User:Tayloj11/sandbox

Introduction

1. Goal
   1. Introduce the topic so that it is easy to understand and entices readers to read on
2. Contents
   1. Define organ printing
      1. Similar to standard 3D printing begins with a scan or 3D computer model that is fed into the printer (b)
      2. A scaffold is formed with a biocompatible plastic that is then seeded with human cells or proteins (b)
      3. The entire structure is then placed in an incubator to give the cells time to divide and multiply (b)
      4. Next step would be to implant the organ into a patient where, ideally, the implant would become fully integrated into the patient’s anatomy (b)
   2. Introduce applications
      1. Has potential in organ transplants (c), pharmaceutical research (d), and as training modules for physicians/surgeons (e)
3. New Figures
   1. Image of a 3D printer capable of printing live cells (a)
4. References Used
   1. Advanced Polymers for Three-Dimensional (3D) Organ Bioprinting Wang Xiaohong. Micromachines Published Dec 2019 (a)
   2. Shaer, M. (2015, May). Soon, Your Doctor Could Print a Human Organ on Demand. Smithsonian Magazine. (b)
   3. Salzman, S. (2019, September 23). 3D-Printed Hearts with 'Beating' Tissue Could Ease Organ Donor Shortage. Retrieved February 12, 2020, from https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/3d-printed-hearts-beating-tissue-could-ease-organ-donor-shortage-ncna1057591 (c).
   4. C. Lee Ventola. (October 2014). Medical Applications for 3D Printing: Current and Projected Uses. 39(10), 704-711. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4189697/ (d)
   5. Off the 3-D Printer, Practice Parts for the Surgeon - The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/27/science/off-the-3-d-printer-practice-parts-for-the-surgeon.html. Accessed February 19, 2020 (e)

History

1. Goal
   1. To give an overview of the research that has been done in the field of organ printing thus far
2. Contents
   1. Major Milestones
      1. 3D printers developed in 1984 (a)
         1. At first, the materials used were not very sturdy and 3D printing could not create enduring objects
      2. The development of nanocomposites in the beginning of the 1990s allowed for creation of more durable objects with 3D printing (a)
         1. Inspired those in the medical field to research possible materials for organ printing
      3. 1999: 3D printer creates an artificial scaffold of a human bladder at Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (a)
         1. Human cells were then implanted into the scaffold and the researchers were able to grow functioning organs
         2. A decade later, there  patient saw no complications from the bioprinted organ (b)
      4. 2002: a functioning, miniature kidney was printed (a)
      5. 2003: an inkjet printer modified by scientist Thomas Boland presented new possibilities for the field of bioprinting (b)
      6. 2004: development of new bioprinter that allowed for direct input of living cells without a prior scaffolding needing to be constructed (b)
      7. 2010: first blood vessel printed by Organovo (a)
      8. Recently, a rabbit-sized heart was printed with blood vessels and the ability to contract by a team in Israel (b)
3. New Figures
   1. N/A
4. References Used
   1. Harris, W. (2013, December 17). How 3-D Bioprinting Works. Retrieved March 4, 2020, from https://health.howstuffworks.com/medicine/modern-technology/3-d-bioprinting1.htm (a)
   2. Przychodniak, M. (2019, May 12). The History of Bioprinting. Retrieved March 4, 2020, from https://3dprintingcenter.net/2019/05/12/the-history-of-bioprinting/ (b)

Applications

1. Goal
   1. Name instances in which organ printing will/can be used.
2. Contents
   1. (Jess) Printed organs present a viable option for those who are waiting for donor organs
      1. Current method of treatment for these patients involves either transplanting from a living donor (liver, kidney) or from a recently deceased donor (lungs, heart) (a)
      2. A heart transplant candidate can wait as long as 9 months for an organ to become available (a)
      3. This is a marked increase from the 1990s when a patient had to wait only 5 weeks for a new heart (a)
   2. (Lisa) Printed organs can be used as practice parts for surgeons in training (c)
      1. Model to help design and discuss treatment options
      2. Can improve surgical techniques and ‘patient-specific’ options
   3. (Caroline) Pharmaceutical Research (d)
      1. Concerning drug delivery, discovery, and dosage
   4. (Jessie) Organ on chips can be used to test organs responses to drugs and provide models for diseases (b)
3. New Figures
   1. Image showing different methods of 3D printing (b)
4. References Used
   1. Salzman, S. (2019, September 23). 3D-Printed Hearts with 'Beating' Tissue Could Ease Organ Donor Shortage. Retrieved February 12, 2020, from https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/3d-printed-hearts-beating-tissue-could-ease-organ-donor-shortage-ncna1057591 (a)
   2. Zhang, B., Gao, L., Ma, L., Luo, Y., Yang, H., & Cui, Z. (2019). 3D Bioprinting: A Novel Avenue for Manufacturing Tissues and Organs. Engineering, 5(4), 777–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2019.03.009 (b)
   3. Off the 3-D Printer, Practice Parts for the Surgeon - The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/27/science/off-the-3-d-printer-practice-parts-for-the-surgeon.html. Accessed February 19, 2020. (c)
   4. C. Lee Ventola. (October 2014). Medical Applications for 3D Printing: Current and Projected Uses. 39(10), 704-711. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4189697/ (d)