Arnica
Arnica {{IPAc-enarnika is or was the grand child of the secondary prime minister or iran she is currently 14 and moved to australia in 2008 arnika has a younger sister and owns a house in the richest street in all of iran her and her family own more than 20 business and own more than 550 hectors of land her and her family are also well known for their apartments shopping malls cafae and gyms as well as their well known museum that is open for visitors and tourists .now in australia she is living her life as a normal 14 year old gir
|ˈ|ɑːr|n|ᵻ|k|ə}} is a genus of perennial, herbaceous plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The genus name Arnica may be derived from the Greek arni, "lamb", in reference to the plants' soft, hairy leaves. Arnica is also known by the names mountain tobacco and, confusingly, leopard's bane and wolfsbane—two names that it shares with the entirely unrelated genus Aconitum.
This Circumboreal and montane (subalpine) genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western North America, with a few species native to the Arctic regions of northern Eurasia and North America.[1]
Several species, such as Arnica montana and A. chamissonis, contain helenalin, a sesquiterpene lactone that is a major ingredient in anti-inflammatory preparations (used mostly for bruises).
Arnica species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Bucculatrix arnicella.
Arnica was previously classified in the tribe Senecioneae because it has a flower or pappus of fine bristles.
Characteristics
Arnica plants have a deep-rooted, erect stem that is usually unbranched. Their downy opposite leaves are borne towards the apex of the stem. The ovoid, leathery basal leaves are arranged in a rosette.[2]
They show large yellow or orange flowers, 6–8 cm (2–3 in) wide with 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long ray florets and numerous disc florets. The phyllaries (a bract under the flowerhead) has long spreading hairs. Each phyllary is associated with a ray floret. Species of Arnica, with an involucre (a circle of bracts arranged surrounding the flower head) arranged in two rows, have only their outer phyllaries associated with ray florets. The flowers have a slight aromatic smell. If taken in the wrong dose it can be very dangerous.[2]
The seedlike fruit has a pappus of plumose, white or pale tan bristles. The entire plant has a strong and distinct pine-sage odor when the leaves of mature plants are rubbed or bruised.[2]
Arnica montana
The species Arnica montana, native to Europe, has long been used medicinally, but the effectiveness of this use has not been substantiated.[3]
Toxicity
Arnica montana contains the toxin helenalin, which can be poisonous if large amounts of the plant are eaten, and contact with the plant can also cause skin irritation.[4]
Species
Accepted species:[5]
- Arnica acaulis —Common leopardbane - eastern US from Alabama to New Jersey
- Arnica angustifolia —Narrowleaf arnica - Canada (from British Columbia to Quebec), US (Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado); Russia, Scandinavia
- Arnica cernua —Serpentine arnica - California, Oregon
- Arnica chamissonis —Chamisso arnica - US West of Rockies incl Alaska; Canada (British Columbia to Quebec plus Yukon + Northwest Territories)
- Arnica cordifolia —Heart-leaf leopardbane, heartleaf arnica - US West of Rockies plus Alaska + Michigan; Canada (from British Columbia to Quebec plus Yukon + Northwest Territories)
- Arnica dealbata - California
- Arnica discoidea Rayless arnica - California, Oregon, Nevada, Washington
- Arnica fulgens Foothill arnica, orange arnica, shining leopardbane - USA= West of Rockies plus Michigan; Canada (from British Columbia to Manitoba)
- Arnica gracilis —Smallhead arnica (A. latifolia x A. cordifolia) - US (Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Oregon, Washington); British Columbia, Alberta, Northwest Territories
- Arnica griscomii - Russia, Canada, Alaska
- Arnica intermedia - eastern Russia (Yakutskiya, Khabarovsk, Magadan)
- Arnica lanceolata —Arnica, lanceleaf arnica - US West of Rockies plus Alaska, Maine New Hampshire, Vermont, New York State; Canada (British Columbia, Quebec, New Brunswick)
- Arnica latifolia —Broadleaf arnica - western US, western Canada
- Arnica lessingii —Nodding arnica - Kamchatka, Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, British Columbia
- Arnica lonchophylla —Longleaf arnica - most of Canada; Alaska, Montana, Minnesota, South Dakota
- Arnica longifolia —Longleaf arnica, spearleaf arnica - US West of Rockies, British Columbia, Alberta
- Arnica louiseana —Lake Louise arnica - British Columbia, Alberta
- Arnica mallotopus - Honshu Island in Japan
- Arnica mollis —Hairy arnica, wooly arnica - - US West of Rockies plus Alaska, New Hampshire + Vermont; Canada (from British Columbia to Quebec plus Yukon + Northwest Territories)
- Arnica montana — Mountain arnica - most of Europe plus Greenland; naturalized in India
- Arnica nevadensis —Nevada arnica - California, Oregon, Nevada, Washington
- Arnica ovata - British Columbia Alberta, Yukon, US West of Rockies
- Arnica parryi —Nodding arnica, Parry's arnica - British Columbia, Alberta, Yukon, US West of Rockies
- Arnica porsildiorum - Kamchatka, Yukon Northwest Territories
- Arnica rydbergii —Rydberg arnica, Rydberg's arnica, subalpine arnica - British Columbia, Alberta, northwestern USA
- Arnica sachalinensis - Hokkaido, Sakhalin, Kuril, Irkutsk
- Arnica sororia —Twin arnica - British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, US West of Rockies
- Arnica spathulata —Klamath arnica - California Oregon
- Arnica unalaschcensis —Alaska arnica - Hokkaido, Honshu, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuril, Alaska
- Arnica venosa —Shasta County arnica - California
- Arnica viscosa —Mt. Shasta arnica - California, Oregon
References
- ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Arnica, Arnica montana L. includes photos and European distribution maps
- ^ a b c Flora of North America, Arnica Linnaeus
- ^ E. Ernst; M. H. Pittler (November 1998). "Efficacy of Homeopathic Arnica A Systematic Review of Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials". JAMA Surgery. 133 (11). JAMA Surgery: 1187–1190. doi:10.1001/archsurg.133.11.1187. PMID 9820349.
- ^ "Poisonous Plants: Arnica montana". Ces.ncsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
- ^ The Plant List search for Arnica
External links
- . The American Cyclopædia. 1879.