Stavka
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2019) |
The Stavka (Template:Lang-ru) was the high command of the armed forces in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. In Imperial Russia Stavka refers to the administrative staff, and to the General Headquarters in the late 19th-century Imperial Russian armed forces and subsequently in the Soviet Union. In Western literature it is sometimes written in uppercase (STAVKA), although whether it is an acronym is a subject of debate. Stavka may refer to its members, as well as to the headquarter location (its original meaning from the old Russian word ставка, 'tent').
Stavka of the Commander-in-chief during World War I
The commander-in-chief of the Russian army at the beginning of World War I was Grand Duke Nicholas Nicholaievitch, a grandson of Tsar Nicholas I. Appointed at the last minute in August 1914, he played no part in formulating the military plans in use at the beginning of the war. Nikolai Yanushkevich was his chief of staff. In the summer of 1915 the Tsar himself took personal command, with Mikhail Alekseyev as his chief of staff. In the years 1915–1917 Stavka was based in Mogilev and the Tsar, Nicholas II, spent long periods there as Commander-in-Chief.
The Stavka was divided into several departments:
- Department of General-Quartermaster (Operations department)
- Department of General on Duty (Organisation of troops, supplies, promotions, staff matters)
- Department of military transportations
- Naval department
- Diplomatic chancery (liaison with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
The Stavka was first established in Baranovichi. In August 1915, after the German advance, the Stavka re-located to Mogilev.
Chiefs of staff
- 19 July 1914 – 18 August 1915: Lieutenant-General (from 22 October 1914, General of Infantry) Nikolai Yanushkevich
- 18 September 1915—01.04.1917: General of Infantry (from 1916-Adjutant General) Mikhail Alekseyev
- 10 November 1916 – 17 February 1917: General of Cavalry Vasily Gurko
- 11 March 1917—05.04.1917: General of Infantry Vladislav Klembovsky
- 5 April 1917 – 31 May 1917: Lieutenant-General Anton Denikin
- 2 June 1917 – 30 August 1917: Lieutenant-General Alexander Lukomsky
- 30 August 1917 – 9 September 1917: General of Infantry Mikhail Alekseyev
- 10 October 1917—03.11.1917: Lieutenant-General Nikolay Dukhonin
- 3 November 1917—07.11.1917: Major General Mikhail Dieterichs
- 7 November 1917—02.1918: Major General Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich
Stavka of the Red Army during World War II
The Stavka of the Soviet Armed Forces during World War II, or the headquarters of the "Main Command of the Armed Forces of the USSR" (Stavka Glavnogo Komandovaniya) (Template:Lang-ru), was established on 23 June 1941 by a top-secret decree signed by Joseph Stalin in his capacities both as the head of government and as the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. According to this decree Stavka was composed of the defence minister Marshal Semyon Timoshenko (as its president), the head of General Staff Georgy Zhukov, Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Marshal Kliment Voroshilov, Marshal Semyon Budyonny and the People's Commissar (Narkom) of the Navy Admiral Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov.
The same decree organized at Stavka "the institution of permanent counsellors of Stavka" : Marshal Kulik, Marshal Shaposhnikov, Kirill Meretskov, head of the Air force Zhigarev, Nikolay Vatutin, head of Air Defence Voronov, Mikoyan, Kaganovich, Lavrenty Beria, Voznesensky, Zhdanov, Malenkov, Mekhlis.
Very soon afterwards, the deputy defence minister of the army, Meretskov, was arrested following false charges made by Beria and Merkulov. Meretskov was subsequently released from jail on the same day, at the end of the first week of September 1941, which was called for by Stalin.[clarification needed]
Stavka's Main Command was reorganized into the Stavka of the Supreme Command (Stavka Verkhovnogo Komandovaniya)[1] on 10 July 1941. This action occurred after Stalin was named Supreme Commander, and replaced Timoshenko as head of Stavka. On 8 August 1941 it was again reorganized into Stavka of the Supreme Main Command (Stavka Verkhovnogo Glavnokomandovaniya).
On the same day Strategic Directions commands were instituted.
A 17 February 1945 decree set out the membership of Stavka as Stalin (President), Zhukov, Aleksandr Vasilevsky, Aleksei Antonov, Nikolai Bulganin and Kuznetsov.