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Mycotypha microspora

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Mycotypha microspora
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Zygomycota
Class:
Mucoromycetes
Order:
Mucorales
Genus:
Mycotypha
Species:
Mycotypha microspora
Binomial name
Mycotypha microspora
Taylor and Francis Ltd. (1932)
Synonyms
  • Microtypha microspora (Fenner) Monte, Oddo & Tonolo (1967)

Mycotypha microspora, also known as Microtypha microspora,[1] is a filamentous fungus in the division Zygomycota.[2] It was discovered in a Citrus aurantium peel in 1932 by E. Aline Fenner, who proposed a new genus Mycotypha to accommodate it.[2][3] Mycotypha africana, which is another species in the genus Mycotypha, is closely related to M. microspora.[3] The fungus has subsequently been isolated from both outdoor and indoor settings, such as decaying wood, a hospital toilet, and wound and stool samples.[4][5]

Morphology and growth conditions

Mycotypha microspora is a filamentous fungus whose species name is derived from the cattail-like appearance of its fructifications and tiny spores.[2] It has a dense granular protoplasm and is composed of several hyphae and vacuoles.[2]

  • variety in diameter of mycelium[2]
  • unispored sporangiola[6]
  • during growth period, thallus is coenocytic[2]
  • after reaching mature stage, septation occurs at the same time as sporulation[2]
  • grows rapidly and abundantly on nutrient-rich media, such as carrot agar and potato dextrose[7]
  • no growth on low pH media[2]
  • extraordinarily abundant growth of cultures at temperature of 35 °C (95 °F), and no growth at 10˚C[7]
  • can form its fertile heads in darkness[2]

Geographical distribution and habitat

  • other species of Mycotypha include M. africana,[3] and M. indica[8]
  • Mycotypha species have been found in soil and faeces[2]
  • they form yeast cells when grown on nutrient-rich media[2]
  • geographically collected from Japan,[9][10] India, Finland, Zimbabwe, and certain states in the U.S. such as Arizona, D.C., Kansas, California, and Iowa[11]

Pathogenicity

  • reportedly implicated in the pathogenesis of angioinvasive mucormycosis in humans[12]
  • mucormycosis is a rare disease caused by fungi of the order Mucorales[13]
  • this disease involves angioinvasion and thrombus formation, leading to tissue necrosis[13]
  • tissue necrosis blocks entry of antifungals to infected sites[14]
  • disease develops due to CotH protein from fungus binding to GRP78 host receptor in endothelial cells[12]
  • main infection sites are pulmonary, rhinocerebral, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal[1]
  • susceptibility higher in immunocompromised patients[12]
  • factors that increase likelihood of pathogenesis: corticosteroid use, diabetes, and neutropenia[12]
  • a case of neutropenic patient with gastrointestinal M. microspora infection treated in 2017[12]

Treatment

  • blocking function of CotH proteins weakens their ability to invade endothelial cells,[15] and reduces mucormycosis presentation in mice[16]
  • most reliable antifungal agent against mucormycosis is amphotericin[12]
  • patient with gastrointestinal M. microspora infection treated with combination of posaconazole and micafungin, and was cured of disease by a gastrectomy[12][17]
  • combination therapy more effective than monotherapy[18]

References

  1. ^ a b Guddati, Harish; Andrade, Christopher; Muscarella, Peter; Hertan, Hilary (2019). "An unusual cause of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding—gastric mucormycosis". Oxford Medical Case Reports. 2019 (2). doi:10.1093/omcr/omy135. ISSN 2053-8855.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fenner, E. Aline (1932). "Mycotypha microspora, a New Genus of the Mucoraceae". Mycologia. 24 (2): 187. doi:10.2307/3753679.
  3. ^ a b c Novak, R. O.; Backus, M. P. (1963). "A New Species of Mycotypha with a Zygosporic Stage". Mycologia. 55 (6): 790–798. doi:10.1080/00275514.1963.12018071. ISSN 0027-5514.
  4. ^ Lacroix, C.; Leblanc, T.; Feuilhade de Chauvin, M. (2007). "Isolation of Mycotypha microspora from stool samples of a leukemic child". Journal de Mycologie Médicale. 17 (3): 188–190. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2007.05.003.
  5. ^ Walther, G.; Pawłowska, J.; Alastruey-Izquierdo, A.; Wrzosek, M.; Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L.; Dolatabadi, S.; Chakrabarti, A.; de Hoog, G. S. (2013). "DNA barcoding in Mucorales: an inventory of biodiversity". Persoonia. 30: 11–47. doi:10.3767/003158513X665070. ISSN 0031-5850. PMC 3734965. PMID 24027345.
  6. ^ K., R. P.; O'Donnell, Kerry L. (1980). "Zygomycetes in Culture". Mycologia. 72 (3): 655. doi:10.2307/3759552. ISSN 0027-5514.
  7. ^ a b Zycha, H. (Herbert) (1969). Mucorales : eine Beschreibung aller Gattungen und Arten dieser Pilzgruppe. J. Cramer. OCLC 25163415.
  8. ^ Benny, Gerald L. Observations on Thamnidiaceae (Mucorales). OCLC 429932495.
  9. ^ Mikawa, T (1979). "A taxonomic study on Japanese sporangiferous Mucorales (2)". J. Japan. Bot. 54: 5–14.
  10. ^ Mikawa, T (1975). "Materials for the fungus flora of Japan (18)". Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan. 16: 146–148.
  11. ^ Benny, Gerald; Benjamin, R. K. (1976). "Observations on Thamnidiaceae (Mucorales). II. Chaetocladium, Cokeromyces, Mycotypha, and Phascolomyces". Aliso. 8 (4): 391–424. doi:10.5642/aliso.19760804.05. ISSN 2327-2929.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Trachuk, Polina; Szymczak, Wendy A.; Muscarella, Peter; Sarwar, Uzma N. (2018-09-02). "A Case of Invasive Gastrointestinal Mycotypha Infection in a Patient with Neutropenia". Case Reports in Infectious Diseases. 2018: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2018/5864175. ISSN 2090-6625. PMC 6139221. PMID 30245896.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  13. ^ a b Cornely, Oa Arikan Akdagli, S Dannaoui, E Groll, Ah Lagrou, K Chakrabarti, A Lanternier, F Pagano, Livio Skiada, A Akova, M Arendrup, Mc Boekhout, T Chowdhary, A Cuenca Estrella, M Freiberger, T Guinea, J Guarro, J De Hoog, S Hope, W Johnson, E Kathuria, S Lackner, M Lass Flörl, C Lortholary, O Meis, Jf Meletiadis, J Muñoz, P Richardson, M Roilides, E Tortorano, Am Ullmann, Aj Van Diepeningen, A Verweij, P Petrikkos, G. (2014). ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis 2013. OCLC 1105020360.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Mendoza, L.; Vilela, R.; Voelz, K.; Ibrahim, A. S.; Voigt, K.; Lee, S. C. (2014-11-06). "Human Fungal Pathogens of Mucorales and Entomophthorales". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 5 (4): a019562 – a019562. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a019562. ISSN 2157-1422.
  15. ^ Baldin, Clara; Ibrahim, Ashraf S. (2017-08-03). "Molecular mechanisms of mucormycosis—The bitter and the sweet". PLOS Pathogens. 13 (8): e1006408. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006408. ISSN 1553-7374.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ Chibucos, Marcus C.; Soliman, Sameh; Gebremariam, Teclegiorgis; Lee, Hongkyu; Daugherty, Sean; Orvis, Joshua; Shetty, Amol C.; Crabtree, Jonathan; Hazen, Tracy H.; Etienne, Kizee A.; Kumari, Priti (2016-07-22). "An integrated genomic and transcriptomic survey of mucormycosis-causing fungi". Nature Communications. 7 (1). doi:10.1038/ncomms12218. ISSN 2041-1723.
  17. ^ Bini, R; Addeo, A; Maganuco, L; Fontana, D; Viora, T; Leli, R (2014). "The role of surgery in a case of diffuse mucormycosis with haematemesis and gastric necrosis". The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 96 (5): e31 – e33. doi:10.1308/003588414x13946184901687. ISSN 0035-8843.
  18. ^ Kirkpatrick, W. R.; Perea, S.; Coco, B. J.; Patterson, T. F. (2002-08-01). "Efficacy of Caspofungin Alone and in Combination with Voriconazole in a Guinea Pig Model of Invasive Aspergillosis". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 46 (8): 2564–2568. doi:10.1128/aac.46.8.2564-2568.2002. ISSN 0066-4804.

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