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German submarine U-505

Coordinates: 41°47′30″N 87°34′53″W / 41.79167°N 87.58139°W / 41.79167; -87.58139
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"USS Nemo" redirects here. For the submersible observation vessel, see DSV-5 Nemo.

ASS

U-505
U-505 shortly after being captured
History
Germany
Ordered25 September 1939
BuilderDeutsche Werft AG, Hamburg-Finkenwerder
Yard number295
Laid down12 June 1940
Launched24 May 1941
Commissioned26 August 1941
FateCaptured on 4 June 1944 by US Navy ships in the Atlantic[1][2]
StatusPreserved as a museum ship[2]
General characteristics
TypeType IXC submarine
Displacement
  • 1,120 t (1,100 long tons) surfaced
  • 1,232 t (1,213 long tons) submerged
Length
  • 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in) o/a
  • 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in) pressure hull
Beam
  • 6.76 m (22 ft 2 in) o/a
  • 4.40 m (14 ft 5 in) pressure hull
Height9.60 m (31 ft 6 in)
Draught4.70 m (15 ft 5 in)
Installed power
  • 4,400 PS (3,200 kW; 4,300 bhp) (diesels)
  • 1,000 PS (740 kW; 990 shp) (electric)
Propulsion
  • 2 shafts
  • 2 × diesel engines
  • 2 × electric motors
Speed
  • 18.2 knots (33.7 km/h; 20.9 mph) surfaced
  • 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph) submerged
Range
  • 13,450 nmi (24,910 km; 15,480 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced
  • 64 nmi (119 km; 74 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged
Test depth230 m (750 ft)
Complement48 to 56
Armament
Service record
Part of:
Identification codes: M 46 074
Commanders:
Operations: 12 patrols
Victories: Eight ships sunk for a total of 44,962 GRT
U-505 (IXC U-boat)
German submarine U-505 is located in Chicago metropolitan area
German submarine U-505
Coordinates41°47′30″N 87°34′53″W / 41.79167°N 87.58139°W / 41.79167; -87.58139
Built1941
ArchitectDeutsche Werft AG, Hamburg, Germany
NRHP reference No.89001231
Significant dates
Added to NRHP1989[3]
Designated NHL1989[4]

U-505 is a German German Type IXC submarine built for Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She was captured by the U.S. Navy on 4 June 1944.

In her uniquely unlucky career with the Kriegsmarine, she had the distinction of being the "most heavily damaged U-boat to successfully return to port" in World War II on her fourth patrol, and the only submarine in which a commanding officer took his own life in combat conditions on her tenth patrol, following six botched patrols.[5] She was one of six U-boats that were captured by Allied forces during World War II, captured on 4 June 1944 by United States Navy Task Group 22.3 (TG 22.3). All but one of U-505's crew were rescued by the Navy task group. The submarine was towed to Bermuda in secret and her crew were interned at a US prisoner of war camp, where they were denied access to International Red Cross visits. The Navy classified the capture as top secret and prevented the Germans from discovering it. Her codebooks, Enigma machine, and other secret materials found on board helped the Allies to break Germany's top secret codes.[6]

In 1954, U-505 was donated to the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois. She is now one of four German World War II U-boats that survive as museum ships, and just one of two Type IXCs still in existence with U-534.

Design

German Type IXC submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXBs. U-505 had a displacement of 1,120 tonnes (1,100 long tons) when at the surface and 1,232 tonnes (1,213 long tons) while submerged.[7] The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in), a pressure hull length of 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in), a beam of 6.76 m (22 ft 2 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draft of 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4,400 metric horsepower (3,240 kW; 4,340 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,000 shaft horsepower (1,010 PS; 750 kW) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 meters (750 ft).[7]

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph).[7] When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nautical miles (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 13,450 nautical miles (24,910 km; 15,480 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-505 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 as well as a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.[7]

Service history

U-505's keel was laid down on 12 June 1940 by Deutsche Werft in Hamburg, Germany as yard number 295. She was launched on 25 May 1941 and commissioned on 26 August with Kapitänleutnant Axel-Olaf Loewe in command. On 6 September 1942, Loewe was relieved by Kptlt. Peter Zschech. On 24 October 1943, Oberleutnant zur See Paul Meyer took command for about two weeks until he was relieved on 8 November by Oblt.z.S. Harald Lange, who commanded the boat until her capture on 4 June 1944.[1]

She conducted 12 patrols in her career, sinking eight ships totaling 44,962 gross register tons (GRT). Three of these were American, two British, one Norwegian, one Dutch, and one Colombian.[1]

First patrol

U-505 was assigned as an operational boat to the 2nd U-boat Flotilla on 1 February 1942, following training exercises with the 4th U-boat Flotilla from 26 August 1941 to 31 January 1942. She began her first patrol from Kiel on 19 January while still formally undergoing training. For 16 days, she circumnavigated the British Isles and docked at Lorient in occupied France on 3 February. She engaged no enemy vessels and was not attacked.[8]

Second patrol

U-505 left Lorient on 11 February 1942 on her second patrol. In 86 days, she traveled to the west coast of Africa where she sank her first vessels. In less than one month, U-505 sank four ships: the British Benmohr, the Norwegian Sydhav, the American West Irmo, and the Dutch Alphacca for a total of 25,041 GRT. On 18 April, U-505 was attacked by an Allied aircraft in the mid-Atlantic but suffered little damage.[9]

Third patrol

U-505 began her third patrol on 7 June 1942, after leaving her home port of Lorient. She sank the American ships Sea Thrush and Thomas McKean and the Colombian Urious in the Caribbean Sea.[10] Urious was a sailing ship belonging to a Colombian diplomat, so its sinking gave Colombia political grounds to declare war on Germany.[11] U-505 then returned to Lorient on 25 August after 80 days on patrol without being attacked.[12]

Fourth patrol

U-505's fourth patrol sent her to the northern coast of South America. She left Lorient on 4 October and sank the British vessel Ocean Justice off the coast of Venezuela on 7 November. On 10 November near Trinidad, U-505 was surprised on the surface by a Lockheed Hudson maritime patrol aircraft from No. 53 Squadron, Royal Air Force, which made a low-level attack, landing a 250 lb (110 kg) bomb directly on the deck from just above water level. The explosion killed one watch officer and wounded another in the conning tower. It also tore the anti-aircraft gun off its mounting and severely damaged the ship's pressure hull. The aircraft was hit by fragmentation from the bomb's explosion and crashed into the ocean near U-505, killing RAAF pilot Flight Sergeant Ronald Sillcock and his entire crew. With the pumps inoperative and water flooding the engine room in several places, Kptlt. Zschech ordered the crew to abandon ship, but the technical staff (led by Chief Petty Officer Otto Fricke) insisted on trying to save her. The vessel was made water-tight after almost two weeks of repair work. After sending the wounded watch officer to the supply submarine ("milk cow") U-462, U-505 limped back to Lorient on reduced power.[13]

Botched patrols

After six months in Lorient for repairs, U-505 started her fifth patrol. She left Lorient on 1 July 1943 and returned after 13 days, after an attack by three British destroyers that had stalked her for over 30 hours. While U-505 was not badly damaged in this encounter, she had to return to France for repairs.[14] U-505's next four patrols were all aborted after only a few days at sea, due to equipment failure and sabotage by French dockworkers working for the Resistance.[15][16][17][18] Faults found included sabotaged electrical and radar equipment, a hole deliberately drilled in a diesel fuel tank, and faulty welds on parts repaired by French workers. This happened so many times that she became the butt of jokes throughout the base at Lorient. Upon returning from one botched patrol her crew found a sign painted in the docking area reading: "U-505's Hunting Ground". At a time when many U-boats were being sunk, U-505's commander, Kptlt. Zschech, overheard another U-boat commander joke, "There is one commander who will always come back ... Zschech."[19]

Tenth patrol and Zschech's suicide

After ten months in Lorient, U-505 departed for her tenth Atlantic patrol, seeking to break her run of bad luck and bad morale. British destroyers spotted her east of the Azores on 24 October 1943, not long after crossing the Bay of Biscay, and she was forced to submerge and endure a severe depth-charge attack. Zschech committed suicide in the submarine's control room, shooting himself in the head in front of his crew. First watch officer Paul Meyer took command and returned the boat to port with minimal damage. Meyer was "absolved from all blame" by the Kriegsmarine for the incident.[20][21] Zschech is recorded as the only submariner during the war to commit suicide underwater in response to the stress of a prolonged depth charging.[21]

Eleventh patrol

Zschech was replaced as commander by Oblt.z.S. Harald Lange. U-505's eleventh patrol began on Christmas Day 1943. She again returned early to Lorient on 2 January 1944, after she rescued thirty-three crew members from the German torpedo boat T25, sunk on 28 December by British cruisers in the Bay of Biscay.[22]

U-505 took part in wolfpack Hela from 28 December 1943 to 1 January 1944.

Summary of raiding history

Date Name Nationality Tonnage
(GRT) 		Fate
5 March 1942 Benmohr  United Kingdom 5,920 Sunk
6 March 1942 Sydhav  Norway 7,597 Sunk
3 April 1942 West Irmo  United States 5,775 Sunk
4 April 1942 Alphacca  Netherlands 7,191 Sunk
28 June 1942 Sea Thrush  United States 5,447 Sunk
29 June 1942 Thomas McKean  United States 7,191 Sunk
22 July 1942 Urious  Colombia 153 Sunk
7 November 1942 Ocean Justice  United Kingdom 7,173 Sunk

Twelfth patrol and capture

Anti-sub task force

The Allies had learned from decrypted German messages that U-boats were operating near Cape Verde, but not their exact locations.[23][24] The US Navy dispatched Task Group 22.3 to the area, a "Hunter-Killer" group commanded by Captain Daniel V. Gallery. TG 22.3 consisted of escort aircraft carrier Guadalcanal and destroyer escorts under Commander Frederick S. Hall: Pillsbury, Pope, Flaherty, Chatelain, and Jenks.[25] The group sailed from Norfolk, Virginia on 15 May 1944 and began searching for U-boats in the area in late May, using high-frequency direction-finding fixes ("Huff-Duff") and air and surface reconnaissance.

Detection and attack

At 11:09 on 4 June 1944, TG 22.3 made sonar (ASDIC) contact with U-505 at 21°30′N 19°20′W / 21.500°N 19.333°W / 21.500; -19.333 (U-505 action), about 150 nmi (280 km; 170 mi) off the coast of Río de Oro,[23] only 800 yards (700 m) from Chatelain's starboard bow. The escorts immediately moved towards the contact, while Guadalcanal moved away at top speed and launched a Grumman F4F Wildcat fighter to join another Wildcat and a Grumman TBM Avenger which were already airborne.[26]

Chatelain was so close to U-505 that depth charges would not sink fast enough to intercept the U-boat, so she fired Hedgehog mortars before passing the submarine and turning to make a follow-up attack with depth charges.[23] One of the aircraft sighted U-505 and fired into the water to mark the position while Chatelain dropped depth charges. Immediately after the detonation of the charges, a large oil slick spread on the water and the fighter pilot radioed: "You struck oil! Sub is surfacing!"[27] Less than seven minutes after Chatelain's first attack began, the badly damaged submarine surfaced less than 600 metres (700 yd) away.[26] Chatelain immediately opened fire on it with all available weapons, joined by other ships of the task force and the two Wildcats.[23]

Lange believed U-505 to be seriously damaged and ordered his crew to abandon ship. They obeyed the order promptly, but they did not scuttle the boat; they opened some valves but left the engines running.[23] The rudder had been damaged by depth charges, so the submarine circled clockwise at approximately 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph). The commanding officer of Chatelain saw the submarine turning toward his ship and thought that she was about to attack, so he ordered a single torpedo to be fired at it; the torpedo missed, passing ahead of the abandoned U-505.[23]

Salvage operations

USS Guadalcanal lying alongside the captured U-505

Chatelain and Jenks collected survivors while an eight-man party from Pillsbury led by Lt. Albert David came alongside the submarine in a boat and entered through the conning tower. They found the body of Signalman First Class Gottfried Fischer on the deck, the only fatality of the combat, and U-505 was deserted. They secured charts and codebooks, closed scuttling valves, and disarmed demolition charges. They stopped the water coming in and the submarine remained afloat, although it was low in the water and down by the stern, and they also stopped her engines.[23] U-boat researcher Derek Waller has written that a German crewman, Ewald Felix, helped foil the scuttling attempt.[28]

Pillsbury attempted to take the submarine in tow but repeatedly collided with her and had to move away with three compartments flooded. A second boarding party from Guadalcanal then rigged a towline from the aircraft carrier to the U-boat.[23] Guadalcanal's chief engineer Commander Earl Trosino joined the salvage party. He disconnected the submarine's diesels from her electric driving motors while leaving them clutched to the propeller shafts. With the U-boat moving under tow by Guadalcanal, the propellers "windmilled" as they passed through the water, turning the shafts and the drive motors. This caused the motors to act as electrical generators charging the batteries. With power from the batteries, U-505's pumps cleared out the water let in by the attempted scuttling, and her air compressors blew out the ballast tanks, bringing her up to full surface trim.[23]

After three days of towing, Guadalcanal transferred U-505 to the fleet tug Abnaki. On 19 June, the submarine entered Port Royal Bay, Bermuda, after a tow of 1,700 nautical miles (3,150 km; 1,960 mi).[28] The US Navy took 58 prisoners from U-505, three of them wounded. The crew were interned at Camp Ruston, near Ruston, Louisiana.[29]

Enigma codes

The cipher materials captured on U-505 included the special "coordinate" code, the regular and officer Enigma settings for June 1944, the current short weather codebook, the short signal codebook, and bigram tables due to come into effect in July and August. The material arrived at the decryption establishment at Bletchley Park on 20 June 1944, and the Allies were able to break most of the Enigma settings by intense cryptanalysis, including heavy use of the electromechanical "bombes". It saved work and time to have the Enigma settings for the U-boats which could be applied to other keys. The settings break was only valid until the end of June and therefore had an extremely limited influence on the eventual cracking of the Enigma code, but having the weather and short signal codebooks and bigram tables made the work easier.

The "coordinate" code was used in German messages as an added layer of security for locations. Allied commanders sent Hunter-Killer task groups to these known U-boat locations, and re-routed shipping away from the areas.[30] A more lasting benefit came from the intact capture of the U-boat's two G7es (Zaunkönig T-5) acoustic homing torpedoes. These were thoroughly analyzed and then tested on the range, giving information that was invaluable in improving the Foxer and FXR countermeasures systems, as well as the doctrine for using them to protect escorts.[31]

Awards

US Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Ernest King considered court-martialling Captain Gallery because he towed U-505 instead of sinking it after capturing the code books.[30] The submarine's crewmen were isolated from other prisoners of war, and the Red Cross were denied access to them. The Kriegsmarine finally declared the crew dead and informed the families to that effect, and the crew were not returned until 1947.[32]

LTJG Albert David received the Medal of Honor for leading the boarding party, the only time that it was awarded to an Atlantic Fleet sailor in World War II. Torpedoman's Mate Third Class Arthur W. Knispel and Radioman Second Class Stanley E. Wdowiak were the first two to follow David into the submarine, and they received the Navy Cross. Seaman First Class Earnest James Beaver received the Silver Star and Commander Trosino received the Legion of Merit. Captain Gallery conceived and executed the operation, and he received the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. The Task Group was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. Admiral Royal E. Ingersoll, Commander in Chief, US Atlantic Fleet, cited the Task Group for "outstanding performance during anti-submarine operations in the eastern Atlantic" and stated that it was "a feat unprecedented in individual and group bravery, execution, and accomplishment in the Naval History of the United States".[23]

Final journey

The US Navy kept U-505 at the navy base in Bermuda, and Navy intelligence officers and engineers studied it intensively. To maintain the illusion that she had been sunk rather than captured, she was painted to look like a US submarine and renamed USS Nemo.[33] At the end of the war in Europe, she was used to promote E War Bond sales as part of the "Mighty 7th" War Loan drive. Anyone who purchased a bond could also purchase a ticket to board and inspect her. In June 1945, she visited New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Captain Gallery was present for the opening of the exhibition in Washington, D.C.[34]

U-505 at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois
Marker at the Museum of Science and Industry

The Navy had no further use for U-505 after the war. Experts had thoroughly examined her in Bermuda, and she was moored derelict at the Portsmouth Navy Yard, so the Navy decided to use her as a target for gunnery and torpedo practice until she sank.[23] In 1946, Rear Admiral Gallery told his brother Father John Gallery about this plan, and Father John contacted President Lenox Lohr of Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry (MSI) to see if they would be interested in it. The museum already planned to display a submarine, and the acquisition of U-505 seemed ideal.[23] The US government donated the submarine to the museum in September 1954, and Chicago residents raised $250,000 for transporting and installing the boat. Coast Guard tugs and cutters towed the boat through the Great Lakes, making a stop in Detroit, Michigan in July 1954.[35] The museum dedicated it on 25 September 1954 as a permanent exhibit and a war memorial to all the sailors who lost their lives in the first and second Battle of the Atlantic.

Museum ship

Nearly every removable part had been stripped from the boat's interior by the time she went to the museum; she was in no condition to serve as an exhibit, so Museum director Lohr asked for replacements from the German manufacturers who had supplied the boat's original components and parts. Admiral Gallery reports in his autobiography Eight Bells and All's Well that every company supplied the requested parts without charge. Most included letters to the effect that the manufacturers wanted her to be a credit to German technology.[36]

The Navy had removed the periscope and placed it in a water tank used for research at its Arctic Submarine Laboratory in Point Loma, California; they demolished that lab in 2003 and found it. The Navy donated it to the museum to be displayed along with the submarine.[37] By 2004, the U-boat's exterior had suffered noticeable damage from the weather, so the museum moved it to a new climate-controlled location in April 2004. They restored it and reopened it to the public on 5 June 2005.[38]

In 2019, the Museum of Science and Industry refurbished the submarine, restoring it to be closer to its original condition. Also, a special exhibit with many additional artifacts from the sub was opened in the general admission section of the museum.[39]

U-505 at the Museum of Science and Industry
  • Underside of U-505
    Underside of U-505
  • Wide-angle shot of U-505
    Wide-angle shot of U-505
  • Conning tower of U-505, showing the badge of the flotilla to which she belonged
    Conning tower of U-505, showing the badge of the flotilla to which she belonged. Shell damage received during her capture is visible.

Captain Gallery recounted the capture of U-505 in his memoir Clear the Decks (1951). Gary Moore recounts the story of the captured crew in Playing with the Enemy. Hans Goebeler tells the fictionalised story of the boat's patrols and her crew in Steel Boats, Iron Hearts: A U-Boat crewman's life aboard U-505.

See also

Wartime captured German U-boats

Surviving German U-boats

Other

References

  1. ^ a b c Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type IXC boat U-505". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  2. ^ a b Kemp 1999, p. 193.
  3. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 23 January 2007.
  4. ^ "U-505 (German Submarine)". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  5. ^ Miller, Nathan (1987). The U.S. Navy: An Illustrated History. U.S. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0517385975.
  6. ^ "Historic Naval Ships Association – U505". Archived from the original on 14 October 2007.
  7. ^ a b c d Gröner 1991, p. 68.
  8. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (First patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  9. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Second patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  10. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Urious (Colombian Sailing ship)". Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  11. ^ Goebeler, Hans (2005). Steel Boat, Iron Hearts: A U-boat Crewman's Life Aboard U-505. Savas Beatie. p. 60.
  12. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Third patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  13. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Fourth patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  14. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Fifth patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  15. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Sixth patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  16. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Seventh patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  17. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Eighth patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  18. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Ninth patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  19. ^ Gallery 2001, p. 203
  20. ^ Gallery 2001, p. 213
  21. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Tenth patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  22. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Eleventh patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Capture of U-505 on 4 June 1944". Naval Heritage and History Command. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  24. ^ Gallery 2001, pp. 354–356
  25. ^ Gallery 2001, p. 354
  26. ^ a b Gallery 2001, pp. 294–295
  27. ^ Andrews, Lewis M. (2004). Tempest, Fire and Foe. Trafford Publishing. p. 78.
  28. ^ a b Bell, Jonathan (19 June 2019). "German sailor helped US Navy seize U-505". Royal Gazette. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  29. ^ Moore, Gary W. (2006). Playing with the Enemy: A Baseball Prodigy, a World at War, and a Field of Broken Dreams. pp. 107–168. ISBN 1-932714-24-3.
  30. ^ a b Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2000). Enigma: Battle for the Code. p. 342. ISBN 0-7538-1130-8.
  31. ^ Sternhell, Charles M.; Thorndike, Alan M. (1946). "Antisubmarine Warfare in World War II". OEG Report No. 51: 173–76.
  32. ^ Sebag-Montefiore, 2000, p. 343
  33. ^ McCurtie, Francis E. (2001). Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. p. 290.
  34. ^ "Captured Submarine Goes on Exhibition Today to Bond Buyers". The Evening Star. The Evening Star Newspaper Company. 23 June 1945.
  35. ^ Wise, James E, Jr., Captain (2005). U-505: The Final Journey. Naval Institute Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-59114-967-5. Retrieved 16 November 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ Green, Jack A. (7 February 2003). "Periscope Reunited with WWII German U-boat". Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  37. ^ "U-505 (German Submarine)". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  38. ^ Johnson, Steve (3 June 2019). "U-505 Submarine Gets a Makeover and New Exhibit for 75th Anniversary at MSI". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 6 June 2019.

Bibliography

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