Jack Russell Terrier
| Jack Russell Terrier | |||||||||
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| File:ParsonRuss2 wb.jpg | |||||||||
| Origin | United Kingdom | ||||||||
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| Notes | Some kennel clubs consider this the same as a Parson Russell Terrier. | ||||||||
| Dog (domestic dog) | |||||||||
The Jack Russell Terrier is a type of small terrier that has its origins in fox hunting and rat catching. The name "Jack Russell" has been used for all of the several types of Russell terrier dog breeds but is now most commonly used for working terriers.
The Jack Russell Terrier is not the Parson Russell Terrier, which is a breed created by the American Kennel Club by narrowing the Jack Russell standard to include only the larger dogs, and as a consequence the Parson Russell Terrier is rarely found in the hunt field today.
In Britain the name "Jack Russell Terrier" has been used to refer to a wide variety of dogs, including the Parson Russell Terrier, working Jack Russells, and the short-legged type of terrier (many of which are achondroplastic dwarves).
In Australia and other countries affiliated with the Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI) a fourth type, the Australian Jack Russell Terrier, is also talked about but the official name is Jack Russell Terrier.
The various types of white fox-working terrier are not always considered to be separate breeds; definitions are still evolving and the naming of the breeds is still sometimes unclear.
Appearance
All Russells are small terriers; The Jack Russell Terrier Club of America[1], the largest Jack Russell Terrier registry in the world, has a breed standard that recognizes Jack Russells as being from 10 to 15 inches (25 to 38 cm) at the withers. The American Kennel Club's breed standard recognizes Parson Russell Terriers as being from 12 to 15 inches (30 to 38 cm).
Jack Russell Terriers are predominantly white (must be more than 51%) with black, tan, or tricolour markings, particularly on the face and at the base of the tail. They have small V-shaped ears that usually fold sharply forwards ("tipped" ears, as though tipped over), and strong teeth with a scissor bite.
Jack Russell Terriers have a dense double coat that appears in three varieties: smooth coat, where the topcoat is very short (approx. 1cm) and stiff; rough coat, where the topcoat is longer (as much as 10cm long, though usually groomed shorter); and broken, which is used to describe dogs with topcoats of intermediate length and dogs that have longer coats only on some parts of the body (always on the face, frequently on the head and back, sometimes extending to the shoulders, occasionally everywhere except the legs).
Tails are straight, six to eight inches (150–200 mm) long, held high and upright. Traditionally, tails are docked to around five inches, the length of a hand's grip.
The breed has a sturdy and robust appearance and an outgoing character; breed standards emphasize that the Jack Russell must have a "keen expression".
Temperament
Jack Russell Terriers are considered an intelligent, high-energy breed. Despite their high-energy, they are often considered one of the smartest dog breeds in the world, thus their common appearance in television and movies. Their compact size, friendly and inquisitive nature, and intelligence make them popular as pets. Built for speed and strength, they will always be ready to play. However, they require consistent training and a good deal of attention and exercise to maintain their temperament and to occupy their minds.
Jack Russells who are not trained on a consistent basis, or are not exercised regularly, may occasionally exhibit aggressive or unmanageable behaviour, including excessive barking, escaping from the yard, or digging in unwanted places inside and outside the house. In America, several Jack Russell rescue networks have to work constantly to find temporary and permanent homes for JRTs whose owners could not meet these requirements for keeping JRTs as house pets. Prospective Jack Russell Terrier owners are advised to do their homework.
The Jack Russell is a working terrier.[2] Terrier work requires a dog that will bark at prey so that the dog can be located underground and dug out if necessary. As a result, JRTs are most definitely vocal dogs, but they lack the nervousness that makes so many small dogs "yappy". JRTs rarely bark without good reason, though that reason may not be readily apparent to those who do not have the ears and eyes of a Jack Russell Terrier.
Most JRTs easily mingle with children, though they do not tolerate even unintentional abuse. Most are outgoing, and very friendly towards other dogs, but a good number show same-sex aggression issues. Some JRT's exhibit a "Napoleon Complex" regarding larger canines that can get them into dangerous situations. Their fearlessness can scare off a larger animal, but their apparent unawareness of their small size can lead to a lopsided fight if not kept in check.
Health
A well-cared-for Jack Russell can live for over 15 years. One main health concern is cataracts. They are often seen in dogs bred by backyard breeders or puppy mills who have not CERF tested the breeding stock they use. Other concerns are Lens luxation, congenital deafness (responsible breeders will have their dogs BAER tested), Patellar luxation, cerebellar ataxia, Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease, and von Willebrand's disease.
History
Russell terriers were first bred by the Reverend Mr. John Russell, a parson and hunting enthusiast born in 1795. In his last year of university at Oxford he bought a small white and tan terrier bitch called Trump from the milk man. Trump was purchased based upon appearance alone. (Burns, 2005) She was the basis for a breeding program to develop a terrier with high stamina for the hunt as well as the courage and formation to chase out foxes that had gone to ground, but without the aggressiveness that would result in their harming the fox, which was considered unsporting. The line of terriers developed by John Russell was well respected for these qualities and, his dogs were often taken on by hunt enthusiasts. It is unlikely, however, that any dogs alive today are descended from Trump, as Russell was forced to sell all of his dogs on more than one occasion because of financial difficulty, and had only four aged (and non-breeding) terriers left when he died in 1883. (Burns, 2005)
The only painting that exists of Trump was painted more than 40 years after the dog died, and it was painted by someone that had never seen the original animal at all. Russell said the painting was "a good likeness" but in fact he may have been trying to be polite, as the painting was commissioned by Edward VII (then Prince of Wales) who befriended Russell in his old age, and had the painting done as an homage to the old man. (Burns, 2005)
On the day that the impoverished Rev. John Russell died, his old sermons and other papers were found blowing around in the farm yard. Little or no written record of Rev. John Russell survives to the present day.
While it is often stated that Trump was "14 inches tall and weighed 14 pounds," there is no source for this statement, and it appears to have been penned by someone who had never met Russell and only seen the painting of Trump (to which there is nohing to suggest scale). (Burns, 2005)
While Trump's appearance is murky, and her size a complete mystery, the fox dens of Devon, England, where John Russell once hunted, are well known. Terrierman Eddie Chapman, who has hunted those same Devon earths for more than 30 years, notes that "I can state categorically that if give the choice, ninety-nine percent of hunt terrier men would buy an under 12" worker, if it was available, over a 14" one." (Chapman, 1994). To this day most working terrier enthusiast seem to prefer a dog around 12 inches tall and with a chest span of around 14".
Breed development
The first split between the many types of Russell terriers available today may have occurred early in their history with dogs being sold by the sister of John Russell's kennel man. These she described as "Jack Russells" but they may not have been part of the line of terriers developed by John Russell. Instead they may have been shorter-legged working terriers of variable heritage.
Later, around the turn of the century, the secretary of the Parson Jack Russell Terrier Club, Arthur Heinemann, bred a strain of terriers for badger digging. These needed the brave character and endurance of the Jack Russell Terrier, which were crossed with Bull Terriers and English White Terriers to give a stronger and harder dog with sturdier legs than the original type. Again these were described as "Jack Russells," though Heinemann himself was born years after the Rev. Russell had died.
The Jack Russell was maintained as a working terrier with crosses to other working breeds not uncommon. The practice of crossing to other working terrier breeds was employed to combine all the ideal working attributes into one terrier. The Fox Terrier/Sealyham cross was consider a successful cross in the late 1920s which resulted in a type much like the old working Sealyhams not the modern day show Sealyhams. This cross was used by many hunts in England. The old working Sealyhams varied in size from 8 to 12 inches with the majority longer on leg than the show Sealyhams. The cross resulted in a terrier small enough to fit in a terrier bag, sufficient bone and jaw to avoid the punishment of the fox, and enough length of leg to cover ground. The Sealyhams were not a hard terrier and would give tongue like the working Fox Terriers.
Along with these changes, the Second World War had a great impact on the breed. Sporting dogs were needed less and the numbers of working Russell terriers were drastically reduced during these years. The original working Russells often became family dogs and were crossed with other popular family dogs including Corgis, Chihuahuas and terriers such as the Fox Terrier Sealyham and the Staffordshire Bull Terrier. These crosses resulted in changes in form and function and led to a new type of short-legged terrier with a variable conformation. It is this form of the descendants of Trump that are now known as "English Jack Russell Terriers", "shortie Jacks", "Irish Jack Russell Terriers" or "Puddin' dogs".
The original longer-legged forms were also preserved and, in England, were called "Parson Jack Russell Terriers". This form was recognised by the Kennel Club (UK) in 1990 and gained provisional recognition by the international breeds association, the F.C.I, in the same year. The name of the breed was changed to "Parson Russell Terrier" in 1999 by the Kennel Club (UK) and gained full recognition by the F.C.I under this name in 2001. Contrary to a widespread idea, the FCI is not a registry and does not issue any pedigree so dogs cannot be registered with the F.C.I. In addition, it has no records of breeders addresses, these information are available from the national canine societies recognized by the FCI of which the AKC and the English KC are not affiliated members of the F.C.I.
In the United States a group of enthusiasts opposed to the registration and regulation of the working breed registered "Parson Jack Russell" as a trademark. This led to the long-legged breed being recognised by the American Kennel Club under the name "Jack Russell Terrier". This name was changed to the "Parson Russell Terrier" in 2003 to conform with the nomenclature in other countries. Breeders of the unregistered, working strain continued to use the Jack Russell name for their dogs. Currently there are few differences between the two types, although working Jack Russell Terriers are sometimes smaller than Parson Russell Terriers.
Working terriermen tend to select breeding pairs based upon size and temperament. As the average red fox has a chest diameter of about 14 inches, this is generally the largest chest that working terriermen will tolerate. (Burns, 2005) It is likely that the differing approaches to breeding and the restricted gene pool of the registered type will result in divergence between the types, possibly leading to two very different breeds as has happened to other working breeds following kennel club recognition.
In England, the Kennel Club recently re-opened its registry to allow the inclusion of some Jack Russell Terriers under the Parson Russell name. The standard was extended to include slightly smaller dogs to about 10 inches (25 cm) high but still with the longer-legged form. Individuals registered with the Jack Russell Terrier Club of Great Britain or the British Jack Russell Terrier Club and with registered parents and grandparents were accepted for registration. This may have a delaying effect on any divergence of the two types, but many breeders remain opposed to registration and are likely to continue to breed outside the Parson Russell standard and to continue to use the "Jack Russell Terrier" name.
In 1990 Jack Russell Terriers (the slightly longer than tall 10-12" Russell) were given full recognition by the Australian National Kennel Council. The FCI followed with recognition in 2001. This breed is sometimes called the "FCI Jack Russell Terrier" to distinguish it from the other forms of Jack Russell terriers found in many countries. Its form is very similar to the Parson Jack Russell and to working Jack Russell Terriers (J.R.T.C.A. or J.R.T.G.B.), although its standard form is for the body to be slightly longer than it is tall. This gives it a form somewhere in between that of "shortie" Jacks and the taller formation of other Jack Russell Terriers and of Parson Russell Terriers. December 8, 2005 due to the efforts of the American Russell Terrier Club[3] the Australian developed FCI Jack Russell Terrier was accepted into the AKC FSS known as the AKC FSS Russell Terrier.
The AKC Russell Terrier is not a dwarf breed. In the US Ireland is most noted for the Irish Shorties with no Fox Terrier ancestry with many pet breeder's committed to this type of companion JRT. The Irish shorty/pud type of Russell is not a recognized breed anywhere in the world and would be best described as a true dwarf type of Russell. There have been Russell Terriers with Irish backgrounds imported into the US from legitimate working sources linking back to England and the old working Fox Terrier, but are very few in numbers with Ireland being a very small country. All Irish bred dogs are not dwarfs.
The AKC FSS Russell Terrier originated in England from the Reverend's working Fox Terriers and was developed in Australia with a well documented history for the purpose of Fox Hunting well defined in the official Australian, FCI, and AKC standard for the breed. The FCI standard is very specific in the history and purpose for the breed with its origin from the Reverend's working Fox Terriers derived two distinctly different breeds the Parson Russell Terrier and the Russell Terrier or FCI JRT which is recognized worldwide and by AKC in the US. Common characterists due to their defined origin will link the two breeds together forever. Benched legs, prick ears, and the lack of Fox Terrier characteristics considered common charactistics for the "Shorties" are considered undesirable traits for the AKC FSS Russell Terrier inconsistent with their origin and development as a recognized breed worldwide. The AKC Parson Russell Terrier and the AKC FSS Russell Terrier or FCI Jack Russell Terrier are maintained as distinctly separate breeds in the AKC and in Europe. In the U.S., only the American Russell Terrier Club and the American Jack Russell Terrier Association (A.J.R.T.A.) [4]exclusively recognize and promote the AKC FSS Russell Terrier FCI Jack Russell Terrier, the A.J.R.T.A. being the only U.S. association to still register exclusively the FCI type Jack Russell Terrier.
The Irish Kennel Club has registered the breed Jack Russell Terrier using the FCI breed standard since year 2001 and has a strong following of breeders within Éire and England who breed dogs conforming to the FCI standard yet are not Australian bred they retain the country of origin Englands roots. The Australian Jack Russell Terriers derived from well documented English Imports dating back to 1961. As far back as 1929 the Tipperary Hunt(Ireland) used the Fox Terrier mixed with the Lakeland), the Waterford Hunt(Ireland) used the Fox Terrier Sealyham x Fox Terrier cross (same as the Warwickshire Hunt, England), and the Louth Hunt in Ireland used the non pedigreed Fox Terrier (Lucas 1931).
Because of the recent nature of these changes there is still considerable variation in the names used for the different types of dog. Additionally, controversy over registration, conformity to set standards and breeding restrictions may still lead to other variations in the naming and classification of these dogs. The AKC FSS Russell Terrier has been recognized with Australia designated as country of development for the breed following the FCI standard. The FCI standard for the Russell Terrier clearly defines the breed as being distincly different from the Parsons Russell Terrier and the shorty, Irish, English puddin type. The worldwide accepted standard for the AKC Russell Terrier combined with Kennel Club recognition in the US will eliminate the controversy over the variations that do exist. However, the inclusion into AKC FSS of splinter registries that advocate and register the Irish short pud type of Russell Terrier as opposed to the FCI type will more than likely result in the AKC FSS Russell Terrier becoming a variation between the short pud type and the FCI type rather than the worldwide accepted FCI type. The majority of the gene pool in the splinter clubs are Irish in origin with a very small number of their stock dual registered with the Irish Kennel Club.
Breed controversies
The Jack Russell or Parson Russell dogs registered with the FCI and the Kennel Club generally are not working dogs and most working Jack Russells are either unregistered dogs or are registered with one of the Jack Russell Terrier Clubs (The Jack Russell Terrier Club of Great Britain, the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America, and the Jack Russell Terrier Club of Canada).
The clubs listed above feel that the Jack Russell is a working breed and should not be restricted by show ring standards and Kennel Club closed-registry breeding rules. Working terrier enthusiasts breed for function rather than form, and generally reject closed registry systems as being antithetical to the longterm health of their working breeds. Unlike the American Kennel Club, the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America discourages inbreeding and will not register a dog that has too high a Coefficient of Inbreeding.
Miscellaneous
Jack Russells on screen
The Jack Russell's endearing facial expressions, feisty personality, and cuteness make it a natural choice for television and the cinema. Some famous Jack Russells include Wishbone the title character of an extremely popular and award winning children's television series in the United States. Wishbone was played by the late Soccer who died in June 2001 at 13 years old. Also there is Milo from the hit movie The Mask played by Max, Rimshot from the comical Ernest P. Worrell movies and Bijoux the policeman-hating dog from Hooperman. There was even a Jack Russell in the movie Crimson Tide, and in the movie the character played by Gene Hackman introduced the dog breed as one of the smartest in the world. Moreover, there is also a Jack Russell called Flike in the well-known Italian neorealist film Umberto D., who is depicted in the film as the main character Umberto D.'s only friend. In the movie, Problem Child 2, Junior's grandpa had a Jack Russell named Nippy.
Some Jack Russell Terriers have near-superstar status, including Eddie, the clever, irrepressible dog belonging to character Martin Crane on the sitcom Frasier. Eddie was played by the late Moose, who died in July 2006. Later in the series, Moose had a stunt double; his son Enzo stepped in for the more physically demanding tricks to spare his aging sire. Moose and Enzo also appeared in the movie My Dog Skip. Also prominent is Soccer, the dog star who portrayed Wishbone, a veteran performer with many television commercials to his credit. He reportedly hated swimming and had two stunt doubles and a body double. A rough-coated JRT also played on the sitcom Gilmore Girls for only a couple, if not only 1, episode. Another rough-coated JRT, Ruffian who played Bob in the movie When Night is Falling, in which, he died but returned to life at the end.
Timothy J.C. from Toronto, ON has bred a Jack Russell Terrier named "Arthur" in the movie Must Love Dogs. The dog has shown exceptional performance and intelligence in his stunning acts, one of which Arthur used a pencil to dial a phone number.
Superman's dog, Krypto, in the older DC Comics's Superman comic books, may have been a Jack Russell Terrier. The dog which accompanies Rick Stein on his ventures is a Jack Russell Terrier, named "Chalky".
Jack Russell is also the name of the protagonist of Radiata Stories.
Mariah Carey has a Jack Russell Terrier named Jackson P. Mutley
Audrey Hepburn had two Jack Russell Terriers.
According to Harry Potter author J.K.Rowling, character Ron Weasley's Patronus takes the form of a Jack Russell Terrier.
Jack, From the Terrier Bros. Team.
References
- Burns, Patrick. American Working Terriers, 2005. ISBN 1-4116-6082-X [5]
- Chapman, Eddie. "The Working Jack Russell Terrier," 1994. No ISBN [6]
- Russell, Dan. "Jack Russell and His Terriers." 1990. 0851312764 [7]
- Lucas, Capt. Jocelyn M. "Hunt and Working Terriers", 1931. UK.
External links
- Clubs, Associations, and Societies
- American Jack Russell Terrier Association
- A.J.R.T.A. FCI, AKC FSS & UKC (original standard) type Jack Russell Terrier Registry
- Jack Russell Terrier Club of NSW (Australia)
- Jack Russell Terrier Club of America
- Jack Russell Terrier Club of Canada
- Jack Russell Terrier Club Great Britain
- Parson Russell Terrier Association of America
- Dutch Jack Russell Terrier Association
- Other Links
See also
