Jump to content

Mary Gordon (prison inspector)

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by CaroleHenson (talk | contribs) at 05:44, 5 March 2020 (→top: It seems this is supposed to be re: child labour - vs. labour generally - if not, please revert). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Mary Gordon
Born
Mary Louisa Gordon

(1861-08-15)15 August 1861
Seaforth, Lancashire, England
Died5 May 1941(1941-05-05) (aged 79)
Crowborough, Sussex, England
NationalityBritish
Occupation(s)Physician, prison inspector and author
Known forFirst British female prison inspector
Notable workPenal Discipline (1922)
Chase of the Wild Goose (1936)

Mary Louisa Gordon (15 August 1861 − 5 May 1941) was a British physician, prison inspector and author. After graduating from the London School of Medicine for Women in 1890, Gordon worked at the East London Hospital for Children, the Evelina London Children's Hospital, and later had a private practice in Harley Street. While working as a physician, she made a number of public addresses and wrote publications on topics including the effects of prostitution and alcohol dependence on women.

Gordon was appointed as the first British female prison inspector in 1908. During her time as prison inspector, she enacted a number of improvements including on child labour, supported the British suffragette movement, and secretly communicated with the Women's Social and Political Union about conditions in prisons. After retirement in 1921, she wrote the book Penal Discipline (1922) which advocated for reforms to the prison system, and the historical novel Chase of the Wild Goose (1936) based on the Ladies of Llangollen.

Early life

Gordon was born in 15 August 1861 in Seaforth, Lancashire, to James Gordon and his second wife Mary Emily Carter. Her father sold hide and tallow.[1] She had six sisters and three brothers. Gordon also had an older stepsister and stepbrother, their mother Anne Barnsley Shaw had died from consumption in 1855.[2][3] Gordon studied at the London School of Medicine for Women, and qualified as a doctor with the Triple Qualification in 1890.[4]

Career

Physician

After graduation, she worked part-time as the librarian and curator of the school. She later worked as a clinical assistant at the East London Hospital for Children and at the Evelina London Children's Hospital. Gordon joined the Association of Registered Medical Women (ARMW), a precursor to the Medical Women's Federation, in 1891.[5] She also later worked as a physician in Harley Street, London.[6]

During this time, she contributed a number of publications, and public addresses regarding a variety of topics including the effects of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), prostitution, and alcohol dependence on women. This included writing a letter which had been signed by 73 members of the ARMW in 1898 to Lord George Hamilton, the Secretary of State for India, to criticise measures enacted in the previous year to combat the spread of STDs in the military stationed there.[5][7] The measures included the mandatory medical examinations of women suspected of carrying an STD living near a military building, if they refused they would be expelled from their homes.[8]

Prison reformer

In March 1908, Gordon was appointed as a prison inspector.[1] She was the first woman to hold the position.[1] Her role involved the inspection of the female wings[1] of 47 prisons, and the training of female prison officers. She had no formal training prior to being appointed therefore Gordon visited prisons in Europe in order to learn best practice.[9] She soon identified that the majority of female prisoners had short sentences with high rates of recidivism. Gordon supported a rehabilitative approach in prisons to combat this.[10] She organised the prison labour so that menial tasks such as cleaning were assigned to short-term inmates while more productive roles were given to long-term inmates such as training for jobs when released.[11] Gordon is also credited with physical improvements in conditions in British prisons, such as better lighting in jail cells with the use of clear glass in windows,[12] and introducing notebooks to HM Prison Holloway.[13]

She was a supporter of the British suffragette movement, and secretly communicated with Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) about the state of prisons, and incarcerated leaders such as Emmeline Pankhurst. When the WSPU headquarters was raided by the police on 23 May 1914, this correspondence was discovered and she was asked by the Home Office to renounce her association with the movement, which she refused to do so. During the First World War, she served from July to December 1916 with the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service in Macedonia.[9][14] By the end of her career, she was marginalised and isolated for her association with the suffragette movement and her "feminist" approach to her role.[15] When she asked for an increase in her salary in 1919, an official replied by describing her appointment as a "sop to feminism" and that any further increase would be "a concession to the claims of feminism".[16] She retired in 1921.[1]

Author

Gordon wrote her first book in 1907 when she was a physician, a novel called A Jury of the Virtuous under the pseudonym of Patrick Hood.[3] It was about a convicted forger who is released from prison at the age of 26, and finds it difficult to reintegrate into society. A review in the British Medical Journal commented that the characters were well-written and that the story was interesting.[17]

The year after her retirement, Gordon wrote the book, Penal Discipline (1922), in which she advocated for reforms to the prison system. She felt that prisons were too focused on punishment, and discipline which encouraged recidivism. Gordon argued for more focus on rehabilitation which included seeking prisoners' views on what would prevent them from reoffending. On one occasion, she describes helping an inmate who was frequently arrested for stealing men's clothes. The inmate told her that "she felt it impossible to live as a woman, but could live as a man, and enjoyed men's work". Gordon provided her with men's clothing and a train fare to South Wales, where she obtained work as a coal miner. The former inmate later wrote to Gordon to inform her that in the year after her release, she was "living respectably", and had experienced her first Easter out of prison in ten years.[1][3][18] A reviewer for The Guardian newspaper wrote that it was a "very humanly and brightly written book".[19] The book, along with Sidney and Beatrice Webb's report English Prisons Under Local Government and Stephen Hobhouse and Fenner Brockway's English Prisons Today, prompted calls for an inquiry into prison conditions. Initially this was thought likely as prison commissioners had recognised the need for reform, but after the 1922 general election, the new Home Secretary William Bridgeman decided against it.[20]

In later life, Gordon studied analytical psychology with Carl Jung, and his wife Emma in Switzerland.[21] In 1936, she wrote the historical novel Chase of the Wild Goose, based on the Ladies of Llangollen.[22] The book was dedicated to Emma Jung.[23] The book is split up into three parts. The first and second part covers the women's initial meeting, their time in Ireland and Wales. In the last part, she describes a meeting with the ghosts of the ladies in 1934 during a visit to Llangollen.[24] It was published by writer Virginia Woolf, and her husband Leonard.[25] A review in The Guardian praised Gordon for telling "their story with sensitiveness and understanding".[26] A year after the release of the book, Gordon installed a marble relief of the women at St. Collen's Church in Llangollen, where they were buried.[27]

Gordon was highly critical of Virginia Woolf's 1940 biography of artist Roger Fry particularly in its portrayal of his wife, the artist Helen Coombe, who she was close friends with. She wrote a letter to Woolf describing her reservations about the book. Gordon felt that Coombe had been described in the book as "only the pitiful nebulous ghost she had to be" rather than the brave and charismatic woman that she knew from her youth. She also felt it did not discuss the potential contribution, from her point of view, of Fry's extroverted personality to the deterioration in Coombe's mental health in later life.[28] It is not known whether Woolf replied to the letter but in previous brief references to Gordon in her writing she did not describe her with warm words.[29]

Death

Gordon died on 5 May 1941 in the town of Crowborough, Sussex, at the age of 79.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Gordon, Mary Louisa". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/56108. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ^ Smith 2016, p. 283.
  3. ^ a b c Oakley 2019, p. 204.
  4. ^ Smith 2016, pp. 283–284.
  5. ^ a b Smith 2016, p. 284.
  6. ^ "A New Post for Women: Inspection of Prisons". The Guardian. 14 March 1908. p. 8. Retrieved 22 December 2019 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  7. ^ Cheney 2010, pp. 116–117.
  8. ^ "Memorial addressed to the Rt. Hon. Lord George Hamilton, Secretary of State for India, (March, 1898)". Columbia University Libraries. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  9. ^ a b Oakley 2019, p. 205.
  10. ^ Cheney 2010, p. 130.
  11. ^ Cheney 2010, p. 132.
  12. ^ Oakley 2019, pp. 205–206.
  13. ^ "Suffragists Released: A Woman Prison Inspector's Work". The Guardian. 1 August 1908. p. 9. Retrieved 22 December 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ Smith 2016, p. 285.
  15. ^ Cheney 2010, p. 115.
  16. ^ Cheney 2010, p. 126.
  17. ^ "Reviews". The BMJ. 2 (1907): 1431. 16 November 1907. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2446.1430.
  18. ^ Gordon, Mary. "Penal Discipline". Internet Archive. pp. 71–72. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  19. ^ "New Books". The Guardian. 18 September 1922. p. 5. Retrieved 4 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ Bailey, Victor (9 April 2019). The Rise and Fall of the Rehabilitative Ideal, 1895–1970. Taylor & Francis. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-429-66388-8.
  21. ^ Oakley 2019, pp. 206, 403.
  22. ^ "Chase of the Wild Goose". The Spectator. 7 August 1936.(subscription required)
  23. ^ Oakley 2019, p. 206.
  24. ^ Smith 2016, pp. 278–279.
  25. ^ Smith 2016, p. 277.
  26. ^ Evans, B. Ifor (3 July 1936). "Books of the Day". The Guardian. p. 7. Retrieved 4 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ Smith 2016, p. 281.
  28. ^ Smith 2016, pp. 287–289, 294.
  29. ^ Smith 2016, pp. 279, 289.

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mary_Gordon_(prison_inspector)&oldid=944015756"