terms follows:

Template:MultiCol

Bulgarian
  • Garkomani (Гъркомани) is a derogatory term used to refer to the largest portion of the Slavic-speaking minority of Macedonia in Greece who self-identify as Greeks.[62]
  • Macedonian and the Slavic dialects of Greece are considered dialects of Bulgarian by Bulgarian linguists, not independent languages or dialects of other languages (e.g. Serbian). This is also the popular view in Bulgaria. The Bulgarian government, however, has officially recognized the language as the constitutional language of the Republic of Macedonia.[63]
  • Macedonism (Македонизъм) is a term referring to the political ideology or simply views that the Slavs of Macedonia are an ethnic group separate from Bulgarians, with their own separate language, history and culture. It is also used to describe what Bulgarians view as the falsification of their history whether by Macedonian or foreign scholars who subscribe to the Macedonist point of view. It carries strong negative connotations.[64] (see Macedonism).
  • Macedonistics (Македонистика) is a term, generally synonymous with disciplines such as study of the origins of the Macedonian language and history of the Macedonian people conducted in the Republic of Macedonia and in former Yugoslavia. It is generally considered in Bulgaria to be a kind of pseudoscience.
  • Macedonist (Македонист) is a term for a person (typically ethnic Macedonian) who believes that Macedonian Slavs are not ethnic Bulgarians but a separate ethnic group, directly descended from the ancient Macedonians. It is a more negatively charged synonym of "Macedonian nationalist". More rarely it is used for someone associated with the study of the origins of the Macedonian language and history of the Macedonian people (not necessarily from the Republic of Macedonia or Yugoslavia), whose studies support the official historical doctrine of the Republic of Macedonia or former Yugoslavia.[64]
  • Old Bulgarian (Старобългарски) is the name Bulgarians give to the Old Church Slavonic language used in the Ohrid Literary School among others. In contrast, Old Church Slavonic is rarely referred by Macedonians as Old Macedonian, but is referred as Old Slavic.[65]

| class="col-break " |

Greek

| class="col-break " |

Ethnic Macedonian
  • Macedonia (Македонија) can interchangeably refer to either the region of Macedonia or the Republic of Macedonia.[74]
  • Macedonians (Македонци) generally refers to the Macedonian ethnic group associated with the Republic of Macedonia, neighbouring countries and abroad.[74]
  • Aegean Macedonia (Егејска Македонија — Egejska Makedonija) refers to Macedonia in Greece (as defined by the administrative division of Greece).[75][76]
  • Pirin Macedonia (Пиринска Македонија — Pirinska Makedonija) refers to the Blagoevgrad Province of Bulgaria (as defined by the administrative division of Bulgaria).[76]
  • Old Macedonian (Старомакедонски) is one of the names ethnic Macedonians give to the Ancient Macedonian language.[77]
  • Bugarashi (бугараши) or bugarofili (бугарофили) are derogatory terms used to refer to people in the Republic of Macedonia self-identifying as Bulgarian, or having a pro-Bulgarian orientation.[78], [79]
  • Egejci (Егејци) is а term sometimes used to refer to people living in the Republic of Macedonia and abroad that are originating from the Aegean Macedonia (today’s Greece).[80]
  • Grkomani (гркомани) is a derogatory term used to refer to the largest portion of the Slavic-speaking minority of Macedonia in Greece who self-identify as Greeks.[81]
  • Srbomani (србомани) or srbofili (србофили) are derogatory terms used to refer to people in the Republic of Macedonia self-identifying as Serbian, or having a pro-Serb orientation.[78], [82]

Template:EndMultiCol

Notes

n-[1] a b c During the Greek Civil War, in 1947, the Greek Ministry of Press and Information published a book, I Enandion tis Ellados Epivoulis ("Designs on Greece"), namely of documents and speeches on the ongoing Macedonian issue, many translations from Yugolsav officials. It reports Josip Broz Tito using the term "Aegean Macedonia" on the October 11, 1945 in the build up to the Greek Civil War; the original document is archived in ‘GFM A/24581/G2/1945’. For Athens, the “new term, Aegean Macedonia”, (also “Pirin Macedonia”), was introduced by Yugoslavs. Contextually, this observation indicates this was part of the Yugoslav offensive against Greece, laying claim to Greek Macedonia, but Athens does not take issue with the term itself. The 1945 date concurs with Bulgarian sources. Further information on this can be found in the article Aegean Macedonia.
n-[2] a b Despite a history of use by Bulgarian nationalists,[83] the term "Pirin Macedonia" is today regarded as offensive by certain Bulgarians,[84] who assert that it is widely used by Macedonists as part of the irredentist concept of United Macedonia. However, many people in the country also think of the name as a purely geographical term, which it has historically been. Its use is, thus, controversial.
n-[3] a b c d e f g The constitutional name of the country "Republic of Macedonia" and the short name "Macedonia" when referring to the country, can be considered offensive by most Greeks, especially inhabitants of the Greek province of Macedonia. The official reasons for this, as described by the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, are:
"The choice of the name Macedonia by FYROM directly raises the issue of usurpation of the cultural heritage of a neighbouring country. The name constitutes the basis for staking an exclusive rights claim over the entire geographical area of Macedonia. More specifically, to call only the Slavo-Macedonians Macedonians monopolizes the name for the Slavo-Macedonians and creates semiological confusion, whilst violating the human rights and the right to self-determination of Greek Macedonians. The use of the name by FYROM alone may also create problems in the trade area, and subsequently become a potential springboard for distorting reality, and a basis for activities far removed from the standards set by the European Union and more specifically the clause on good neighbourly relations. The best example of this is to be seen in the content of school textbooks in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia."[85]
n-[4]^ The abbreviated term "FYROM" can be considered offensive when used to refer to the Republic of Macedonia. The spellout of the term, the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", is not necessarily considered offensive, but some ethnic Macedonians may still find it offensive due to their right of self-identification being ignored. The term can also be offensive for Greeks under certain contexts, since it contains the word Macedonia.
n-[5] a b c d Although acceptable in the past, current use of the name "Slavomacedonian" in reference to both the ethnic group and the language can be considered pejorative and offensive by some ethnic Macedonians. The Greek Helsinki Monitor reports:
"... the term Slavomacedonian was introduced and was accepted by the community itself, which at the time had a much more widespread non-Greek Macedonian ethnic consciousness. Unfortunately, according to members of the community, this term was later used by the Greek authorities in a pejorative, discriminatory way; hence the reluctance if not hostility of modern-day Macedonians of Greece (i.e. people with a Macedonian national identity) to accept it."[72]

References

  1. ^ Linden, Ronald H. "Enlarging the Euro-Atlantic Space: Special Issues for Southeast Europe" (pdf). p. 120. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ McCarthy, J. (2001) The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-340-70657-0
  3. ^ a b c d e Wilkinson, H. R. (1951). Maps and Politics; a review of the ethnographic cartography of Macedonia. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. (a) p.1, (b) pp. 2-4, 99, 121ff, (c) p.120, (d) pp.4, 99, 137 (e) pp. 2, 4. LCC DR701.M3 W5.
  4. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary Unabridged — Draft Revision (Mar. 2005) — "Macedonian"
  5. ^ Greek Macedonia "not a problem", The Times (London), August 5, 1957
  6. ^ Patrides, Greek Magazine of Toronto, September — October, 1988, p. 3.
  7. ^ Simons, Marlise (February 3 1992). "As Republic Flexes, Greeks Tense Up". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Lenkova, M. (1999). "Greek Helsinki Monitor: Macedonians of Bulgaria" (pdf). Minorities in Southeast Europe. Greek Helsinki Monitor, Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe — Southeast Europe. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "Rainbow — Vinozhito political party". The Macedonian minority in Albania. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Makedonija — General Information". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "The vision of "Greater Macedonia"". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "The vision of "Greater Macedonia"". Specific examples (I). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "The vision of "Greater Macedonia"". Specific examples (II). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ The Macedonian Times, semi-governmental monthly periodical, Issue number 23, July-August 1996:14, Leading article: Bishop Tsarknjas
  15. ^ Facts About the Republic of Macedonia - annual booklets since 1992, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Secretariat of Information, Second edition, 1997, ISBN 9989-42-044-0. p.14. 2 August 1944.
  16. ^ MIA (Macedonian Information Agency), Macedonia marks 30th anniversary of Dimitar Mitrev's death, Skopje, February 24 2006
  17. ^ "Official site of the Embassy of the Republic of Macedonia in London". An outline of Macedonian history from Ancient times to 1991. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ a b c Danforth, L. M. (1997) The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-04356-6, p.44
  19. ^ a b "myMacedonia.net". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica". Macedonia. 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "Official site: District of Blagoevgrad". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ a b c "CIA — The World Factbook". Macedonia. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "MSN Encarta". Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ a b "British Council — Bulgaria". Macedonians of Bulgaria. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ a b c "State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia" (pdf). 2002 census. p. 34. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference mkconst was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Pomeroy, S., Burstein, S., Dolan, W., Roberts, J. (1998) Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-509742-4
  28. ^ Template:Bg icon "Български новини". Поне един ден веселие и безгрижие. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "Ethnologue". Report for Macedo-Romanian language. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary Unabridged — Draft Revision (Mar. 2005) — "Macedo-"
  31. ^ Poulton, Hugh (1995, 2000). Who Are the Macedonians?. United Kingdom: C.Hurst & Co. Ltd. pp. p. ix. ISBN 1-856-5534-0 . {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  32. ^ "Ethnologue". Report for Macedonian language. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ "The Linguist List". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ Masson, Olivier (2003) [1996]. S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth (eds.) (ed.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (revised 3rd ed. ed.). USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 905–906. ISBN 0-19-860641-9. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); |editor= has generic name (help)
  35. ^ Hammond, N.G.L. (1989), The Macedonian State. Origins, Institutions and History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-814927-1, pp 12-13
  36. ^ Ahrens, F. H. L. (1843), De Graecae linguae dialectis, Göttingen, 1839-1843 ; Hoffmann, O. Die Makedonen. Ihre Sprache und ihr Volkstum, Göttingen, 1906
  37. ^ Mallory, J.P. and Adams, D.Q. (eds.) (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, Taylor & Francis Inc., ISBN 1-884964-98-2, p.361
  38. ^ Dubois L. (1995) Une talbet de malédiction de Pella: s'ahit-il du premier texte macédonien?, REG 108:190-197
  39. ^ Brixhe C., Panayotou A. (1994) Le Macédonien in: Langues indo-européennes, ed. Bader, Paris, pp 205–220
  40. ^ Lunt, H. (1986) "On Macedonian Nationality" in Slavic Review, Vol. 45, No. 4. pp. 729-734
  41. ^ "United Nations". Admission of the State whose application is contained in document A/47/876-S/25147 to membership in the United Nations. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ "European Union". European Commission, Enlargement, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ "NATO". Enlargement. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ "International Monetary Fund". former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the IMF. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ "World Trade Organization". Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and the WTO. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ "International Olympic Committee". Olympic Committee of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  47. ^ "World Bank". Countries & Regions. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ EBRD "European Bank for Reconstruction and Development". ebrd and fyr macedonia. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  49. ^ "The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe". Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia admitted to OSCE. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ "FIFA Organisation". FYR Macedonia. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ "FIBA Organisation". FYR Macedonia. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ "Interim Accord between the Hellenic Republic and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", United Nations, 13 September 1995.
  53. ^ Gatzoulis, B. (2000). "MACEDONIA? What's in a Name — A Rose by Any Other Name, Is It Still A Rose?". Pan-Macedonian Association USA, Inc. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ Template:El icon"Official site of the Municipality of Thessaloniki". Speech by Thessaloniki Mayor Vassilis Papageorgopoulos in the protocol signing ceremony for sisterhood with Kolkata, India. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ "Macedonian Info". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ "Macedonian Scientific Institute". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  57. ^ a b Template:El icon "Ελληνικές Γραμμές ("Hellenic Lines")". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  58. ^ "Bulgarian Human Rights in Macedonia". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  59. ^ Arnaiz-Villena, A. (2001). "HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks". (theory considered to "lack scientific merit", see below). Blackwell Publishing, Inc. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057002118.x. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  60. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, Luca, L. (10 January 2002). "Comment on the above theory: Dropped genetics paper lacked scientific merit". Nature (415). Nature Publishing Group: 115. doi:10.1038/415115b. Retrieved 2006-07-23. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ^ McKie, Robin (November 25 2001). "Article regarding above theory". Journal axes gene research on Jews and Palestinians. The Observer International. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  62. ^ Template:Bg icon Giza, Antony. "The Balkan Countries and the Macedonian Question". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  63. ^ "Article: Bulgaria recognises Macedonian language" (Press release). AIMpress Sofia — Skopje. 22 February 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-25. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  64. ^ a b Template:Bg icon Dimitrov, Bozhidar (2003). The Ten Lies of Macedonism. Strumica, Republic of Macedonia: Blaže Koneski. ISBN 954-07-1807-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  65. ^ Template:Bg icon Todorov, Georgi. "Article: The construction of "Zograf" by Stefan the Great". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  66. ^ a b c Tegopoulos, Fytrakis (1997). Μείζον Ελληνικό Λεξικό ("Mízon Hellinikó Lexikó"). Ekdoseis Armonia A.E. pp. 674, 1389. ISBN 960-7598-04-0.
  67. ^ "Greek Helsinki Monitor & Minority Rights Group-Greece (MRG-G)" (rtf). EBLUL and EUROLANG drop references to "Slavo-Macedonia Language" in favor of " Macedonian Language" following criticism by Macedonian diaspora and Minority rights NGOs. 13 March 2002. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  68. ^ Nystazopoulou — Pelekidou, M. (1992). "The republic of Skopje and the northest geographical boundaries of Macedonia". The "Macedonian Question": A Historical Review. Ionian University, ISBN 960-7260-01-5. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  69. ^ His Beatitude the Archbishop of Athens and All Greece, Christodoulos (17 November 2004). "The Archbishop on the problem of the naming of the FYROM". Letters. Ecclesia: the official site of the Church of Greece. {{cite web}}: Check |first= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  70. ^ a b Template:El icon "Ελληνικές Γραμμες ("Hellenic Lines")". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  71. ^ "Macedonian in different languages". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  72. ^ a b Greek Helsinki Monitor, MRG-G (1993 - 1996). "The Macedonians" (pdf). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  73. ^ Template:El icon "antibaro.gr". η επιστροφή των «Σλαβομακεδόνων» (the return of the «Slavomacedonians»). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  74. ^ a b Template:Mk icon "Maкедонија (Macedonia)". ЕНЦИКЛОПЕДИЈА Британика (Encyclopedia Britannica). Скопје: Топер. 2005.
  75. ^ Template:Mk icon "A1 TV". Средба на Македонците од Егејска Македонија во Трново. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  76. ^ a b Template:Mk icon "Official webpage of the President of the Republic of Macedonia". Остварени средби на Претседателот Бранко Црвенковски за време на неговата посета на Канада. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  77. ^ Template:Bg icon Вѣнко Марковски. "Македонска Трибуна (Makedonska Tribuna)". Народ, който не познава своята собствена история, се поддава на асимилация. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  78. ^ a b Template:Mk icon "Vest Macedonia daily newspaper". Бугарофили и србофили се тепале за црквата Свети Никола. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  79. ^ Template:Mk icon "Tribune". Кој го ослободи Марјановиќ од вистината? Кој за што, професорот за “најодвратните бугараши”. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  80. ^ Template:Mk icon "A1 TV". Протест на „Виножито“ и на Македонците Егејци на Меџитлија. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  81. ^ "Biser Balkanski, Canadian Macedonian Internet Community". Definition of a Gerkoman. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  82. ^ Malinovski, I. (May 23 2002). ""MARKOVGRAD"-Political Thought of the Serbian South". Skoplje, FYROM. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  83. ^ Template:Bg icon"VMRO-BND (Bulgarian National Party)". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  84. ^ Template:Bg icon"Club for Fundamental Iniciatives". КАК СТАВАХ НАЦИОНАЛИСТ. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  85. ^ "Hellenic Republic, Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) - The Name Issue. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

Further reading

  • Eugene N. Borza: Before Alexander: constructing early Macedonia. Claremont, CA: Regina Books, 1999. ISBN 0-941690-96-0 (pb)
  • Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great, Penguin Books, 1973, ISBN 0-14-008878-4 (pb).
  • Wilkinson, Henry Robert. Maps and politics; a review of the ethnographic cartography of Macedonia. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |Date= ignored (|date= suggested) (help)

See also

Template:Link FA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Macedonia_(terminology)&oldid=92893136"