COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
 | It has been suggested that 2020 Hubei lockdowns be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2020. |
| 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak in mainland China | |
|---|---|
 COVID-19 cases in mainland China by provinces[1] (4 years, 11 months and 3 days) | |
 COVID-19 cases in mainland China by prefectures | |
| Disease | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) |
| Virus strain | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) |
| Location | Mainland China |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei, China[2] |
| Index case | 1 December 2019 (5 years, 4 weeks and 1 day ago) |
| Confirmed cases | 80735 |
| Recovered | 58600 |
Deaths | 3097 |
The 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak was first manifested by a cluster of mysterious pneumonia in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province, China. A Wuhan hospital notified the local center for disease control and prevention (CDC) and health commissions on 27 December 2019. On 31 December, Wuhan CDC admitted there was a cluster of unknown pneumonia cases related to Huanan Seafood Market, after unverified documents appeared on the Internet. The potential disease outbreak soon drew nationwide attention, including that of the National Health Commission (NHC) in Beijing, who sent experts to Wuhan on the following day. On 8 January, a new coronavirus was identified as the cause of the pneumonia.[7] The sequence of the virus was soon published on an open-access database.[8] Measures taken by China were widely praised by many including the World Health Organization (WHO).[9][10][11] China's response appeared to be much more transparent than how the country responded to SARS in 2003.[10][12]
However, delayed and controversial response by the Wuhan and Hubei authorities failed to contain the outbreak in the early stage, which has led to criticism from the public and the media.[13] By 29 January, the virus had been spread to all provinces of mainland China.[14][15][16] By 8 February, over 724 had died of the coronavirus infection-associated pneumonia and 34,878 were confirmed to be infected. In Hubei alone, there were 24,953 cases of infections and 699 related deaths.[17] All provinces of mainland China had initiated the highest response level to public health emergency.[18] WHO declared the outbreak a "public health emergency of international concern" on 31 January,[16] for fear that the virus spread beyond China to where there is no robust healthcare system, despite its confidence in China's efforts.[19]
Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping warned of a 'grave situation' facing China.[20][21] The Party Politburo formed a special leading group for epidemic control led by Premier Li Keqiang. Chinese New Year celebrations were cancelled. Passengers were checked for their temperatures.[22] Commands for epidemic control (CEC) have been formed in different regions including Wuhan and Hubei. Many inter-province bus services[23] and railway services have been suspended.[24] By 29th, all Hubei cities had been quarantined.[25] Curfew laws are in practice in Huanggang, Wenzhou[26] and other mainland cities.[27] The region also sees a huge shortage of face masks and other protective gears, despite itself being the world's manufacturing hub for these products.[28]
With the increasing reported cases of infections, fear upgraded along with regional discrimination in China and racial discrimination beyond China, despite calls for stopping the discrimination by many governments.[29][30] Some rumors circulated across Chinese social media, along with counter-rumor efforts by media and governments.[31][32]
Context
Fear of another SARS outbreak
New infectious diseases impose a serious threat to the health of the general public. Their origins are often mysterious despite intensive research efforts.[33] Although human coronaviruses (CoVs) had been known as major pathogens to cause the common cold,[34][35] a new species of coronavirus, namely SARS-CoV, caused an epidemic involving 29 countries during 2002–03, which infected 8098 and killed 774 of them.[35] Evidence shows that the virus might have originated from an animal coronavirus but somehow entered human population.[35][36][37] Its outbreak also implies that animal coronaviruses could be a potential danger to humans.[35]
Since 2003 SARS outbreak, the general public and the science community in China have been worried about the potential return of the deadly virus, which motivated the Chinese government to reform its public health system in order to handle next public health crisis.[38][39][40] As part of the reform, China expanded the laboratory networks to handle pathogens of infectious diseases, which include a newly-built BSL-4 laboratory in Wuhan and a national key laboratory to investigate into pneumonia with unclear causes.[41] Zeng Guang, Chief Scientist at China CDC, believes a quicker publication of epidemic information was a lesson China learnt from the SARS outbreak, as lack of information release worsened the outbreak.[41]
With the improved public health system, China managed to handle several public health emergencies. In coping with 2009 H1N1 flu outbreak starting from Mexico, China developed and distributed vaccines to 100 million people within months as an active prevention.[40] During the 2013 H7N9 outbreak in East China, the country's health system identified the pathogen 5 days after the outbreak. Test kits for diagnosis were designed and distributed to all mainland provinces 3 days after the identification. Within months, effective vaccines were developed. Besides, Chinese academic Li Lanjuan's group was the first to reveal the virus' transmission methods, molecular mechanisms and effective treatment.[42]
However, as Southern Metropolis Daily pointed out, although people pay more attention to public health, the government's funding to the health system was far from enough, as CDCs in smaller municipalities had to reduce their staff. 10 years after the SARS outbreak, few people wore a face mask when they had respiratory symptoms and hospitals were cutting off fever clinics.[43] Despite confidence in winning next battle against SARS, Zhong Nanshan, who earned a fame in fighting the SARS outbreak in 2003, still held a conservative attitude to whether Chinese officials would lie to the people about a disease outbreak.[40]
Mainland China is the part of China excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
New coronavirus outbreak
On 1 December 2019, a viral pneumonia patient with an unknown cause was hospitalized at Jinyintan Hospital, a specialized hospital for infectious diseases in Wuhan. This patient was the earliest known case of 2019-nCoV infections. Although the patient had not had any exposure to Huanan Seafood Market, a wholesale market selling seafood and living animals, an outbreak of the virus began to happen among people who had been exposed to the market since 10 December.[44][45] The outbreak was not noticed until a Wuhan doctor found a cluster of unknown pneumonia and notified her hospital on 27 December.[46] Another Wuhan hospital had already sent a sample with the virus to Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Shanghai PHC) on 26 December. The sample was later confirmed to contain a new virus.[44]
The outbreak was made public on 31 December, after rumor about it circulated on the Internet.[44] Since then, the virus has spread to all provinces of mainland China and overseas.[44] By 2 February, in mainland China, over 490 had died of the coronavirus infection-associated pneumonia and 24,313 were confirmed to be infected. In Hubei alone, there were 16,678 cases of infections and 479 related deaths.[47] WHO declared the outbreak a “public health emergency of international concern” on 31 January,[16] for fear that the virus spread beyond China to where there is no robust healthcare system, despite its confidence in China's efforts.[19]
Early cases surrounding the animal market suggests potential animal-to-human transmission, while later the virus is found to be able to transmit from ill people to others.[48] There have been cases where asymptomatic patients transmit the virus to others.[49][50] According to China NHC, the virus transmits by droplets or close contact,[51] while some proposed that feces could also be where the virus hides and transmit from.[52][53] Typical symptoms of the viral infection include fever, dry cough, dyspnea, headache, and pneumonia,[54] which are usually developed after an incubation time lasting as long as 2 weeks.[55] But there exist mild but infectious cases, which complicates the epidemic control efforts.[56] It is also noticed that patients might be able to transmit the virus even during the incubation period.[57]
Early response by Wuhan
Mysterious pneumonia outbreak
-VOA.jpg){kind=link}
Discovery
A viral pneumonia patient with an unknown cause was hospitalised at Jinyintan Hospital on 1 December 2019; although the patient had not had any exposure to Huanan Seafood Market, an outbreak of the virus began among people who had been exposed to the market nine days later.[44][45] On 26 December, Shanghai PHC received a sample of a patient with unknown pneumonia from Wuhan CDC and Wuhan Central Hospital and started an investigation to the sample, which was later confirmed to contain a new coronavirus.[44]
However, the outbreak went unnoticed until a cluster of unknown pneumonia was observed by a Wuhan doctor called Zhang Jixian.[46] Zhang was an ICU doctor at Hubei Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine. Her experience fighting SARS in 2003 kept her alerted about a public health emergency. On 26 December 2019, a senior couple, who lived near Zhang's hospital, came to her for their fever and cough. The CT scan results of the couple's thorax showed unusual changes in the lungs, which were different from those in any known viral pneumonia. Dr. Zhang then advised the couple's son to see her, and found similar conditions. On the same day, a patient from Huanan Seafood Market that Dr. Zhang saw also had the unusual conditions.[58]
On 27 December, the doctor reported her discovery to her hospital and the hospital soon informed Jianghan CDC, thinking this might be an infectious disease as indicated by the familial cluster. As a precaution, she told her colleagues to wear protective gear and prepare a specialised area in the hospital to receive patients with similar conditions.[58]
On 28 and 29 December, three more patients came to the clinic of the hospital, all of whom were related to Huanan Seafood Market. The hospital then notified the provincial and municipal health commissions. The health commissions appointed Wuhan and Jianghan CDC and Jinyintan Hospital to undertake epidemiological research for the seven patients on 29 December. Six of them were then transferred to Jinyintan, a specialised facility for infectious diseases. Only one patient refused the transfer.[46][58] Dr. Zhang Jixian's discovery was later widely praised.[59] Hubei government later honoured her and Zhang Dingyu, president of Jinyintan, for their contribution to control the viral outbreak.[60]
Disclosure
On the evening of 30 December, two emergent notice letters from the Municipal Health Commission of Wuhan began to circulate on the Internet, which were soon confirmed by Wuhan CDC, who admitted there were 27 cases of pneumonia of unknown cause on 31 December. The letters required all hospitals in Wuhan to report any pneumonia patient with unknown causes and related to Huanan Seafood Market. They also asked the hospitals to give proper treatment to these patients. Wuhan CDC told The Beijing News the investigation was still underway and that experts from NHC were on the way to help the investigation,[61] after rumour about it circulated on the Internet.[44]
On 1 January 2020, the seafood market was closed down by Jianghan District's Health Agency and Administration for Market Regulation due to an "environment improvement." According to China Business, workers in hazmat suits were inspecting all around the market and collecting samples. Storekeepers at the market said they were not told what the people were collecting and detecting. Urban management officers and police officers were on the spot to ask the storekeepers to finish up and leave the market.[62]
Several doctors were warned by Wuhan police for "spreading misinformation" and eight "rumourmongers," who were all doctors at Wuhan hospitals according to Wang Gaofei, Weibo's CEO,[63] were summoned by police on 3 January.[64][65] Li Wenliang, one of the whistleblowers, died of the virus on 7 February,[66] which was the same day when the discoverers of the outbreak, Zhang Jixian and Zhang Dingyu were honoured by Hubei government.[67] The death of Dr. Li led to widespread grief and criticism towards the government.[68]
Human-to-human transmission
Frozen case number
Although the early cases surrounding an animal market may suggest animal-to-human transmission, more evidence surface to support human-to-human transmission of the virus.[48] However, despite the expert-led investigation and early signs of human-to-human transmission, including a hospital-acquired infection (nosocomial) case confirmed on 10 January according to Caixin,[69] the local government of Wuhan denied any case of nosocomial infection and kept claiming that "there was no clear sign of human-to-human transmission" until 15 January when Wuhan's Municipal Health Commission (MHC) said on its website that "the result of present investigation shows no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission, but this does not rule out the possibility of such transmission. The risk of continuous human-to-human transmission is low."[70]
The reported case number froze at 41 during the Hubei Lianghui and Wuhan Lianghui, the local parliament sessions between 6–17 January, which the local authorities of Hubei and Wuhan claimed to be due to lack of PCR test kits for the new virus. But Caixin said other sequencing techniques can be used for diagnosis, which take usually two days without any need of PCR kits.[71] Meanwhile, an Imperial College group[72][73] and a Hong Kong University group[74] both estimated over 1,000 cases in Wuhan as cases were being exported and confirmed overseas. Perceived discrepancies in the official Chinese data for the number of cases had left many netizens doubtful,[75] with some mockingly labeling the virus "patriotic" for its appearance of mainly infecting Chinese after they had left the country.[76][77][78]
"Manageable and preventable"
On 20 January, the number of reported new cases soared to 136, as major mainland cities including Beijing and Shenzhen reported their first cases.[79][80] Only then did the Wuhan authorities stop claiming that the virus had a limited ability to transmit between humans.[81] On the same day, the city formed specialized command for epidemic control (CEC) to upgrade measures to cope with the epidemic, including enhanced protection over medical workers[82] and free treatment for all patients at fever clinics.[83] On the evening of that day, Zhong Nanshan, one of the NHC experts sent to Wuhan, who was well known for fighting against SARS in 2003, exemplified human-to-human transmission of the new virus with a cluster of 14 hospital-acquired infections in Wuhan and two familial clusters in Guangdong.[84]
However, NHC still insisted that the epidemic be "manageable and preventable." At that time, BBC said that not much public attention was drawn to the virus outbreak.[69] On 19 January, despite the virus outbreak, over 40,000 Wuhan families joined an annual potluck banquet,[85] which was a community tradition observed for over two decades, to celebrate the Kitchen God Festival. A community leader told The Beijing News that "everything is normal now," when asked about the virus outbreak.[86] According to the community committee of Baibuting, where the banquet was held, as of 4 February a block of the community had at least 10 confirmed cases of the coronavirus infection, plus over 30 highly suspicious case but the community hospital also said the incidence of coronavirus was lower than that in other communities.[87]
Zhou Xianwang, the mayor of Wuhan, who was widely criticised by the public and media due to slow responses,[88] said to state media CCTV that the banquet was organised by the local community which had a long history of self-governance. He said that the government was not precautious enough to stop it because it was believed that the virus only had a limited ability to transmit between people.[89]
Controversial commentary
On 20th, Guan Yi, an expert in SARS epidemiology, told Caixin that the local government should not play on words about the transmissibility and that he hoped we could learn from 2003 SARS outbreak. He continued, "transmissibility, adaptability, incidence and virulence of the virus highly resembles those of SARS at the early stage [of 2003 outbreak]".[90] Guan's team came to Wuhan on 21 January and returned to Hong Kong the next day. He said to media that "epidemiology experts and scientists do not seem to be welcomed in the city."[91] On 22 January, Wuhan was still "an open city" to the virus outbreak, where most people did not wear a mask, although NHC had announced the coronavirus-associated pneumonia as a notifiable disease. He believed that a pandemic was unavoidable as the virus had spread with the migration flow of Chunyun.[92][93]
The statements of Guan, which were apparently different from that in most Chinese media, became highly controversial as journalists of state media reposted his statement on 15 January where he said he believed the disease was manageable and the news that his lab was fined by Chinese authorities in 2005. Wang Duan, the Caixin journalist who made the interview, described such behavior as "personal attacks" and complained that no expert had so far come forward to refute what Guan said.[94]
Measures and Impact in Hubei
Impact beyond Hubei
Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping warned that China was facing a 'grave situation'.[20][21] He held a Party Politburo meeting which promised resources and experts for treatment and supplies to Hubei,[97] as more and more cases of the viral infection, mostly exported from Wuhan, were confirmed in other cities in Hubei[14] and multiple parts in mainland China.[98] On 29 January, Tibet announced its first confirmed case, a male who had travelled from Wuhan to Lhasa by rail on 22–24 January,[99] which marked that the virus had been spread to all parts of mainland China.[14][15][16]
Chinese New Year celebrations were cancelled in many cities. Passengers were checked for their temperatures to see whether they had a fever.[22] Henan, Wuxi, Hefei, Shanghai, Inner Mongolia suspended trade of living poultry on 21 January.[100]
Early responses by Henan
At the end of December 2019, Henan Province announced suspension of passenger trains to and from Wuhan. In early January 2020, the local government of Henan Province, with its complete disinfection measures, effective and intensive publicity, strong awareness of epidemic prevention and quarantine among the people, the setting up of return spots at the village entrance, and even the use of garbage trucks, the digging of trenches to block roads connecting Hubei, and the hanging of slogans such as "return home with sickness is to dishonor your parents." #抄河南的作业 (lit. 'copy Henan's homework') had become a trending Weibo topic hashtag.[101][102][103]
However, cutting off roads without authorization is illegal in mainland China, as Xinhua and the Public Security Ministry have pointed out.[104][105] The Ministry of Transport asked local governments to take the principle of "one to block and three not to block (Chinese: 一断三不断)", that is, to block the virus from spreading but not to block roads, traffic and Internet access, the transportation of emergency supplies, and the transportation of essential goods.[106]
.jpg)
Public Health Emergency declarations
On 22 January, Hubei launched a Class 2 Response to Public Health Emergency.[107] Ahead of the Hubei authorities, a Class 1 Response to Public Health Emergency, the highest response level, was announced by the mainland province of Zhejiang on 23th.[108][109] Guangdong and Hunan followed suit later on the day. On the following day, Hubei[98] and other 13 mainland provinces[110][111][112][113] also launched a Class 1 Response. By the 29th, all parts of mainland had initiated a Class 1 Response, after Tibet upgraded its response level on that day.[18]
The highest response level authorizes a provincial government to requisition resources under the administration in order to control the epidemic. The government is then allowed to organize and coordinate treatment for patients, make investigations into the epidemic area, declare certain areas in the province as an epidemic control area, issue compulsory orders, manage human movement, publish information and reports, sustain social stability and to do other work related to epidemic control.[114]
Cancellations, delays and shutdowns
Holiday extension
On 26 January, the State Council extended the 2020 Spring Festival holiday to 2 February (Sunday, the ninth day of the first lunar month), with 3 February (Monday) marking the start of normal work. Educational institutions postponed the start of school.[115] Different provinces then made their own policies about holiday extension.[116]
Sporting events
For the 2020 Olympic women's football qualifier, the third round of the Group B matches for the Asian division was planned to be held in Wuhan, and later Nanjing[117][118] but the match was finally held in Sydney, Australia as China gave up holding the game.[119] The 2020 Chinese FA Super Cup, to be held in Suzhou on 5 February 2020, has been postponed.[120] The 2020 Asian Champions League play-off match between Shanghai SIPG and Buriram United were played behind closed doors.[121] The Chinese Football Association has announced that the 2020 season is postponed from 30 January.[122] The Asian Football Confederation postponed all home matches for Chinese clubs in the Champions League group stage; three of them had not played a single game yet as of 3 March 2020.[123]
The Olympic boxing qualifier[124][125] has also been rescheduled to March and the venue has been moved to Amman, Jordan.[126] The Group B of the Olympic women's basketball qualifiers, originally scheduled to be held in Foshan, Guangdong, was also moved to Belgrade, Serbia.[127]
As for other major sports events, 2019–20 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup, scheduled for 15–16 February 2020, was canceled due to the outbreak; the event was originally planned to be the 2022 Winter Olympics's first test. The 2020 World Athletics Indoor Championships, originally scheduled to take place in Nanjing from 13 to 15 March, have been postponed for a year and will be held at the same venue.[128] The Confederations Cup Asia Pacific Group I, scheduled to be held in Dongguan, Guangdong, was moved to Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.[129]
The State General Administration of Sports announced a suspension of all sporting events until April. The Mudanjiang Sports Culture Winter Camp[130] and China Rally Championship Changbai Mountains[131] are both suspended. After the postponement of national women's basketball games, the Chinese Volleyball Association suspended all volleyball matches and activities.[132]
The 2020 Sanya ePrix, due to take place on 21 March as the third round of the 2019–20 Formula E season has been postponed to a yet to be announced date.[133] On 12 February, the 2020 Chinese Grand Prix, due to take place on 19 April as the fourth round of the 2020 Formula One World Championship was also postponed.[134]
The Lingshui China Masters badminton tournament, scheduled to commence on 25 February to 1 March 2020, was postponed to early May.[135]
China's 14th National Winter Games, originally scheduled for 16–26 February, have also been postponed.[136]
Tourist attractions
On 21 January, the Wuhan Culture and Tourism Bureau postponed a tourism promotion activity to the city's citizens. All qualified citizens will be able to continue the qualification in the Bureau's next activity.[137] On 23 January, the Bureau announced temporarily shutting down museums, memorials, public libraries and cultural centers in Wuhan, which will be closed from 23 January to 8 February.[138] All tour groups to and from Wuhan will be cancelled.[139][140]
On 23 January, the City Administration of Dongcheng, Beijing cancelled temple fairs in Longtan and Temple of Earth, originally scheduled for January 25.[141] The Beijing Culture and Tourism Bureau later announced cancellations of all major events including temple fairs.[142] Tourist attractions in Beijing[143] and Tianjin,[144] including the Forbidden City and the National Maritime Museum, closed their doors to the public from 24 January. On the evening of 23 January, the Palace Museum decided to shut down from 25 January,[145] and the West Lake in Hangzhou announced shutting down all paid attractions and the Music Fountain and suspended the services of all large-scale cruise ships since the next day.[146] Since 24 January, many major attractions have been shut down nationwide, including the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing,[147] Shanghai Disneyland, Pingyao Ancient City in Shanxi, Canton Tower in Guangdong, the Old Town of Lijiang, Yunnan and Mount Emei in Sichuan.[148]
Education
On 21 January 2020, the Ministry of Education (MoE) requested the education system to do a good job in the prevention and control of pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection. After that, private education providers including New Oriental, NewChannel and TAL Education,[149] education departments in Hubei,[150] Zhejiang,[151] Shenzhen,[152] and Shanghai University[153] cancelled all ongoing courses and postponed the new semester. On the 27th, MoE advised all higher education institutions to postpone the new spring semester, with all local education departments to determine the starting time of the new semester for K-12 education and local colleges according to the decision of local governments.[154] The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security also decided to put off the new semester for all vocational education facilities.[155]
The National Education Examinations Authority cancelled all IELTS, TOEFL, and GRE exams scheduled for February. The decision was first made for tests to be held in Wuhan, and then extended to those in all part of mainland China.[156][157][158] MoE also urged Chinese students studying abroad to delay their travels. For those who need to go abroad, MoE advised them to arrive earlier in case of any kind of health check and to stop traveling if they have any signs of coughing and fever.[159]
On 28 January, the National Civil Service Bureau said that it would postpone the 2020 civil service recruitment examination, public selection and public selection interview time.[160]
Marriage registration
Civil Affairs authorities in Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Jinan, Ningbo and Gansu announced on January 25 that they would cancel the special arrangement of marriage registration scheduled for 2 February 2020, to avoid the spread of the epidemic and cross-infection caused by the gathering of people.[161][162][163][164] Later, on 30 January, the Ministry of Civil Affairs ordered to cancel marriage registrations on 2 February.[165]
Parliament sessions
The outbreak has made an impact on the National People's Congress (NPC), China's national parliament, and many local parliaments. On 27 January, the Provincial People's Congress Standing Committee (PPCSC) of Yunnan announced to postpone local Lianghui sessions scheduled for early February, which was followed by the PPCSC of Sichuan on 28 January. Local parliament sessions of cities including Hohhot, Chengdu, Jinan, Qingdao, Binzhou, Zhengzhou, Pingdingshan, Anyang, Hefei, Changzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Zhoushan, Ganzhou, Shangluo, Jiangjin, were also put off.[166]
NPC's Standing Committee will discuss on 24 February to decide whether or not to delay its March session.[167] The 10-day session in March is an annual gathering of about 3,000 delegates from all parts of China, where major laws are passed and key economic targets are unveiled. The potential delay will be the first time since 1995 when NPC first adopted the schedule for the March session.[168] Willy Lam, a political analyst at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, believed that the sessions may not only increase the risk of infections but also "post hostile and embarrassing questions to the top officials about the outbreak." He also believed cancelling the meetings would be possible although this never happened after the Cultural Revolution.[169]
Economic impact
Predictions vary on how deep or long-lasting the economic impact will be. The problem is not so much sick people but well people who are seriously inconvenienced by anti-epidemic measures, especially disrupting travel. Millions of workers are stranded far from their jobs, while workplaces were short-handed. The data for February 2020 -- the first full month after the virus became a major factor in January--saw official indicators of economic activity fell to record lows. The manufacturing index fell to 35.7 in February from 50 in January, showing a deep contraction. The nation's non-manufacturing index sank even further to a record low of 29.6 in February from 54.1 in January, 2020. According to the Wall Street Journal, "The factory index indicated contraction for most of 2019, hit by a trade war between the U.S. and China. It didn’t cross back into expansion until late last year, when trade tensions between the two sides eased."[170]
China's economic growth is expected to slow by up to 1.1 percentage in the first half of 2020 as economic activity is negatively affected by the new coronavirus outbreak, according to a Morgan Stanley study cited by Reuters.[171] But on 1 February 2020, the People's Bank of China said that the impact of the epidemic on China's economy was temporary and that the fundamentals of China's long-term positive and high-quality growth remained unchanged.[172]
Due to the outbreak, the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange announced that with the approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the closing time for the Spring Festival will be extended to 2 February, and trading will resume on 3 February.[173][174] Before that, on 23 January, the last trading day of a shares before the Spring Festival, all three major stock indexes opened lower, creating a drop of about 3% , and the Shanghai index fell below 3000.[175] On 2 February, the first trading day after the holiday, the three major indexes even set a record low opening of about 8%.[176] By the end of the day, the decline narrowed slightly to about 7% , the Shenzhen index fell below 10,000 points, a total of 3,177 stocks in the two markets fell.[177]
The People's Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange have announced that the inter-bank RMB foreign exchange market, the foreign currency-to-market and the foreign currency market will extend their holiday closed until 2 February 2020.[178] When the market opened on 3 February, the Renminbi was now depreciating against major foreign currencies. The central parity rate of the Renminbi against the US dollar opened at 6.9249, a drop of 373 basis points from the previous trading day.[179] It fell below the 7.00 than an hour after the opening,[180] and closed at 7.0257.[181]
The sale of new cars in China has been affected by the outbreak. There was a 92% reduction on the volume of cars sold during the first two weeks of February 2020.[182] According to sources of Automative News, Chinese policy makers have been discussing the extension of subsidies for electric-vehicle purchases beyond this year so that sales are revived.[182]
Face mask shortage
.jpg)
As the epidemic accelerated, the mainland market saw a shortage of face masks due to the increased need from the public.[183] It was reported that Shanghai customers had to queue for nearly an hour to buy a pack of face masks which was sold out in another half an hour.[184] Some stores are hoarding, driving up prices and other acts, so the market regulator said it will crack down on such acts.[185][186] The shortage will not be relieved until late February when most workers return from the New Year vacation according to Lei Limin, an expert in the industry.[187]
On 22 January 2020, Taobao, China's largest e-commerce platform owned by Alibaba Group, said that all face masks on Taobao and Tmall would not be allowed to increase in price. Special subsidies would be provided to the retailers. Also, Alibaba Health's "urgent drug delivery" service would not be closed during the Spring Festival.[188] JD, another leading Chinese e-commerce platform, said, "We are actively working to ensure supply and price stability from sources, storage and distribution, platform control and so on" and "while fully ensuring price stability for JD's own commodities, JD.com has also exercised strict control over the commodities on JD's platform. Third-party vendors selling face masks are prohibited from raising prices. Once it is confirmed that the prices of third-party vendors have increased abnormally, JD will immediately remove the offending commodities from shelves and deal with the offending vendors accordingly."[189] Other major e-commerce platforms including Sunning.com and Pinduoduo also promised to keep the prices of health products stable.[190][191]
Lockdown and curfew
Ever since Hubei's lockdown, areas bordering Hubei, including Yueyang, Hunan and Xinyang, Henan set up checkpoints at roads connecting to Hubei to urge cars and people from Hubei.[192][193] Between 24–25 January, local governments of Shanghai, Jiangsu, Hainan and other areas announced to quarantine passengers from "key areas" of Hubei for 14 days.[194][195] Chongqing also announced to screen every person who arrived from Wuhan since 1 January and set up 3 centers for treatment.[196]
Since 1 February, a curfew law that resembles that of Huanggang, Hubei, began to be in practice by Zhejiang city of Wenzhou, which is second largest center after Hubei. Each local family can only appoint one family member to go out for purchasing life necessities for every two days.[197] Since 4 February, Zhejiang's capital Hangzhou announced closure of all its villages, residential communities and work units to guests. People who come in and out of the places must show valid identification papers. Non-residents and cars will be checked strictly.[198][199] On the same day, Yueqing, Ningbo, Zhengzhou, Linyi, Harbin, Nanjing, Xuzhou, and Fuzhou began to take the same approach.[200] Zhumadian, Henan announced that each family should only have one member to be outdoor for shopping life necessities for every 5 days.[201]
Impact on greenhouse gas emissions
The slowdown in manufacturing, construction, transportation, and overall economic activity created a temporary reduction by "about a quarter" in China's greenhouse gas emissions.[202]
Response by the Central Government
Safeguarding 2020 Chunyun
China's Chunyun is the largest human migration in the world. It is a 40-day period when people return home to spend the Chinese New Year with their families.[204] In 2020, it started on 10 January and ends on 18 February. Before the coronavirus outbreak, the government estimated 3 billion trips to be made during the period.[205]
On 9 January, a cross-ministry press conference regarding 2020 Chunyun was held. Wan Xiangdong, Chief Pilot of the Civil Aviation Administration, said the agency would keep a close watch on the outbreak and strengthen ties with the health authorities. Li Wenxin, Deputy General Manager of China Railway, said the railway authorities were paying attention to the situation and making sure to prevent the spread of the epidemic through railway stations and trains and to safeguard the health and safety of passengers. Wang Yang, Chief Engineer of the Ministry of Transport, said the ministry would carry out disinfection monitoring and protection measures in areas with heavy passenger traffic, including transport hubs, passenger stations and cargo terminal factory stations.[206]
However, on 22 January, as the coronavirus outbreak escalated, Li Bin, deputy president of NHC, warned in a press conference that Chunyun might speed up the transmission of the new virus. Li repeated the government's previous advice to the people, that is, stay away from Wuhan. George F. Gao, Director of China CDC, also admitted on the conference that the virus can transmit between humans and that there were also cases of community-acquired infections. The Chinese health officials also promised to take strict measures to stop the virus from spreading and to release information as soon as possible.[207]
Communist Party Politburo's leadership
Meetings on coronavirus outbreak
On 20 January, the Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping ordered that great attention be paid to prevention and control of the epidemic. The Party also vowed to "guide" people's opinion, with intensive publicity strategies and interpretations of current policies, in order to ensure social stability. Premier Li Keqiang urged relevant ministries and localities to take a highly responsible attitude towards the People's health and to resolutely prevent the spread of the epidemic.[208][209] Premier Li Keqiang also called a meeting of the State Council's Executive Meeting and deployed the work of epidemic prevention and control.[210]
On 21 January, Premier Li visited a local hospital during a visit to Xining, Qinghai, where he urged protection and encouraged health care workers. The National Healthcare Security Administration has decided to adopt a special reimbursement policy for confirmed patients and temporarily bring relevant drugs and medical services into the reimbursement scope of medical insurance.[211] On 22 January, Vice Premier Sun Chunlan went to Wuhan to inspect the prevention and control of the epidemic.[212]
On 26 January, Li Keqiang chaired the first meeting of the Central Leading Group for the Response to the Epidemic of Pneumonia Caused by 2019-nCoV infection. The meeting prioritised the provision of urgently needed medical and health forces, protective clothing and face masks for prevention and control in Hubei Province and Wuhan, and attached importance to the transport of daily necessities for residents and relief supplies to Hubei. It urged local governments to enhance epidemic control, including cancelling meetings and events, strictly quarantining confirmed and suspected infection cases, extending the Chinese New Year holiday and supporting online office and teaching. The Central Government promised to crack down on hoarding and profiteering in materials for disease prevention and control. Public Finance at all levels should fully guarantee such funds as prevention and control of epidemic situations and treatment of patients.[213]
Xi Jinping's absence
On 27 January, Premier Li Keqiang, entrusted by Party general secretary Xi Jinping according to Xinhua,[214] arrived in Wuhan to inspect and guide the epidemic prevention and control work.[215][216] According to The Wall Street Journal, the appointment of Li who is considered a technocrat surprised some observers, given that he had been sidelined in recent years as Xi concentrated power and cultivated a populist ideological image, however some suggest that Xi was "more at risk to the political fallout of the coronavirus" while Li could be a convenient "political scapegoat".[217] Li's visit to Wuhan has earned high popularity on Chinese social media.[218] Xi Jinping claimed that he "personally commanded" the fight against coronavirus outbreak when meeting with WHO director general in Beijing on 28 January, but according to a report by The Guardian, he has not made any public presence since then; social media posts mocking Xi's absence were prompted deleted by censors.[219][217]
But Xi finally made an appearance at a residential community in Chaoyang, Beijing, on 10 February.[220] Xinhua posted photos of Xi wearing a mask and said the aim of Xi's visit was "to learn about the situation of epidemic prevision and control at the grassroots level."[221] It was his first time to interact with the people since the outbreak, after he paid a short visit to Yunnan during 19–21 January, as a tradition that China's leaders observed to visit smaller towns and villages before the Spring Festival. He was said to chair a meeting on 3 February by state media, but no picture or video were released.[221] Xi also met Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, the first foreign leader to visit China since the coronavirus outbreak, on 5 February.[222]
Epidemic control efforts
NHC, with the approval of the State Council, announced 2019-nCoV-associated pneumonia as Category B Infectious Diseases with control measures of Class A infectious diseases as stipulated in The Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases.[223] From 20 January, NHC will publish daily data on confirmed and suspected cases in all provinces of the country (including during the Spring Festival) until no longer necessary.[224] On 20 January, NHC set up a working group to deal with pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection.[209] On 28 January NHC sent seven supervision teams to seven provinces and cities in Beijing, Hebei, Shanghai, Henan, Hunan, Guangdong and Sichuan to supervise the epidemic control measures in the areas.[225]
Financial supports and tax reduction
On 1 February, the People's Bank of China and other five departments jointly issued the notice on further strengthening financial support for the prevention and control of the epidemic of pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection, stating that relevant financial services will be further strengthened during the period affected by the epidemic. For those who are temporarily affected by the epidemic and facing difficulties, the document requires financial institutions to tilt their credit policies appropriately, flexibly adjust their loan repayment arrangements and reasonably postpone the repayment period. Those overdue due to inconvenient repayment during the epidemic period shall not be included in the record of credit investigation and breach of trust.[226]
On 30 January, the Ministry of Finance and NHC issued a notice on the financial guarantee policy for the prevention and control of the new type of pneumonia. The Central Government shall grant a subsidy of 300 yuan per person per day to those who are in direct contact with the cases to be investigated or confirmed, who are involved in the diagnosis, treatment, nursing, hospital infection control, case specimen collection and pathogen detection For other medical personnel and epidemic prevention workers who take part in epidemic prevention and control, the Central Financial Department shall subsidize them at a rate of 200 yuan per person per day.[227]
The Ministry of Finance, the General Administration of Customs and the General Administration of Taxation issued a joint announcement that from 1 January to 31 March 2020, more preferential import tax policies will be implemented for imported materials used for epidemic prevention and control.[228]
Administrative supervision
Since the outbreak of the epidemic, a number of government officials have been publicly held accountable for their dereliction of duty in the epidemic prevention in 6 provinces.[229]
On 29 January, Director of Huanggang MHC Tang Zhihong failed to tell the capacity of local hospitals, including how many patients they could handle, how many could be hospitalized and how many patients could be tested each day, when asked about these questions despite being an administrator of the local hospitals.[230] A day later, the Party Committee of Huanggang proposed a removal of Tang from the post. On 1 February, according to Mayor of Huanggang Qui Lixin, the city authority had disciplined 337 of its officials and removed 6 cadres who "caused disadvantages to the epidemic prevention".[231][232]
On 2 February, Zhang Cong, Party Secretary of Xuanhua, Hebei, was admonished. Zhang Guoqing, Deputy Party Secretary of Xuanhua, and Guo Xiaoyi, the political commissar of local police, were given disciplinary actions by the Party.[233][234] On the same day, February, Xiangshui, Jiangsu reported three cases of misconduct. The cases were associated with illegal disclosure of personal data and dereliction of duty. Party secretary Zhang Changyue and deputy director Gu Bing of the Zhangji Health Center, and the director of the Xiangshui CDC were removed or disciplined.[235]
Tang Hu, director of the Health Bureau of the Nanhu New District in Yueyang, Hunan Province, was suspended; Cai Junfeng, deputy director of the Lengshuijiang Municipal Committee, and Yang Wen, deputy director of the municipal government office, were suspended; He Yong, deputy secretary of the Gutang Party Committee and township chief, was suspended.[234]
On 4 February, Zhang Qin, the vice president of the Hubei Red Cross, was removed from his post, and Gao Qin and Chen Bo of the Hubei Red Cross were given a warning.[236] The deputy director of the Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Statistics, Xia Guohua, was also removed from his post. The Secretary and Director of the Leading Party Group of the Wuhan Municipal Development and Reform Commission, the Secretary and Director of the Leading Party Group of the Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Statistics, Meng Wukang, and the deputy director of the General Office of the Wuhan Municipal Government, Huang Zhitong, were admonished.[237]
On 15 February, Qiushi magazine documented a January 7 order by Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party at the time, regarding the Covid-19 outbreak at a Politburo Standing Committee meeting.[238]
International and regional relations
Information sharing
Foreign ministry spokesman Geng Shuang said on 21 January that Chinese authorities would share information of the epidemic "with the WHO, relevant nations and China's Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions in a timely manner, including the genome sequence of the new coronavirus."[240]
During the sidelines of the World Economic Forum, Germany's health minister Jens Spahn praised China for its improved transparency since 2003.[11] US officials and WHO also praised China for sharing data about the epidemic and keeping transparent. US experts had been invited by China's NHC.[10]
On 23 January, WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom and WHO regional director for the Western Pacific, Takeshi Kasai, arrived in Beijing to discuss the new coronavirus outbreak with Chinese authorities and health experts.[241] China agreed on 28 January that WHO send international experts to China.[242]
However, John Mackenzie, a member of the World Health Organization's emergency committee, criticised China for being too slow to share all the infected cases, especially during major political meetings in Wuhan, after Tedros Adhanom praised China for helping "prevent the spread of coronavirus to other countries."[243]
Evacuations
Multiple countries have evacuated or are trying to evacuate their citizens from Wuhan, including South Korea, Japan, the US, the UK, Kazakhstan, Germany, Spain, Canada, Russia, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, France, Switzerland, and Thailand.[244] Korean media Channel A said that China asked the evacuation flights to arrive in the evening and leave Wuhan in the next morning so that the evacuation would not be seen by the public.[245] According to BBC, any Chinese national, even with a UK citizenship, is not allowed to be evacuated by the UK.[246]
Taiwan
Despite controversy over One-China policy,[247] China allowed Taiwan to evacuate its citizens from Wuhan, with the assistance of the local Taiwan Affairs Office.[248] There were around 500 Taiwanese trapped in Wuhan. The first flight to help them leave left Wuhan on 3 February.[249] All of them would be quarantined for two weeks after they enter Taiwan.[248]
However, the evacuation halted after the first flight was found to carry an infected case. Taiwan claimed that the person was not in the evacuation list and that the most vulnerable were not included in the first flight. It also said that it was not prepared to take these people with high risk of viral infections home.[250] Taiwan's President Tsai Ing-wen criticised China's attempt to rule out Taiwan in WHO and said, "The information obtained by the WHO was obviously inaccurate ... and could cause the WHO to make mistakes in dealing with the global epidemic."[251] Premier Su Tseng-chang called for a government-to-government negotiation for the following arrangement of chapter flights,[252] despite the fact that the cross-strait communication mechanism between governments had been suspended since 2016 when Tsai was elected president.[253]
China mainland's State Council Taiwan Affair urged Taiwan authority to stop impeding the evacuation.[254] The office said that before the flight all the passengers had signed a personal declaration claiming that they have no contact with any confirmed or suspected cases and promising to comply with quarantine measures after returning to the island. All the passengers had been checked for their temperature three times before the flight and showed no abnormality. The office criticised that Taiwan authority first expressed appreciation before the flight but changed its attitude after the flight.[255] Wuhan's Taiwan Affairs Office asked Taiwan for more details about the infected case, as the basic descriptions of the patient, including age and gender, were not given as previously 17 cases in Taiwan. The office also said that the patient's close relatives were not at all informed of the viral infection.[256]
Immigration control
.jpg)
The State Administration of Immigration promised that the border inspection agencies at all ports of entry and exit in China would continue to provide necessary facilities and services for Chinese citizens returning home.[258] On 25 January, the General Administration of Customs reactivated the health declaration system, where people entering or exiting mainland China are asked to write a health declaration. Border control staff shall also cooperate in health and quarantine work such as body temperature monitoring, medical inspection and medical check-up.[259] On 31 January, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said it was arranging charter flights to take Chinese citizens from Hubei and Wuhan back to Wuhan 124, given the practical difficulties they face overseas.[260]
Hubei has suspended the processing of applications from mainland Chinese residents for entry and exit of mainland China. For those with a valid visa to enter Hong Kong and Macao but fail to enter the areas due to the coronavirus outbreak, the Chinese Immigration Administration will issue a new visa for free on request of the visa holder after the outbreak is lifted. Some of automated border clearance systems will be shut down according to the needs of the epidemic prevention. After Wuhan declared lockdown on January 23, the Tianhe Airport and Hankou River ports have been without passengers for several days.[258]
Since 25 January,[261] Taiwan government has banned anyone from mainland China entering the country;[249] the ban extended to mainland Chinese overseas.[262] Although global health officials advised not to apply travel restrictions on China, the US and Australia restricted all Chinese citizens from China from entering their borders.[263] Travel restrictions were announced by Russia, Japan, Pakistan and Italy and other countries, despite China's criticism of border control.[264][265]
Since 28 January, the Hong Kong government began to cut down traffic connecting mainland China.[242][266] On the same day, China's National Immigration Administration announced that with immediate effect, the application of mainland residents' visa to Hong Kong and Macau would be suspended.[267] On 3 February, Hong Kong closed most of its border to mainland China.[268][269] However, Hong Kong nurses still held a strike, demanding a complete closure.[270]
Discrimination
Hubei residents
Although there has been support from Chinese online towards those in virus-stricken areas,[271] instances of regional discrimination have also arisen.[29] According to World Journal, there have been instances of Wuhan natives in other provinces being turned away from hotels, having their ID numbers, home addresses, and telephone numbers deliberately leaked online, or dealing with harassing phone calls from strangers. Some places also reportedly had signs saying "people from Wuhan and cars from Hubei are not welcomed here." [272] Multiple hotels purportedly refused a Wuhan tour guide to check in after she returned to Hangzhou from Singapore, with one of them calling the police to give her a health check and asking the police to quarantine her. Amidst these incidents, various cities and prefectures outside of Hubei have adopted resettlement measures for Hubei people in their region, such as designated hotel accommodation for visitors from the province.[273] In Zhengding, Jingxing and Luquan of Shijiazhuang City, the local governments rewarded anyone who reported those who had been to Wuhan but not recorded in official documents at least 1,000 yuan RMB. In Meizhou, residents reporting people entering from Hunan were awarded with 30 face masks.[274]
It was reported that on a scheduled January 27 China Southern Airlines flight from Nagoya to Shanghai, some Shanghainese travellers refused to board with 16 others from Wuhan. Two of the Wuhan travellers were unable to board due to a fever, while the Shanghainese on the spot alleged that the others had taken medicine to bypass the temperature check.[272] One of the Wuhan tourists protested on Weibo, "are they really my countrymen?" to which a Shanghai tourist who was purportedly at the scene replied that they did it to protect Shanghai from the virus.[273] Many netizens criticised the Wuhan tourists for travelling with a fever, although some also called for understanding and for Shanghainese not to regionally discriminate.[275][276]
Overseas Chinese
Mainland Chinese overseas are being discriminated against during the coronavirus outbreak.[277] In Hong Kong, a Japanese noodle restaurant said on Facebook, "We want to live longer. We want to safeguard local customers. Please excuse us." It claimed to refuse mainland Chinese customers.[278] In Japan, a sweet shop in Hakone and a ramen restaurant in Sapporo posted "no Chinese" signs outside.[279] Similar events were reported in South Korea.[277] French newspaper Courrier Picard published two articles headlined "Yellow alert" and "New yellow peril?" which may reflect the historical racist tropes about the Chinese.[279] Asians in general are also affected by the anti-China sentiment. Disinformation about Asian food and Asian communities are circulating. Videos showing Asian people eating bats go viral, along with dehumanizing comments and implication of the cause of the virus outbreak.[280]
Response and criticism
Hubei and Wuhan governments
The exodus from Wuhan before the lockdown has resulted in angry responses on Sina Weibo from residents in other cities who are concerned that it could result in spreading of the novel coronavirus to their cities. Some in Wuhan are concerned with the availability of provisions and especially medical supplies during the lockdown.[63][281]
The World Health Organization called the Wuhan lockdown "unprecedented" and said it showed "how committed the authorities are to contain a viral breakout". However, WHO clarified that the move is not a recommendation that WHO had made and authorities have to wait and see how effective it is.[282] The WHO has separately stated that the possibility of locking down an entire city like this is "new to science".[283]
The CSI 300 Index, an aggregate measure of the top 300 stocks in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, dropped almost 3% on 23 January 2020, the biggest single-day loss in almost 9 months, after the Wuhan lockdown was announced as investors spooked by the drastic measure sought safe haven for their investments.[284]
The unprecedented scale of this lockdown generated controversy, and at least one expert criticized this measure as "risky business" that "could very easily backfire" by forcing otherwise healthy people in Wuhan to stay in close conditions with infected people. Drawing a cordon sanitaire around a city of 11 million people raises inevitable ethical concerns. It also drew comparisons to the lockdown of the poor West Point neighbourhood in Liberia during the 2014 ebola outbreak, which was lifted after ten days.[285][286]
The lockdown has caused panic in the city of Wuhan, and many have expressed concern about the city's ability to cope with the outbreak. It remains unknown whether the large costs of this measure, both financially and in terms of personal liberty, will translate to effective infection control.[283] Medical historian Howard Markel argued that the Chinese government "may now be overreacting, imposing an unjustifiable burden on the population," and that claimed that "incremental restrictions, enforced steadily and transparently, tend to work far better than draconian measures."[287] Others, such as Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, have defended the intent behind the lockdowns, citing that the lockdowns have bought the world a "delay to essentially prepare better." Mathematical epidemiologist Gerardo Chowell of Georgia State University stated that based on mathematical modelling, "containment strategies implemented in China are successfully reducing transmission."[288]
Nonetheless, after northern Italy became a new hotspot of the outbreak in late February, the Italian government has enacted what has been called a "Wuhan-style lockdown," by quarantining nearly a dozen towns of 50,000 people in the provinces of Lombardy and Veneto.[289] Iran, another developing hotspot for the coronavirus as of 25 February, has come under calls to assume similar lockdown procedures as China and Italy. Security experts such as Gal Luft of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security in Washington, have said that "The best way for Iran to deal with the disease is to do precisely what China has done – quarantine." and that "If Wuhan with its 11 million population can be under quarantine, so can Tehran with its 8 million"[290]
Zhang Ouya's criticism
On 24th, Zhang Ouya, Chief Journalist of Hubei Daily, called for removal of the current leaders of Hubei and Wuhan on Weibo. But he was asked to remove his post, and the newspaper he worked for apologized to the Wuhan authorities.[13] Mayor Zhou of Wuhan said to state media on 27th, "As a local government, I can not disclose information until I get information and authorization, which was not understood at the time."[291] His argument, which hinted at the Central Government's responsibility,[291] was refuted by China CDC. Chief Scientist Zeng Guang said to Chinese tabloid The Global Times that what scientists said was "often only part of their decision-making" and praised the eight whistleblowers who were warned by the Wuhan authorities before the epidemic.[292]
26 January press meeting
Hubei Government's press meeting on 26 January was described as a "scene of a massive car crash" by BBC, which led to widespread dissatisfaction. Despite the compulsory face mask law, Governor Wang Xiaodong did not wear a mask, while the other two official hosts, including Wuhan Mayor Zhou Xianwang and Provincial Party Secretary Bie Bixiong, wore masks incorrectly. The Governor said Xiantao, a Hubei city, was capable to produce 10.8 billion masks annually, after he made two corrections for the number hinted by someone else' notes. The Governor admitted a severe shortage of medical supplies in Hubei, while Mayor Zhou of Wuhan claimed that the shortage had been fully alleviated.[293]
Response to whistleblowers
In the early stage of the coronavirus outbreak, 8 people were summoned by Wuhan police for their claim that there were SARS cases in Wuhan.[13] According to Wang Gaofei, Weibo's CEO, the eight people are all doctors at Wuhan hospitals who "are still fighting at the frontline".[63] The Supreme Court defended these doctors, and pointed out in a WeChat article on 28 January,[63] delay and opacity in public information are the root of fake news and the information that is mostly factual and not subjectively malicious, and causes no objectively severe consequences should be tolerated.[294] On 29 January, the 8 doctors were also praised by Zeng Guang, Chief Scientist at China CDC.[292][295]
Hu Xijin, the editor of the Global Times, complained about local governments' low tolerance of different online voices and believed this weakened checks-and-balances of government powers through news media.[13]
Death of Li Wenliang
Li Wenliang was a Wuhan ophthalmologist who is believed to have been one of the whistleblowers of the coronavirus outbreak. He was warned by Wuhan police after he said that there were SARS cases at Huanan Seafood Market on WeChat. The doctor was later diagnosed with the coronavirus infection and died of it on 7 February 2020. He was said to be dead on the evening of 6 February, although the hospital said he was still under emergency treatment. People speculated that Dr Li was actually kept alive,[further explanation needed] while the authorities were trying to censor the news. After his death, people mourned his death and criticized the government.[296] "We want freedom of speech" and "Wuhan government owes Dr. Li Wenliang an apology" became trending topics on Weibo, until the posts were deleted by censors.[297] Financial Times believed Li's story fitted the historical archetypes in China, where incorruptible Confucian scholar who speaks truth to the emperor but is persecuted, and ultimately dies for his honesty.[298]
Central Government
Financial Times described the outbreak as China's Chernobyl moment, increasing the pressure on leader Xi Jinping. A trade war with the US, Hong Kong protests, and an African swine fever outbreak that led to a pork shortage, had already placed pressure on the current government.[298][299]
Science community
On 29 January, the Ministry of Science and Technology issued a notice, urging scientists "to write their papers on the land of the motherland, to use the results to fight the epidemic" and that scientists should not focus on publishing their papers, until the epidemic prevention and control task is completed.[300] DuoWei News believed this was aimed to respond to the academic conflict between Zhang Yongzhen's group from Fudan University, which published the first genomic sequence of 2019-nCoV, and the Gao Shan group from Nankai University, which published an analysis[301] on the sequence without authorization from Zhang. Before the notice, Nankai and Fudan, two of China's top universities, had a fight over the alleged academic misconduct related to the analysis published by the Gao Shan group.[302]
On 30 January Wang Liming, a neuroscientist from Zhejiang University, expressed anger on a Weibo post about George F. Gao's latest NEJM article.[303] Wang believed that the article indicated that the Chinese CDC had clear evidence of human-to-human transmission in early January and kept it secret until three weeks later. Although the post was soon been deleted, China CDC came under the spotlight. China CDC had to respond the next day that the research was a retrospective analysis of the 425 cases reported to CDC on 23 January.[304] Jennifer Zeis, of NEJM's media Relations Department, told The Paper, a Chinese newspaper, that it took only two days to publish the article, but she refused to give further details.[305]
The journal Nature reported at least 54 papers about the new coronavirus in China were published during the 20-day period between 10–30 January, but none of them was a Chinese language article.[306] Zuofeng Zhang, a public health expert from UCLA interviewed by the mainland China-based magazine Intellectual, asked why the published data were not used in epidemic control even before their publication.[307]
References
- ^ 新型肺炎疫情地圖 實時更新 [New pneumonia epidemic map updated in real time]. 163.com news (in Chinese). 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ "2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Summary". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- ^ 国家卫生健康委员会办公厅 (5 February 2020). 新型冠状病毒感染肺炎的诊疗方案（试行第五版） (PDF). 国家卫生健康委员会办公厅 (in Chinese (China)). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ 2020年2月11日湖北省新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情情况 (in Chinese (China)).
- ^ Woodyatt, Amy; Kottasová, Ivana; Griffiths, James; Regan, Helen. "China changed how it counts coronavirus cases again. Here's why". CNN.
- ^ 湖北省武汉市新冠肺炎疫情数据订正情况. National Health Commission. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ Khan, Natasha (9 January 2020). "New Virus Discovered by Chinese Scientists Investigating Pneumonia Outbreak". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ Cohen, Jon (11 January 2020). "Chinese researchers reveal draft genome of virus implicated in Wuhan pneumonia outbreak". Science. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ "WHO praises China's response to coronavirus, will reconvene expert panel". STAT. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ a b c Karlin-Smith, Sarah. "U.S. officials praise Chinese transparency on virus — up to a point". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ a b Delfs, Arne; Lacqua, Francine. "China Praised By Germany For Transparency in Combating Virus". bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ Belluz, Julia (21 January 2020). "A coronavirus outbreak is spreading quickly. Here's what you need to know". Vox. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ a b c d Yuan, Li (28 January 2020). "Coronavirus Crisis Exposes Cracks in China's Facade of Unity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ a b c 眾新聞 | 【武漢肺炎大爆發】西藏首宗確診 全國淪陷 內地確診累計7711宗 湖北黃岡疫情僅次武漢. 眾新聞 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ a b "Coronavirus Has Now Spread To All Regions Of mainland China". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Coronavirus declared global health emergency". BBC News. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "Tracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline". Bnonews.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b 中国内地31省份全部启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应. Caixin. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ a b "Coronavirus: WHO declare public health emergency". medicalnewstoday.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ a b "CPC leadership meets to discuss novel coronavirus prevention, control". People's Daily. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, chaired the meeting.
- ^ a b "Xi says China faces 'grave situation' as virus death toll hits 42". Reuters. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ a b "China virus spread is accelerating, Xi warns". BBC News. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ Yu, Xinyi (28 January 2020). 【各地在行动②】全国19省份暂停省际长途客运. 人民网. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ 武汉肺炎：香港宣布大幅削减来往中国大陆交通服务 [Wuhan Pneumonia: Hong Kong Announces Significant Cuts in Transport Services to and from mainland China]. BBC News Chinese (in Simplified Chinese). 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ 襄阳火车站关闭，湖北省最后一个地级市"封城". 国际金融报. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020 – via The Paper.
- ^ Yang, Danxu (杨丹旭) (2 February 2020). 中国确诊及死亡病例创单日新高 黄冈恐成"第二个武汉" [China's confirmed and death cases hit a single-day high, Huang Gang fears to be "second Wuhan"]. Zaobao (in Chinese (Singapore)). Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ 温州之后，杭州台州宁波多地实施最严禁令. 川报观察 (in Simplified Chinese). 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Safi (now), Michael; Rourke (earlier), Alison; Greenfield, Patrick; Giuffrida, Angela; Kollewe, Julia; Oltermann, Philip (3 February 2020). "China issues 'urgent' appeal for protective medical equipment - as it happened". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ a b Wuhan coronavirus reaches India as countries evacuate citizens from China, retrieved 10 February 2020
- ^ Dazed (6 February 2020). "Life under lockdown: Young people in Wuhan tell their coronavirus stories". Dazed. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ^ 关于新型冠状病毒肺炎 这九大谣言别"中招". Beijing News (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ 聚焦 | 关于新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情的最新辟谣！. Xinhua (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ Wu, Fan; Zhao, Su; Yu, Bin; Chen, Yan-Mei; Wang, Wen; Song, Zhi-Gang; Hu, Yi; Tao, Zhao-Wu; Tian, Jun-Hua; Pei, Yuan-Yuan; Yuan, Ming-Li (3 February 2020). "A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China". Nature: 1–8. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32015508. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Tyrrell, David A. J.; Myint, Steven H. (1996), Baron, Samuel (ed.), "Coronaviruses", Medical Microbiology (4th ed.), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2, PMID 21413266, retrieved 5 February 2020
- ^ a b c d Kahn, Jeffrey S.; McIntosh, Kenneth (2005). "History and Recent Advances in Coronavirus Discovery". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 24 (11): S223–7, discussion S226. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000188166.17324.60. ISSN 0891-3668. PMID 16378050.
- ^ Al-Omari, Awad; Rabaan, Ali A.; Salih, Samer; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Memish, Ziad A. (2019). "MERS coronavirus outbreak: Implications for emerging viral infections". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 93 (3): 265–285. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.011. ISSN 1879-0070. PMID 30413355.
- ^ To, Kelvin K. W.; Hung, Ivan F. N.; Chan, Jasper F. W.; Yuen, Kwok-Yung (2013). "From SARS coronavirus to novel animal and human coronaviruses". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 5 (Suppl 2): S103 – S108. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.06.02. ISSN 2072-1439. PMC 3747523. PMID 23977429.
- ^ Tang, Song (14 January 2005). 警惕非典再来（今日谈）. People's Daily (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Bai, Jianfeng (16 December 2003). 非典之后再回首. People's Daily (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ a b c Liu, Weining (25 February 2013). 钟南山：如果"非典"再来一次 不会成为挑战. Yangcheng Evening News (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020 – via Sohu.
- ^ a b Zhang, Lin (12 April 2013). 致命病毒：再相逢能否从容. China Science Daily (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Li, Jianping (10 January 2018). 十年建起一道防治新发传染病屏障. China Youth Daily (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ 如果再来一次非典……. Southern Metropolis Daily (in Chinese (China)). 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 January 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g 时间线：武汉疫情如何一步步扩散至全球. BBC News 中文 (in Simplified Chinese). 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ a b Huang, Chaolin; Wang, Yeming; Li, Xingwang; Ren, Lili; Zhao, Jianping; Hu, Yi; Zhang, Li; Fan, Guohui; Xu, Jiuyang; Gu, Xiaoying; Cheng, Zhenshun (24 January 2020). "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China". The Lancet. 0. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 31986264.
- ^ a b c 最早上报疫情的她，怎样发现这种不一样的肺炎. 武汉晚报. 2 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020.
- ^ 大陸疫情整理包／武漢肺炎確診破萬例 看每日疫情變化圖表. United Daily News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ a b "About Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". CDC. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Rothe, Camilla; Schunk, Mirjam; Sothmann, Peter; Bretzel, Gisela; Froeschl, Guenter; Wallrauch, Claudia; Zimmer, Thorbjörn; Thiel, Verena; Janke, Christian; Guggemos, Wolfgang; Seilmaier, Michael (30 January 2020). "Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany". New England Journal of Medicine. 0. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2001468. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 32003551.
- ^ "Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) | CDC". cdc.gov. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案（试行第四版） (PDF). National Health Commission (in Chinese (China)). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus lurking in feces may be a hidden source of spread". The Japan Times Online. 2 February 2020. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Gale, Jason (1 February 2020). "Coronavirus Lurking in Feces May Reveal Hidden Risk of Spread". Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Zhou, Peng; Yang, Xing-Lou; Wang, Xian-Guang; Hu, Ben; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Wei; Si, Hao-Rui; Zhu, Yan; Li, Bei; Huang, Chao-Lin; Chen, Hui-Dong (3 February 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature: 1–4. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32015507. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) | CDC". cdc.gov. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Mahase, Elisabeth (28 January 2020). "China coronavirus: mild but infectious cases may make it hard to control outbreak, report warns". BMJ. 368: m325. doi:10.1136/bmj.m325. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 31992570. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Rabin, Roni Caryn (4 February 2020). "Even Without Symptoms, Wuhan Coronavirus May Spread, Experts Fear". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ a b c "Ringing the alarm". Global Times. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Doctor who treated first 7 Coronavirus patients in Wuhan now a hero in China". Hindustan Times. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ^ 湖北给予张定宇和张继先记大功奖励. Sina Corp. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ 武汉疾控证实：当地现不明原因肺炎病人，发病数在统计. 31 December 2019. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019.
- ^ 武汉华南海鲜市场休市整治：多数商户已关门停业(图). January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020.
- ^ a b c d 内地高院为武汉肺炎「造谣者」平反 消息指8人均为前线医生. Radio Free Asia (in Cantonese). Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ 8人因网上散布"武汉病毒性肺炎"不实信息被依法处理. Xinhua (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- ^ [东方时空]湖北武汉发现不明原因肺炎 8名散播谣言者被查处_CCTV节目官网-CCTV-13_央视网(cctv.com). tv.cctv.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ Yong Xiong; Hande Atay Alam; Nectar Gan. "Wuhan hospital announces death of whistleblower doctor Li Wenliang". CNN. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- ^ 別讓普通人李文亮，僅僅成為體制崩壞的註腳. The Initium. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Cheng, Sam Meredith,Joanna Tan,Evelyn (7 February 2020). Trump heaps praise on Xi, Singapore raises coronavirus alert to SARS level. CNBC. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b 孟嘗君 (29 January 2020). 武漢疫情從可控到失控的三十天. BBC News 中文 (in Traditional Chinese). Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ 武汉"封城"背后：确认病毒"人传人"的21天. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- ^ Xu, Bingqing; Chen, Rui (1 February 2020). 特别报道：1月6日之后，12天病例零新增之谜. YiMagazine. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ Imai, Natsuko; Dorigatti, Ilaria; Cori, Anne; Riley, Steven; Ferguson, Neil M (17 January 2020). "Estimating the potential total number of novel Coronavirus cases in Wuhan City, China (report 1)" (PDF). Imperial College London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
- ^ Gallagher, James (18 January 2020). "New Chinese virus 'will have infected hundreds'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
- ^ "HKUMed WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control releases real-time nowcast on the likely extent of the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak, domestic and international spread with the forecast for chunyun". HKUMed School of Public Health. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ "Archived copy" 中国 武漢の新型ウイルス肺炎でネット上に疑問の声, NHKニュース, archived from the original on 21 January 2020, retrieved 11 February 2020
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Years after SARS, a more confident China faces a new virus", Associated Press, retrieved 11 February 2020
- ^ 网民讥"只出国不出省，是个爱国病毒". Sinchew Daily. 19 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ 武汉新型病毒：1700+和45 | DW | 18.01.2020. Deutsche Welle (in Chinese (China)). 18 January 2020. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ China confirms sharp rise in cases of SARS-like virus across the country. 20 January 2020. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
- ^ 武汉肺炎两日激增136宗病例，北京深圳首现感染者. New York Times Chinese (in Simplified Chinese). 21 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ 钟南山：新型冠状病毒肺炎"肯定人传人". Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- ^ 武汉成立新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控指挥部 升级防控措施--央视. 路透社. 21 January 2020.
- ^ 武汉新型冠状病毒感染患者救治均由政府买单. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ Chen, Baocheng; Zhao, Jinzhao (20 January 2020). 钟南山：新型冠状病毒肺炎"肯定人传人". Caixin (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ Buckley, Chris; Myers, Steven Lee (1 February 2020). "As New Coronavirus Spread, China's Old Habits Delayed Fight". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ^ 王瑞文; 王亚会 (21 January 2020). 武汉一社区办万家宴，社区负责人：目前一切正常. The Beijing News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Li, Weiao (6 February 2020). "万家宴"所在社区卫生中心医生：百步亭确诊新冠肺炎患者比例不比其他社区高. The Economic Observer. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ 中国处理疫情无方引发民怨 湖北官员成箭靶. Radio France Internationale (in Simplified Chinese). 27 January 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ 武汉社区19日还在搞万家宴 市长回应：对这件事预警不够. Guancha.com. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ 管轶：武汉肺炎发展曲线与SARS高度相似. Caixin. 20 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ 勞顯亮; 勞顯亮 (23 January 2020). 【武漢肺炎】管軼：病源被毀、不歡迎專家 估感染規模大沙士十倍. 香港01 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ 管轶：去过武汉请自我隔离. Caixin. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ 港大专家管轶：传播源已全面铺开 感染规模或沙斯10倍. Zaobao (in Chinese (Singapore)). 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ 梓鹏 (29 January 2020). 武汉疫情与中港"一国两制"下的医护镜像. BBC News 中文 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ "Archived copy" 1月23日新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况. National Health Commission. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ 湖北省卫生健康委员会关于新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎情况通报. Health Commission of Hubei Province. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)[permanent dead link] - ^ "China battles coronavirus outbreak: All the latest updates". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ a b 多个省市启动一级响应抗击疫情，为何湖北省却不是最快的？. 第一财经 [China Business Network]. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ 自保失败 西藏武汉肺炎疑沦陷. RFI Chinese (in Simplified Chinese). 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ 多地启动联防联控措施 严禁销售活禽、野生动物. Caijing (in Chinese). 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020.
- ^ 田宇 (25 January 2020). 既过年关，也过难关. 人民网 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- ^ 何小桃 (25 January 2020). 防控肺炎病毒，"硬核"河南究竟有多硬核？. 每日经济新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 January 2020.
- ^ 张丰 (24 January 2020). 快评丨"快来抄作业"，面对疫情防控，河南做对了什么？. 红星新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- ^ 擅自封路是"硬核抗疫"？违法乱为不可纵！. Xinhua. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ 拦截、断路、阻断交通？部委回应：行为违法，将依法妥处. Xinhua. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ 交通运输部：按照"一断三不断"原则推动工作. Xinhua. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ 湖北省人民政府关于加强新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎防控工作的通告. Hubei Province People's Government. 21 January 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- ^ 杨利, ed. (23 January 2020). 浙江新增新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例17例. Provincial Health Commission of Zhejiang via The Beijing Times. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ 俞菀 (23 January 2020). 周楚卿 (ed.). 浙江：新增新型冠状病毒感染肺炎确诊病例17例 启动重大公共突发卫生事件一级响应 (in Chinese (China)). Xinhua. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ 北京市启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应. Beijing Youth Daily. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ 上海、天津、重庆、安徽启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应机制. Xinhua. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ 储白珊 (24 January 2020). 福建启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应机制. 福建日报. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ 苏子牧 (24 January 2020). 【武汉肺炎疫情】中国14省市启动一级响应. 多维新闻. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ 防控小知识｜突发公共卫生事件Ⅰ级应急响应意味着什么？. 吉林电视台. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ 国务院办公厅关于延长2020年春节假期的通知. 中国政府网. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ Ding, Ke (3 February 2020). 29省发布延迟开工通知 来看各地复工具体时间及安排. 券商中国.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ 腾讯体育_新型冠状病毒席卷武汉 女足奥预赛易地南京举行. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020.
- ^ 東奧》女足資格賽 由武漢改至南京舉行 ，Fox體育，2020-01-23
- ^ 女足将隔离备战奥预赛 王珊珊回归盼解锋无力难题. Sina Sports. 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 中国足协延期举行超级杯 中超联赛或将同样延期. 中新社 (in Chinese). 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus affects AFC Champions League". ESPN.com. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ 中国足协延期开始2020赛季全国各级各类足球比赛. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- ^ "AFC calls for emergency meetings with National and Club representatives (Updated)". Asian Football Confederation. 28 February 2020.
- ^ 受武汉疫情影响 东京奥运会拳击预选赛被终止. Sina Sports. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ 东京奥运拳击项目武汉站资格赛取消. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 东京奥运会拳击资格赛将从武汉改至约旦安曼举行. Sina Sports. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 女篮奥运资格赛因疫情易地，中国队失去主场优势. The Beijing Times. 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 室内田径世锦赛因疫情推迟1年 田联仍交由南京举办. 163.com Sports. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- ^ 受疫情影响 网球联合会杯从东莞改至哈萨克进行. 163.com Sports. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- ^ 体育总局：防控疫情，取消举办体育六艺系列活动之乐动冰雪_中国政库_澎湃新闻-The Paper. Thepaper.cn. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ 防控疫情：2020年中国长白山冰雪汽车拉力赛暂停举办. 澎湃新闻. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ WCBA后续赛事延迟，中国排协暂停一切排球赛事和活动. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "Formula E postpones China race amid virus outbreak". motorsport.com. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- ^ "2020 F1 Chinese Grand Prix postponed due to novel coronavirus outbreak | Formula 1®". formula1.com. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- ^ "BWF Statement on Postponement of Lingshui China Masters". bwfbadminton.com. Badminton World Federation. 1 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ 受疫情影响 第14届全国冬季运动会将推迟举办. 163.com Sports. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 武汉2020春节文化旅游惠民活动延期举行. China News Service. 21 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 倪伟 (23 January 2020). 武汉文博场馆闭馆至元宵节，全国多地博物馆取消公众活动. The Beijing Times. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 武汉市文化和旅游局：全市所有旅游团队一律取消. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 武汉对进出武汉人员加强管控 遏制疫情扩散. Ta Kung Pao. 21 January 2020.
- ^ 北京龙潭、地坛庙会取消. Beijing Youth Daily. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ 北京宣布即日起取消包括庙会在内的大型活动. Beijing Daily. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ 北京故宫恭王府世纪坛宣布明日起暂停开放. The Beijing Times. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ 国家海洋博物馆 (24 January 2020). 关于国家海洋博物馆暂停试运行开放的公告.
- ^ 应妮 (23 January 2020). 郭泽华 (ed.). 故宫博物院发布闭馆公告 中国多地取消新春文化活动. China News Service (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ 西湖景区收费景点、博物馆明起全部关闭 游船、喷泉暂停. 浙江新闻客户端. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ 苏湘洋 (24 January 2020). 南京秦淮灯会多个展区即日起闭园. 現代快報. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 葉琪 (24 January 2020). 【武漢肺炎】全國多地旅遊景區關閉防疫 上海迪士尼年初一起關閉. HK01. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 人民日报 (21 January 2020). 武汉新东方、新航道、学而思等校外培训机构停课防疫. 新浪财经_新浪网. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- ^ 湖北：全省学校推迟开学时间 党政机关出差取消. Xinhua. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ 浙江省教育厅紧急通知！切实做好新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情防控工作. 浙江在线. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- ^ 深圳即日起停止校外培训机构春节假期补课，何时复课等官方通知. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020.
- ^ 关于2019-2020学年寒假延期的通知-上海大学. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- ^ 教育部发布2020年春季学期延期开学的通知. 央视新闻客户端 (in Chinese). 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 人社部：全国技工院校2020年春季学期延期开学. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
- ^ 徐锟. 湖北二月托福雅思考试取消 可全额退还报名费 - 中国日报网. cn.chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- ^ 雅思官微：取消在武汉的2月8日、13日及20日雅思考试_教育家_澎湃新闻-The Paper. Thepaper.cn. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ 教育部考试中心：取消2月所有托福、雅思考试. bjd.com.cn. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ 教育部：留学人员无特殊需要建议推迟出境时间-中新网. chinanews.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- ^ 国家公务员局：国考面试时间推迟. 人民日报客户端 (in Chinese (China)). 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- ^ 陈咏 (25 January 2020). 扬州取消2月2日结婚登记. 扬子晚报 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- ^ 徐俊勇 (25 January 2020). 甘肃省取消2020年2月2日结婚登记办理. 甘肃日报 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 January 2020.
- ^ 苏赞 (25 January 2020). 广州取消2020年2月2日婚姻登记工作. 广州日报 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- ^ 上海因防疫取消2月2日结婚登记办理. 星洲日报 (in Chinese). 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- ^ 民政部：建议取消2月2日开放婚姻登记. 人民日报客户端 (in Chinese). 31 January 2020.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ 防控疫情 浙江宁波"两会"推迟召开. Caixin. 9 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "China parliament may delay key annual March session: Xinhua". Reuters. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
- ^ "China may delay annual meeting of parliament due to virus outbreak: sources". Reuters. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
- ^ Birtles, Bill (13 February 2020). "Xi Jinping faces big dilemma as coronavirus threatens China's showpiece political event". ABC News. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "China Purchasing Indexes Drop to Record Lows as Epidemic Stalls Output: Factory and nonfactory figures tumble to levels below readings during financial crisis," Wall Street Journal Feb. 28, 2020
- ^ 武汉肺炎累经济亮红灯 上半年减至少一个百分点. 法广. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- ^ 吴雨 (1 February 2020). 人民银行：疫情对中国经济的影响是暂时的. @新华视点. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Lockdowns rise as China tries to control virus". United Kingdom: BBC. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ 深交所：延长2020年春节休市至2月2日 2月3日起照常开市. 上海证券报·中国证券网. 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 股市猪年收官日：A股大跌 沪指跌破3000点关口.
- ^ "Why is the stock market dropping?". EquityBAZAR. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ A股鼠年开市3177只个股跌停 外资200亿资金抄底.
- ^ 澎湃新闻 (28 January 2020). 央行、外汇局：延长银行间市场休市时间，2月3日起恢复. news.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ 3日人民币对美元汇率中间价下调373个基点.
- ^ 双双破"7"，在岸、离岸人民币对美元汇率跌破7.01_金改实验室_澎湃新闻-The Paper. thepaper.cn. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ 避险情绪释放 人民币对美元汇率破"7"_中证网. cs.com.cn. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ a b "China sales slump 92% in first half of February on coronavirus". Automotive News Europe. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
Separately, Chinese policy makers have been discussing extending subsidies for electric-vehicle purchases beyond this year to revive sales, people familiar with the matter have said.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ 谢斌 张纯 (21 January 2020). 一罩难求：南都民调实测走访发现，线上线下口罩基本卖脱销. 南方都市报. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ 徐榆涵 (23 January 2020). 全球各地瘋搶口罩 專家：不必買N95. 聯合報. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ^ 刘灏 (21 January 2020). 广东市场监管部门：将坚决打击囤积居奇、哄抬价格等行为. 南方网. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ 市场价格行为提醒书. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020.
- ^ Liu, Yuying (31 January 2020). 专家：口罩短缺2月底或缓解. 中新网. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ 陈泽云 (22 January 2020). 口罩买不到怎么办？这些药店平台春节期间持续供应. 金羊网. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- ^ 京东：禁止第三方商家口罩涨价. The Beijing News. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- ^ 拼多多：对口罩等产品进行监测，恶意涨价者将下架. The Beijing News. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- ^ 苏宁易购：口罩等健康类商品禁涨价，并开展百亿补贴. The Beijing News. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- ^ 劝返实录：汨罗大荆收费站劝返一辆湖北籍小车. hunan.voc.com.cn. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 记者探访信阳市鄂豫交界卡点：7小时劝返133人. news.sina.com.cn. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 吴怡 (25 January 2020). 海南：对来自湖北的过海登岛旅客进行集中医学观察14天. 澎湃新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- ^ 陈思思 (25 January 2020). 对重点地区来沪人员，上海三方面措施落实社区防控. 澎湃新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 27 January 2020.
- ^ 重庆将开展网格化筛查应对疫情. 重庆日报 (in Chinese). 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.
- ^ ◤武汉肺炎◢ 浙江温州封城 每户2天可有1人出门|中國報. 中國報 China Press. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ 武漢肺炎防疫 杭州全市實行封閉式管理. Central News Agency (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 2 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020.
- ^ 杭州市人民政府关于实施“防控疫情，人人有责” 十项措施的通告. 杭州网 (in Chinese (China)). 2 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020.
- ^ 武漢肺炎》六朝古都也淪陷！ 南京宣布封城. Liberty Times. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ 深夜突发！南京、宁波、福州、哈尔滨…所有小区封闭管理！最狠这座城:每户5天只能1人外出采购1次. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Myllyvirta, Lauri (19 February 2020). "Analysis: Coronavirus has temporarily reduced China's CO2 emissions by a quarter". Carbon Brief. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ McCarthy, Niall (14 February 2018). "Chinese New Year: The World's Largest Human Migration Is About To Begin". Forbes.
- ^ "Chunyun in China: World's biggest human migration". The Business Standard. 10 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ 30亿人次出行！2020年春运大幕开启. Xinhua. 10 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ 春运来临如何防控武汉肺炎传播？民航铁路部门回应. 第一财经. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 21 January 2020 suggested (help) - ^ 中国官方警告春运或加速新型冠状病毒扩散风险. 纽约时报中文网 (in Chinese). 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ 习近平对新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情作出重要指示. 央视网. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
- ^ a b 习近平对新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情作出重要指示. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020.
- ^ 李克強召開國務院會議 要求有力有效遏制新型肺炎疫情. 香港電台. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
- ^ 国家医保局：对确诊为新型肺炎患者采取特殊报销政策. 澎湃新聞. 国家医保局微信公号. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ 孙春兰在武汉考察新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情防控工作时强调 压实责任 严格落实 坚决遏制疫情扩散蔓延. Xinhua. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 李克强主持召开中央应对新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情工作领导小组会议. Xinhua. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- ^ 受习近平总书记委托，李克强总理来到武汉考察指导疫情防控工作. Xinhua. 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ 李克强来到武汉. 中国政府网 (in Chinese (China)). 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 【武漢肺炎】國務院總理李克強到達武漢 考察指導疫情防控工作. HK01 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ a b "In coronavirus outbreak, China's leaders scramble to avert a Chernobyl moment". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Page, Jeremy (27 January 2020). "China's Xi Gives His No. 2 a Rare Chance to Shine in Coronavirus Fight, With Risks for Both". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ Kuo, Lily (4 February 2020). "Taking credit, avoiding blame? Xi Jinping's absence from coronavirus frontline". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Steger, Isabella. "Xi Jinping emerges to meet the people for the first time in China's coronavirus outbreak". Quartz. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ^ a b "China's Xi Seen in Public After Doctor's Death Sparks Anger". Bloomberg. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "'A friend in need is a friend indeed,' Xi tells visiting Hun Sen". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ^ 疾病预防控制局 (20 January 2020). "Archived copy" 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会公告. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ 杨丹旭. 武汉肺炎确诊病例升至440例 中国国家卫健委: 坚持日发布制度. 联合早报. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- ^ 國家衛健委7個督導組分別前往京滬粵等7省市. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- ^ 人民银行副行长潘功胜就《关于进一步强化金融支持防控新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情的通知》接受媒体采访. 央行网站 (in Chinese (China)). 1 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- ^ 两部委：疫情防控医护人员每天补助300元或200元. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- ^ 三部门：用于疫情防控的进口物资可享税收优惠. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ 沙雪良 (29 January 2020). 从副厅到村官，六省市多名干部防疫失职被问责. 新京报. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ 唐主任被问责，为谁敲响警钟？. 参考消息. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020 – via 新浪军事.
- ^ 黄冈问责党员干部337人，3名正县级免职，黄冈市长"感到内疚和自责". 上观新闻. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ 每日防控综述|黄冈问责防控疫情不力党员干部337人. 中央纪委国家监委网站. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020 – via 新浪.
- ^ 省纪委监委通报一起疫情防控排查工作不力问题. 河北省纪委监委网站. 1 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ a b 【武汉疫情】多地官员遭处理 武汉市长陷名表疑云[图]【武汉疫情】多地官员遭处理 武汉市长陷名表疑云[图].
- ^ 袁杰 (2 February 2020). 江苏响水多人因疫情防控不力被问责，含当地疾控中心主任. 澎湃新闻. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ 湖北省红十字会专职副会长失职失责被免职. Xinhua (in Chinese (China)). 4 February 2020.
- ^ 违规发放口罩，武汉市三名职能部门领导被问责. 湖北日报. 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "U.S. Says It Will Evacuate Americans From Cruise Ship". 6 March 2020 – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ "Wuhan: The London-sized city where the virus began". BBC News. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on January 21, 2020". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People's Republic of China. 21 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "世界卫生组织总干事抵达北京 与中国方面讨论新型冠状病毒疫情". Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- ^ a b "Hong Kong to slash border travel as virus spreads". BBC News. 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ Riordan, Primrose; Wong, Sue-Lin (5 February 2020). "WHO expert says China too slow to report coronavirus cases". Financial Times. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Factbox: Countries evacuating nationals from China virus areas". Reuters. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "擔心各國撤僑「掃顏面」 韓媒：大陸要求半夜才能撤 | ETtoday新聞雲". ETtoday (in Traditional Chinese). 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "British evacuation flight out of Wuhan delayed". BBC News. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "'One China' dispute means one big headache for Taiwan in coronavirus crisis". The Washington Post. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ a b Everington, Keoni. "China finally to allow evacuation of 200 Taiwanese from Wuhan tonight". Taiwan News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ a b "Coronavirus: Taiwan evacuates first group from Wuhan, announces limit on mask purchases". The Straits Times. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "Taiwan's latest Wuhan virus patient was not listed for evacuation from China". Focus Taiwan. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Taiwan Hits Out at China's Management of Evacuation Flight, Quarantine". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- ^ 第二批滯留武漢台商返台生變 兩岸再互嗆. Union Daily News (in Chinese). 6 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "China-Taiwan Relations". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- ^ "mainland urges Taiwan authority to stop impeding Taiwan compatriots returning from Hubei". Xinhua. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Taiwan bars return of residents from mainland, says Beijing - Chinadaily.com.cn". China Daily. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ 武汉台办：台卫生机构应对台胞确诊病例相关情况作出说明. Xinhua. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "出入境健康申报指引". 中央广播电视总台国际在线. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- ^ a b 国家移民管理局：武汉已4天无人员出境. 北京日报客户端 (in Chinese (China)). 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ "海关总署公告2020年第16号（关于重新启动出入境人员填写健康申明卡制度的公告）". 海关总署. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ 外交部：決定派包機接海外湖北公民回國 - RTHK. news.rthk.hk (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- ^ 防武汉肺炎 台湾扩大管制大陆人士赴台. Duowei News (in Chinese (China)). 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ 台灣嚴防疫情 海外大陸籍人士也禁止入境. World Journal (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ Andone, Dakin. "US travel restrictions go into effect to combat coronavirus spread". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Countries close borders as coronavirus spreads". BBC News. 1 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ Stevenson, Alexandra (1 February 2020). "China Increasingly Walled Off as Countries Seek to Stem Coronavirus". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ Newey, Sarah; Smith, Nicola; Yan, Sophia (28 January 2020). "Hong Kong to close borders with mainland China as global alarm spreads over coronavirus". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ 国家移民管理局暂停办理内地居民往来港澳地区旅游签注. 国家移民管理局 (in Chinese (China)). 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- ^ Wang, Sam Meredith,Weizhen Tan,Evelyn Cheng,Christine (2 February 2020). "Hong Kong closes most border crossings with mainland China, coronavirus death toll at 362". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Hong Kong closes most crossings to China as coronavirus spreads". Financial Times. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "Hong Kong hospital strike over virus border fears". BBC News. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Tales of solidarity from China's virus-hit Wuhan". BBC. 28 January 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ^ a b 恐慌擴散！機上有武漢人…上海旅客拒登機. World Journal (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 29 January 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
- ^ a b 疫情嚴峻 多省圍堵驅趕武漢人 武漢網民投訴上海人拒同機 央視籲勿歧視 - 20200129 - 中國. 明報新聞網 - 每日明報 daily news (in Traditional Chinese). Retrieved 6 February 2020.
- ^ 鼓勵舉報湖北人 廣東這個鎮懸賞30個口罩. World Journal (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 5 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ^ 上海人拒與發燒武漢人同機 旅客怒：不是同胞嗎？. World Journal (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 27 January 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ^ 武漢肺炎》上海人拒同機 武漢人嗆「沒同胞愛」反遭中網友罵爆. Liberty Times (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 28 January 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ^ a b Rich, Motoko (30 January 2020). "As Coronavirus Spreads, So Does Anti-Chinese Sentiment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- ^ News, A. B. C. "Fears of new virus trigger anti-China sentiment worldwide". ABC News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ a b Peel, Michael; Mallet, Victor (1 February 2020). "'Why don't you stay home?' — coronavirus sparks racism fears". Financial Times. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Fear of coronavirus fuels racist sentiment targeting Asians". Los Angeles Times. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- ^ "Wuhan lockdown: China takes extreme measures to stop virus spread | DW | 23.01.2020". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ "Wuhan lockdown 'unprecedented', shows commitment to contain virus: WHO representative in China". Reuters. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ a b "How is China coping with the coronavirus outbreak?". United Kingdom: BBC. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ^ "China stocks slump 3% on Wuhan lockdown over virus outbreak". India: The Economic Times. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ Levenson, Michael (22 January 2020). "Scale of China's Wuhan Shutdown Is Believed to Be Without Precedent". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ^ MacDougall, Clair (12 May 2015). "Liberia's Military Tries to Remedy Tension Over Ebola Quarantine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ^ Markel, Howard (27 January 2020). "Opinion | Will the Largest Quarantine in History Just Make Things Worse?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ "Wuhan quarantine bought the world time to prepare for Covid-19". STAT. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ Oddone, Elisa. "Italy struggles with virus 'that doesn't respect borders'". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ "Fears mount as coronavirus outbreak worsens in sanctions-hit Iran". South China Morning Post. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ a b 武漢市長暗示疫情披露不及時中央有責任. BBC News 中文 (in Traditional Chinese). 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ a b 武漢市長稱疫情延誤肇因法規 中國疾控中心不認同. 中央社 CNA (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ 武汉肺炎"车祸现场"发布会 公众愤怒中国官员管治能力低下. BBC News 中文 (in Simplified Chinese). 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ ◤武汉肺炎◢ 中国最高法院为8网民平反 当初若听"谣言" 或是幸事|中國報. 中國報 China Press (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ 武汉医生李文亮的2020开年. 华西都市报. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ Lin, Tripti Lahiri, Tony. "Questions swirl after China attempts to censor news of whistleblowing doctor's death". Quartz. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Coronavirus Whistleblower Dies From The Disease In China". NPR.org. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- ^ a b Anderlini, Jamil (10 February 2020). "Xi Jinping faces China's Chernobyl moment". Financial Times. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Coughlin, Con (12 February 2020). "The coronavirus crisis could be China's Chernobyl". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- ^ 科技部：疫情防控任务完成前不应将精力放在发论文上. Caixin (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ Chen, Jiayuan; Shi, Jinsong; Yau, Tungon; Liu, Chang; Li, Xin; Zhao, Qiang; Ruan, Jishou; Gao, Shan (21 January 2020). "Bioinformatics analysis of the Wuhan 2019 human coronavirus genome". Chinese Journal of Bioinformatics (in Chinese). doi:10.12113/202001007 (inactive 7 February 2020). ISSN 1672-5565. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2020 (link) - ^ Liu, Yan (31 January 2020). 【武汉肺炎】抢发科研论文引风波 中国科技部此时发声意在何指. Duowei News (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ Li, Qun; Guan, Xuhua; Wu, Peng; Wang, Xiaoye; Zhou, Lei; Tong, Yeqing; Ren, Ruiqi; Leung, Kathy S.M.; Lau, Eric H.Y.; Wong, Jessica Y.; Xing, Xuesen (29 January 2020). "Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ^ 独家|中国疾控中心高福、冯子健回应论文风波. Caixin (in Chinese (China)). 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ 中疾控论文为何发表快？期刊回应新冠相关论文发表仅48小时. The Paper. 1 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ Stoye, Emma (30 January 2020). "China coronavirus: how many papers have been published?". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00253-8. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ 吃一堑能长一智吗？国际著名公卫专家评武汉疫情. 知识分子. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
External links
- CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2020
- Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from March 2020
- Articles to be merged from February 2020
- 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak by country and territory
- 2019 disasters in China
- 2020 disasters in China
- Medical outbreaks in China
- 2020 coronavirus outbreak in Asia
- 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak in mainland China