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List of United States presidential firsts

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This list lists achievements and distinctions of various presidents of the United States. It includes distinctions achieved in their earlier life and post-presidencies. Due to some confusion surrounding sovereignty of nations during presidential visits, only nations that were independent, sovereign, or recognized by the United States during the presidency are listed here as a precedent.


George Washington (1789–1797)

Further information: George Washington
George Washington was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 1776, 13 years before becoming president
  • First president of the United States.[1]
  • First president to appear on a postage stamp.[1]
  • First president to be a Freemason.[2]
  • First president to receive votes from every presidential elector in an election.[a][3]
  • First president to add "So help me God" to the Oath of Office.[4]
  • First president to command a standing field army while in office (during the Whiskey Rebellion).[5]
  • First president to have been a lieutenant general.
  • First president to have a parent live to see him be elected and become president. [b]
  • First president to celebrate his 65th birthday while in office. Washington was born in February 1732 and turned 65 in February 1797. His term of office ended in March 1797.
  • First president to be an Episcopalian.[6]
  • First president from Virginia.[7]
  • First president to be awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.
  • First president to be younger than his wife.[c]
  • First president to have signed the United States Constitution.
  • First president to have a ship named after him.
  • First president to have a submarine named after him.[8]
  • First president to appear on a US coin (1900 commemorative).
  • First president who wasn't part of a political party.[9]
  • First president who served in the American Revolution
  • First president who was a slave owner
  • First president to decline to run for a third term
  • First president to have a state named after him
  • First president to have a city named after him
  • First president to be a member of the Society of the Cincinnati

John Adams (1797–1801)

Further information: John Adams
John Adams was the first president to live in the White House
  • First president to live in the White House.[10]
  • First president to have previously served as vice president.[d][11]
  • First president to have previously served as an Ambassador to a foreign country.[12]: 49 
  • First president elected as a Federalist.
  • First president to be a lawyer.[13]
  • First president who had never served in the military.[14][15]
  • First president to not be a slave owner.[16]
  • First president to be a Unitarian.
  • First president to wear a powdered wig.[17] [e][18]
  • First president from Massachusetts.[7]
  • First president who attended one of the Ivy League colleges.[12]: 49 
  • First president to attend Harvard College.
  • First president to have children of his own.[f][19]
  • First president whose son (John Quincy Adams) was also a president.
  • First president to have a post-presidency of more than 25 years.[g]
  • First president to be married for 50 years.[h]
  • First president to begin his presidency on March 4 (In his case, 1797).[20]
  • First president to receive the oath of office from a chief justice of the United States Supreme Court[21]
  • First president to veto no bills while in office.[22]
  • First president to have a child (Charles Adams) die while in office.[23]
  • First president to be defeated for a second term in office.[24]
  • First president to not attend the inauguration of his successor.[20][i]
  • First president to be over the age of 60 upon entering office.[j]
  • First president to live to the age of 90.[k][24]
  • First president to have signed the Declaration of Independence.[25]
  • First president to have met a British monarch, having met George III of the United Kingdom while serving as ambassador to Britain.
  • First president to have had a secretary of the navy.
  • First president to be widowed.[l]

Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)

Further information: Thomas Jefferson
  • First president to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C.[21]
  • First president inaugurated in the 19th century.
  • First president whose inauguration was not attended by his immediate predecessor.[26] [m]
  • First president to live a full presidential term in the White House.[27]
  • First president elected as a Democratic-Republican.
  • First president to have previously been a governor.[14]
  • First president to have been ambassador to France.
  • First president to have previously served as secretary of state.[28]
  • First president to defeat the man (Adams) whom he had previously lost to in a presidential election.[12]: 48 
  • First president to have been widowed prior to his inauguration.[n][12]: 147 
  • First president whose election was decided in the House of Representatives.[29]
  • First president to cite the doctrine of executive privilege.[30]
  • First president to have a vice president elected under the 12th Amendment. Originally the runner-up in the presidential election was named vice president.[31]
  • First president to have two vice presidents.[o]
  • First president whose vice president was older than him.[p]
  • First president to win election after having been previously defeated.
  • First president who died on Independence Day (his predecessor, John Adams, died later on the same day).
  • First president to be survived by his predecessor as president.[q]
  • First president to serve as rector of the University of Virginia.[32]

James Madison (1809–1817)

Further information: James Madison

James Monroe (1817–1825)

Further information: James Monroe

John Quincy Adams (1825–1829)

Further information: John Quincy Adams
Philip Haas took this daguerrotype of John Quincy Adams in 1843.
  • First president to be the son of another president.[u][41]
  • First president whose father lived to see him become president.[v][37]
  • First president to have a son marry at the White House.[w][39]
  • First president to be photographed.[42]
  • First president to be an abolitionist.[43]
  • First president elected despite receiving fewer votes than his opponent.[12]: 48 
  • First president to not win a majority of electoral votes.[44]
  • First president to have facial hair.[x]
  • First president to adopt a short haircut instead of long hair tied in a queue.[45]
  • First president to have been inaugurated wearing long trousers instead of knee breeches.[46]
  • First president to serve in Congress after serving in the presidency.[47]
  • First president to be succeeded by a president older than him.[y]
  • First president to have been ambassador to the Netherlands, Germany, and Russia.
  • First president to marry a foreigner. (He married English-born Louisa Adams.)
  • First president to not have served in any government position during the Revolutionary War.

Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)

Further information: Andrew Jackson
  • First president to pay off the entire national debt.[48]
  • First president born in a log cabin.[49]
  • First president born in the Carolinas (Place of birth disputed between North and South Carolina).
  • First president born to immigrant parents.[z][50]
  • First president born after the death of his father.[aa][51]
  • First president elected as Democrat to the presidency.[52]
  • First president to have been a major general.
  • First president to be inaugurated at the East Portico of the United States Capitol Building.
  • First president to marry a divorced woman.[53]
  • First president to kill someone in a duel.[54]
  • First president to be targeted by an assassin.[55]
  • First president to be older than his predecessor.[citation needed]
  • First president to ride on a railroad train.[56]
  • First president to appoint a Catholic (Roger Taney) to the Supreme Court.
  • First president to be elected by white men of all classes in 1828 after most laws barring non-land-owners from voting were repealed.
  • First president whose home state was not also his birth state (His birth state is disputed between North and South Carolina, while he resided in Tennessee at the time of his election).
  • First president to be an orphan.[ab]
  • First president to have had a vice president resign (John C. Calhoun in 1832).
  • First president to be censured by the US Senate, although it was expunged in 1837.[57]
  • First president to win a plurality of the vote in three consecutive elections (1824, 1828, & 1832).

Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)

Further information: Martin Van Buren

William Henry Harrison (1841)

Further information: William Henry Harrison
  • First president elected as a Whig to the presidency.[52]
  • First president from Ohio.[59]
  • First president to have 10 or more biological children.[af][19]
  • First president to be born in the same county as his vice president.[60]
  • First president to not appoint anyone to the Supreme Court
  • First president to not issue an executive order[61]
  • First president to give an inaugural address of more than 5,000 words.[62]
  • First president whose grandson (Benjamin Harrison) was also a president.
  • First president to have his photograph taken while in office.[63]
  • First president to be over the age of 65 upon entering office.[ag]
  • First president to die in office.[64]
  • First president to have been a brigadier general.
  • First president to serve as ambassador to a South American country, having served as United States minister to Gran Colombia from 1828 to 1829.

John Tyler (1841–1845)

Further information: John Tyler
  • First president to ascend to the presidency by the death of his predecessor.[65]
  • First president to have a veto overridden.[22][54]
  • First president to face a vote of impeachment in the House (it was unsuccessful).[66]
  • First president to be widowed while in office [ah][67]
  • First president to remarry while in office [ai].[40][64]
  • First president to have been married twice [aj]
  • First president to have served as president pro tempore of the Senate.
  • First president to not have a vice president during his entire time in office.
  • First president to be born after the ratification of the United States Constitution.[68]
  • First president to be born during someone's presidency.[ak]
  • First president to be expelled from his political party while in office.[69]
  • First president (by date of service) to have grandchildren living in the 21st century.[70]
  • First president to join the Confederacy and serve in the Provisional Confederate States Congress.

James K. Polk (1845–1849)

Further information: James K. Polk

Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)

Further information: Zachary Taylor
  • First president who had served in no prior elected office.[77]
  • First president to serve in the Mexican–American War.[7]
  • First president to take office while his party held a minority of seats in the U.S. Senate.[78]
  • First president to win election with his party holding no majority in either house of Congress.[79]
  • First president from Kentucky.
  • First president to be elected while winning the same number of states as his opponent.[an]
  • First president to win the U.S. presidential election in November.[80]
  • First president to have had a secretary of the interior.
  • First president to be awarded the Congressional Gold Medal more than once (he was awarded it three times).[81]

Millard Fillmore (1850–1853)

Further information: Millard Fillmore
  • First president to establish a permanent White House library.[54]
  • First president born in the 1800s (January 7, 1800).[82]
  • First president born after the death of a previous president (Fillmore was born 24 days after the death of George Washington).
  • First president to remarry after leaving office. He remarried in 1858 to Caroline Carmichael McIntosh.
  • First president to leave office while his father was alive.[37] He left office in 1853 and his father Nathaniel Fillmore died in 1863.

Franklin Pierce (1853–1857)

Further information: Franklin Pierce
  • First president born in New Hampshire.
  • First president to install central heating in the White House.[40]
  • First president born in the 19th century (November 23, 1804).[82][ao]
  • First president to deliver his inaugural address from memory.[83]
  • First president who had been elected to actively seek reelection but be defeated for nomination for a second term by his party.[84][85]

James Buchanan (1857–1861)

Further information: James Buchanan

Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)

Further information: Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated.

Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)

Further information: Andrew Johnson
  • First president to ascend to the presidency by the assassination of his predecessor.[88]
  • First president to be impeached by the House of Representatives.[89]
  • First president to serve in the United States Senate after being president.[89]
  • First president to have been mayor of a town, having been mayor of Greeneville, Tennessee.
  • First president to issue more than twenty vetoes.[22]
  • First president to have more than ten vetoes overridden.[22]

Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)

Further information: Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant, here shortly before his death, was the first president to write a memoir.

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)

Further information: Rutherford B. Hayes

James A. Garfield (1881)

Further information: James A. Garfield
  • First president to be elected to the presidency directly from the House of Representatives.[100]
  • First president to be left-handed or ambidextrous.[101]
  • First president to die before reaching the age of 50.[102]
  • First president to have served as a university president.[103][104]

Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)

Further information: Chester A. Arthur
  • First president born in Vermont.[105]
  • First president to take the oath of office in his own home.[106]
  • First president to have an elevator installed in the White House.[96]
  • First president to have been appointed to a non-cabinet or ambassadorial federal office, having been appointed collector of the Port of New York by Ulysses S. Grant in 1871.

Grover Cleveland (1885–1889, 1893–1897)

Further information: Grover Cleveland
Grover Cleveland was the first president to serve non-consecutive terms, and the first president to be married (to Frances Folsom) at the White House
  • First president born in New Jersey.
  • First president to get married at the White House.[39]
  • First president to have a child born in the White House.[40][107]
  • First president to serve non-consecutive terms.[64]
  • First president to win two terms without winning a majority of the vote (1884 & 1892).
  • First president to win a plurality of the vote in three consecutive elections without ever winning a majority (1884, 1888, & 1892).
  • First president to be filmed.[108]
  • First president to veto more than 100 bills, with over 500, including over 200 pocket vetos.[22]
  • First president to have had a secretary of agriculture.

Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)

Further information: Benjamin Harrison
  • First president to have a lighted Christmas tree at the White House.[12]: 48 
  • First president to be a grandson of another president (W. H. Harrison).
  • First president to have electric lighting installed in the White House.[96]
  • First president to have his voice recorded.[109]
  • First president from Indiana.

William McKinley (1897–1901)

Further information: William McKinley

Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)

Further information: Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt, shown here sitting in a steam shovel along the Panama Canal route in 1906, was the first president to visit a foreign country while in office.

William Howard Taft (1909–1913)

Further information: William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft was the first president to also serve on the United States Supreme Court

Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)

Further information: Woodrow Wilson

Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)

Further information: Warren G. Harding

Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)

Further information: Calvin Coolidge

Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)

Further information: Herbert Hoover
  • First president born west of the Mississippi River and first born in Iowa.[154]
  • First president to have a telephone on his desk.[122]
  • First president to have a post-presidency of more than 30 years.[155] Hoover left office in 1933, and died in 1964. He died 31 years, 230 days after leaving office.
  • First president who was a Quaker.[156]
  • First president to have served as secretary of commerce.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)

Further information: Franklin D. Roosevelt

Harry S Truman (1945–1953)

Further information: Harry S Truman

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)

Further information: Dwight D. Eisenhower

John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)

Further information: John F. Kennedy

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)

Further information: Lyndon B. Johnson
Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson became the first president to be inaugurated on an airplane and the first president to be sworn in by a woman. The inauguration is shown in the photo above.

Richard Nixon (1969–1974)

Further information: Richard Nixon

Gerald Ford (1974–1977)

Further information: Gerald Ford
Following the resignation of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford being sworn in by Warren Burger, was the first man to ascend to the presidency without being elected to either the offices of the president or vice president.

Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)

Further information: Jimmy Carter

Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)

Further information: Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan addressing the UK Parliament on June 8, 1982, the first U.S. president to do so.

George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)

Further information: George H. W. Bush

Bill Clinton (1993–2001)

Further information: Bill Clinton

George W. Bush (2001–2009)

Further information: George W. Bush

Barack Obama (2009–2017)

Further information: Barack Obama

Donald Trump (2017–present)

Further information: Donald Trump
Donald Trump shaking hands with the supreme leader of North Korea on June 12, 2018, the first U.S. president to do so.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In both the 1789 and 1792 elections, each elector voted for Washington and for another candidate.
  2. ^ Washington's mother Mary was still alive when he took office on April 30, 1789. She died four months later in August. Mary did not attend her son's inauguration.
  3. ^ Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington, was born on June 2, 1731, making her 265 days older than him.
  4. ^ Adams served as Vice President under George Washington, and thus was the first Vice President of the nation.
  5. ^ Washington powdered his own hair.
  6. ^ Adams and his wife Abigail had six children, including John Quincy Adams, the sixth President. Washington did not have any children by his own, and was only a stepfather.
  7. ^ Adams left office in 1801, and died on 4 July 1826, 25 years, 122 days after leaving office.
  8. ^ John and Abigail Adams, were married for 54 years, 3 days
  9. ^ Adams did not attend Thomas Jefferson's inauguration
  10. ^ Adams was born on October 30, 1735, and was 61 years, 125 days old when he took office.
  11. ^ Adams lived 90 years, 247 days, and was the longest-lived President until 2001, when his record was broken by Ronald Reagan.
  12. ^ Abigail Adams died on October 28, 1818. Her husband outlived her for 7 years, 249 days
  13. ^ John Adams did not attend his inauguration.
  14. ^ Jefferson's wife Martha died in 1782, 19 years before he was inaugurated.
  15. ^ Aaron Burr and George Clinton were Jefferson's Vice Presidents, both of them serving one term each with him.
  16. ^ George Clinton was born in 1739, four years earlier than Jefferson.
  17. ^ He was survived by John Adams, who died five hours later.
  18. ^ George Clinton died on April 20, 1812. He was the first Vice President to die in office.
  19. ^ Madison left office in 1817 and his mother Nelly Conway Madison died in 1829, only seven years before her son.
  20. ^ Monroe's daughter Mary married in 1820 at the Blue Room on the State Floor of the White House.
  21. ^ Adams was the eldest son of John Adams and his wife Abigail Adams.
  22. ^ Adams' father, former President John Adams, was still alive when he took office, and died in 1826.
  23. ^ Adams' son John Adams II married in the Blue Room on February 25, 1828.
  24. ^ Adams wore long sideburns
  25. ^ Both Adams and his successor Andrew Jackson were born in 1767, but Jackson was born in March, while Adams was born in July.
  26. ^ Jackson's parents and two brothers emigrated from Ireland in 1765, two years before he was born.
  27. ^ Jackson's father, Andrew Jackson, Sr., died in an accident in late February 1767, around three weeks before his son was born.
  28. ^ Jackson's father died in 1767 just before he was born and his mother died in 1781 when he was fourteen.
  29. ^ Van Buren was born on December 5, 1782 6 years, 154 days after the Declaration of Independence.
  30. ^ Dutch was Van Buren's first language.
  31. ^ Van Buren died on July 24, 1862, 21 years, 111 days after the death William Henry Harrison, 13 years, 39 days after the death of James K. Polk, 12 years, 15 days after the death of Zachary Taylor and 187 after the death of John Tyler.
  32. ^ Harrison had 10 children from his wife Anna Harrison, and is allegedly believed to have a daughter from a slave.
  33. ^ Harrison, born of February 9, 1773, was aged 68 years, 23 days when he took office.
  34. ^ Tyler's first wife, First Lady Letitia Christian Tyler, died on September 10, 1842.
  35. ^ Tyler married Julia Gardiner Tyler on June 27, 1844, and had children with her.
  36. ^ Tyler was first married to Letitia Christian, who died during her husband's presidency. The widowed President then married Julia Gardiner. He had children with both his wives.
  37. ^ Tyler was born during George Washington's administration.
  38. ^ Andrew Jackson's birthplace is disputed between that state and South Carolina.
  39. ^ Polk died in 1849, soon after leaving office. Jane Knox Polk, his mother, died in 1852, having outlived her son by three years.
  40. ^ Both Taylor and his opponent Lewis Cass won 15 states.
  41. ^ Although Millard Fillmore was born in 1800, 1800 is the last year of the 18th century, not the first year of the 19th.
  42. ^ Harding was born on November 2, 1865, seven months after the civil war ended.
  43. ^ Harry Truman served as a judge in Jackson County, Missouri, from 1923 until 1935 when he was elected as a U.S. Senator from Missouri; he held this position until he was elected Vice President in 1945 (along with Franklin Roosevelt as President).

References

  1. ^ a b President's Day Fun. p. 10.
  2. ^ The Book of Political Lists, from the editors of George. 1998. p. 22.
  3. ^ Unger, Harlow Giles (2013). "Mr. President" George Washington and the Making of the Nation's Highest Office. Boston: Da Capo Press, A Member of the Perseus Book Group. pp. 61, 146. ISBN 978-0-306-82241-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  4. ^ Ellis, Joseph J. (2004). His Excellency: George Washington. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4031-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  5. ^ Kohn, Richard H. (December 1972). "The Washington Administration's Decision to Crush the Whiskey Rebellion". The Journal of American History. 59 (3): 567–584. doi:10.2307/1900658. JSTOR 1900658.
  6. ^ "The Religion of George Washington". adherents.com. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
  7. ^ a b c d Book of Political Lists, pg. 5
  8. ^ "Submarine Chronology". www.navy.mil. Submarine Warfare Division (US Navy). Archived from the original on April 10, 2006. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  9. ^ Dennis Jamison (2014-12-31). "George Washington's views on political parties in America". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  10. ^ Robert P. Watson, ed. (February 2012). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7914-8507-1.
  11. ^ American Political Leaders 1789–2009. CQ Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-4522-6726-5.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Richard Lederer (2009-02-19). Presidential Trivia. ISBN 978-1-4236-1052-6.
  13. ^ "Barack Obama: The U.S.'s 44th President (and 25th Lawyer-President!)". Wall Street Journal. 2008-11-05.
  14. ^ a b Book of Political Lists, pg. 17
  15. ^ "Military Roots: Presidents who were Veterans". U.S. Department of Veterans' Affairs.
  16. ^ "Slaveholding Presidents". Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies, Grand Valley State University. May 29, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  17. ^ John Whitcomb; Claire Whitcomb (2002). Real Life at the White House: Two Hundred Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence. Psychology Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-415-93951-5.
  18. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: Did George Washington wear a wig?". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on November 20, 2005. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
  19. ^ a b Book of Political Lists, pg. 60
  20. ^ a b Frantz, Christine; Rowen, Beth. "Inaugural Trivia Firsts and facts about presidential inaugurations". Infoplease.com. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "THE 6th PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION". Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Presidential Vetos, 1789–1988" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. 1992. p. ix.
  23. ^ "The Adams Children". American Experience. PBS. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  24. ^ a b Michael Nelson, ed. (2012-08-13). Guide to the Presidency and the Executive Branch. p. 1653. ISBN 978-1-4522-3428-1.
  25. ^ "Declaration of Independence". 2015-10-30.
  26. ^ Frantz, Christine1; Rowen, Beth. "Inaugural Trivia Firsts and facts about presidential inaugurations". Infoplease.com. Retrieved November 26, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Robert P. Watson (2012). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. SUNY Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7914-8507-1.
  28. ^ "Why Do Secretaries of State Make Such Terrible Presidential Candidates?". Smithsonian.
  29. ^ "Deadlock: What Happens if Nobody Wins". The Atlantic. October 1980. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  30. ^ Glen Vecchione (2007). The Little Giant Book of American Presidents. Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-4027-2692-7.
  31. ^ "The Charters of Freedom: The United States Constitution". United States National Archives. 2015-10-30.
  32. ^ "1817: The First Meeting of the Board of Visitors". University of Virginia Magazine. UVA Alumni Association. Fall 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2016. In March 1819, Thomas Jefferson was appointed the University's first rector. (Madison was the second. Edwin Alderman was the first President of UVA. – see Philip Alexander Bruce (1922). History of the University of Virginia, 1819-1919: The Lengthened Shadow of One Man. Macmillan. p. 38. {{cite web}}: External link in |quote= (help)
  33. ^ Book of Political Lists, pg. 18
  34. ^ Book of Political Lists, pg. 29
  35. ^ "History of American Wars - Three Centuries of American Wars". www.history-of-american-wars.com.
  36. ^ "James Madison". iSchool at Drexel, College of Information Science and Technology.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g "Parents at the Inaugurations". Presidents' Parents.
  38. ^ Book of Political Lists, pg. 19
  39. ^ a b c "Wedding Ceremonies Held at the White House". White House Historical Association.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Fast Facts: Hail to the Chief". Boys' Life. Feb 1998.
  41. ^ "About the Presidents: John Quincy Adams". WhiteHouse.gov.
  42. ^ https://petapixel.com/2012/06/05/the-first-photographs-of-us-presidents/ First photographs of US presidents
  43. ^ "Historical Abolitionist of the Month: John Quincy Adams". Human Rights First. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
  44. ^ "Presidential Election of 1824". 270toWin.com.
  45. ^ Presidents and Presidencies in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection– Google Knihy. October 7, 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-09.
  46. ^ "John Quincy Adams Takes the Oath of Office – Wearing Pants". New England Historical Society. 2015-03-04.
  47. ^ Betsy Dru Tecco. (2006). How to Draw the Life and Times of John Quincy Adams. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4042-2983-9.
  48. ^ "Episode 273: When the U.S. Paid off the Entire National Debt".
  49. ^ Cindy Barden. Meet the Presidents. p. 71.
  50. ^ "Legend | Andrew Jackson's Effect on America". The Hermitage. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
  51. ^ "Deaths of Parents". Presidents' Parents. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
  52. ^ a b c d 2001 New York Times Almanac. 2001. pp. 102–114. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  53. ^ "Education & Resources - National Women's History Museum - NWHM". www.nwhm.org. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g Vecchione, 101
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