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Bahama woodstar

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Bahama woodstar
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Genus: Calliphlox
Species:
C. evelynae
Binomial name
Calliphlox evelynae
(Bourcier, 1847)
Synonyms

Philodice evelynae

The Bahama woodstar (Calliphlox evelynae) is a species of hummingbird endemic to the Caribbean, including the Bahama and Turks and Caicos islands. It is named the "Hummer" by locals due to a distinct humming sound it makes while feeding.[2]

Description

The Bahama woodstar is a small hummingbird, growing to be only about 8 to 9.5 cm (3.1 to 3.7 in) in length.[3] These birds weigh around 2.4 to 3 g (0.085 to 0.106 oz).[4] Their backs are green and gold, with olive-buff underparts, and flanks fading into white (males) or cinnamon (females). Wings are brown and their tails appear a blackish-purple.[2] Males have a fork-shaped tail while females display a more rounded tail with wider feathers. Males have bright purple iridescent gorgets lined with a white stripe, which dull out as breeding season ends. Females do not have the purple throat or white stripe.[5] Both males and females have black, slightly curved bills and black feet.[2]

Distribution

The Bahama woodstar is distributed around the Bahama Archipelago, including the Turks and Caicos Islands and with exception to the Inagua islands.[6] It has also been recorded multiple times in Florida, United States.[7] In April 2013 a bird was seen for three days at a feeder in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.[8] They are less plentiful on the Grand Bahama, Abaco and Andros Islands that house the Cuban Emerald, an introduced hummingbird which shows aggression towards the Bahama Woodstar.[9]

Habitat

Bahama Woodstars are found in many different habitats such as gardens, Scrubland, both secondary growth and dry lowland, the edges of Tropical Evergreen Forests and Pine Forests.[6] They tend not to migrate very far from these habitats being a year-round species. Although they may inhabit the same area as other Woodstars, they are not very social and will often become aggressive towards other birds.[10]

Taxonomy

Hummingbirds are the second most abundant group of avian families, having approximately 338 different recognized species. Due to its recent divergence between lineages, the many clades within this group are constantly under close scrutiny and rearrangement.[11] The Bahama Woodstar in particular belongs to the "Bee Clade", the youngest and most extensively diversifying clade.[11] A characteristic of this clade is the fact that males use their tails to make sounds.[12] Relationships between species and genera of this clade are still being re-evaluated.[13]

The Bahama Woodstar is one of the species which has been recently re-evaluated, having used to contain two subspecies of woodstars: Calliphlox evelynae evelynae and Calliphlox "evelynae" lyura also known as the Inagua woodstar.[5] However, hummingbird species can be separated depending on morphological differences in tail shape and presence or absence of iridescent feathers, both known to play a role in sexual selection.[12] For this reason, the Inagua woodstar, formerly considered a subspecies, is now a species in itself (Calliphlox lyrura) . It has a fully iridescent crown and a more lyre-shaped tail than the Bahama woodstar.[5]

Although this bird is known as Calliphlox evelynae, it is often lumped together with other genera such as Philodice, Nesophlox and Calothorax.[6]

Behaviour

Diet

Bahama Woodstars mainly suck up nectar from local plants . On the Abaco Islands, one of these plants include Ernodea serratifolia. They visit the flowers during the mornings and evenings. Lacerations can be seen in the tubular corollas of the flowers, where the beaks of these birds and other hummingbird species took the nectar.[14] They may also feed on insects.[10]

Vocalizations

The Bahama woodstar has three typical vocalizations: "chips", scolding and song.[5]

During flight and feeding Bahama woodstars will make a one syllable "chip" sound. The length of this call may vary, from a simple "chip" to a longer, repeated sequence of "chips". Other simple calls such as "spurts" from courting or fighting males, and "cheep" sounds from younglings have rarely been recorded. Scolding was recorded during agonistic behaviour such as fighting and chasing. Scolding is a two syllable call, where the second syllable may be vocalized once or repeated multiple times after the first syllable. The frequency of both "chips" and scolding range from 7 to 9 Hz, compared to 1.5 to 3 Hz in Calliphlox lyrura. Songs are vocalized when resting on a branch or by males courting females. This song is high-pitched and lasts around 30 seconds, compared to the shorter song of Calliphlox lyrura.[5]

The call of the Bahama Woodstar somewhat resembles that of the North American Anna's hummingbird.[15]

Reproduction

Courtship Displays

During the breeding season, males court females using two courting displays: shuttle displays, broken into shuttle segments which are periods of side to side flight and aerial dives.

Shuttle displays include three forms: initial, typical and alternate.

  • The initial shuttle is characterized by a brief shuttle segment followed by a period of hovering over the on-looking female.
  • Typical shuttle displays are characterized by rapid segments of repeated lateral flight around the female while constantly looking at her. Males will frequently change direction and angle of their flight. In addition, during the middle of the segment they will snap their tail to the side a few times. At the end of each segment, they beat their wings at a high intensity making a buzzing sound known as a wing trill . The male will slowly decrease his distance from the female until he is only centimeters away from her.
  • Alternate shuttle displays include shuttle segments and song while hovering over the female. Males sometimes only use one type of display, or they may use typical combined with alternate.[5]

Aerial dives have seldomly been recorded, but are always demonstrated after shuttle displays. Males will zigzag up to heights of 20 m and then abruptly dive back down towards their perch, near the female.[5]

Breeding season is mainly in April, but Bahama Woodstars may also breed year-round.[10]

Nesting

Nesting is done in a small cup made of soft materials such as cotton and down, woven together with lichen and various plant materials such as twigs and bark [2] The height of these nests varies, some recorded as low as 2 feet and as high as 12 feet.[10] Females lay 2 white oval shaped eggs which incubate for approximately two weeks.[9]

References

  1. ^ Template:IUCN
  2. ^ a b c d Cory, C. B. (1890). The birds of the Bahama Islands : containing many birds new to the Islands, and a number of undescribed winter plumages of North American birds. Boston, U.S.A.: Estes & Lauriat.
  3. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-02-21. Retrieved 2012-08-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Feo, T. J., Musser, J. M., Berv, J., & Clark, C. J. (2015). Divergence in morphology, calls, song, mechanical sounds, and genetics supports species status for the Inaguan hummingbird (Trochilidae: Calliphlox evelynae lyrura). tauk The Auk, 132(1), 248-264.
  6. ^ a b c Chesser, R. T., Banks, R. C., Burns, K. J., Cicero, C., Dunn, J. L., Kratter, A. W., . . . Winker, K. (2015). Fifty-sixth Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union: Check-list of North American Birds. tauk The Auk, 132(3), 748-764.
  7. ^ Fisk, E. J. (1974). Second U. S. Record of a Bahama Woodstar. American Birds, 28(4).
  8. ^ [1]
  9. ^ a b Harbour, R. (2011). Bahama Woodstars & Cuban Emeralds: The hummingbirds of Abaco. Retrieved October 12, 2015, from
  10. ^ a b c d Bahama Woodstar. (2005). The Bahamas National Trust. Retrieved October 12, 2015
  11. ^ a b McGuire, J. A., Witt, C. C., Remsen, J. V., Jr., Corl, A., Rabosky, D. L., Altshuler, D. L., & Dudley, R. (2014). Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds. Current Biology, 24(8), 910-916.
  12. ^ a b Clark, C. J. (2010). The Evolution of Tail Shape in Hummingbirds. tauk The Auk, 127(1), 44-56.
  13. ^ McGuire, J. A., Witt, C. C., Altshuler, D. L., Remsen, J. V., Zamudio, K., & Sullivan, J. (2007). Phylogenetic Systematics and Biogeography of Hummingbirds: Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood Analyses of Partitioned Data and Selection of an Appropriate Partitioning Strategy. Systematic Biology, 56(5), 837-856.
  14. ^ Negron-Ortiz, V. (1996). Reproductive biology of Ernodea (Rubiaceae-Spermacoceae) in the Bahamas and Puerto Rico. Opera Botanica, 7, 403-412.
  15. ^ Dunn, J. L., & Alder, J. (2008). Field guide to the birds of eastern North America: National Geographic.
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