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Andreaea rupestris

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Andreaea rupestris

Andreaea rupestris

Andreaea rupestris is a species of moss typically found on smooth, acidic, exposed rock in the Northern hemisphere.[1][2] They exhibit the common features of their genus Andreaea such as having very small sporophytes, being acrocarpous, having dark pigmentation, lacking a seta, and bearing 4 lines of dehiscence in their mature sporangia[3], but can be further identified upon careful examination of their gametophytic leaves which have an ovate base to a more blunt apex[4] compared to other similar species.[5] Andreaea rupestris is in the class Andreaopsida, which are commonly referred to as "lantern mosses" due to the appearance of their dehisced sporangia.[6]

Description

The appearance of Andreaea rupestris is dark in colour, varying from dark red/brown/green to black depending on its life stage.[4][7] It grow in patches and dense, cushion-like tufts up to 2-3cm high and has imbricate leaves in dry conditions.[4][5][7] In moist conditions, the leaves may be falcate-secund (curved to one side) yet this does not always hold true[4].

Gametophyte

The gametophytic leaves have an ovate base tapering to a blunt to acute apex[1][5] and are less than 1mm in length.[4] They lack a costa and may have papillae on the dorsal side, particularly on the upper leaves.[7][8] The leaves are bordered by shorter, rhombic marginal cells and their laminal cells have thickened cell walls.[1][5][8] The perichaetial leaves are typically larger than stem leaves.[8] In contrast to most bryophytes which have a filamentous protonemal stage, Andreaea rupestris has thalloid protonema that give rise to the leafy shoot of the gametophyte.[6][9] As a species in the genus Andreaea, they are autoicous, meaning that the male and female organs are on separate branches within the same plant.[10]

Dehisced mature sporophyte attached to the pseudopodium

Sporophyte

As characterized by the Andreaopsida, Andreaea rupestris have very small sporophytes which lack a seta.[10] Instead, they have a pseudopodium derived from gametophytic tissue attached to the sporangium, extending from the perichaetium.[3][10] Once fully mature, the sporangium will open by 4 vertical lines of dehiscence to release the spores inside.[3][5] The spores are red-brown in colour, usually larger than 20 μm in diameter, and lack elaters. [5][7][10]


Habitat and Distribution

Andreaea rupestris are typically found in cooler climates on surfaces or fissures of dry, siliceous, exposed rock such as granite.[2][8][11][10] While they can also grow in neutral to mildly basic conditions, they are usually found on acidic rocks and cliff walls. They can be found from sea level to high elevations, but are more commonly associated with higher altitudes.[1][2][4][11] Compared to other species in their genus, they can withstand a wider variety of moisture levels and are better at surviving in drier conditions.[2][4] They have been found to grow with other species of their genus such as Andreaea nivalis , A. blyttii, A. rigida, A. crassinervia, A. rothii ssp. rothii, A. rothii ssp. jalcata, A. alpina, and A. obovata.[2]

They are primarily distributed around the Northern hemisphere in North America, Europe, and Asia[5]. More specifically, they have been confirmed in Canada[1], the United States[11], Norway[2], Britain, Ireland[8], Kazakhstan[12], Korea[13], China[5], New Zealand, Antarctica[8] and more recently, Greece[14].

Taxonomy and Classification

Andreaea rupestris is in the genus Andreaea, which is comprised of around 100 different species.[3]

It may be difficult to differentiate A. rupestris from some other species in its genus as it does bear some similar characteristics to other species. Some species which may be mistaken for A. rupestris are:

  • A. rothii, which has a similar habitat to A. rupestris but its leaves are nerved, and they are falcate-secund in both moist and dry conditions (A. rupestris is only falcate-secund in moist conditions).[4]
  • A. mutabilis, which has a similar appearance but has a yellow leaf bases, which are more widely spread apart.[4]
  • A. alpestris and A. sinuosa, which can only be differentiated from A. rupestris using a microscope.[4]
  • A. megistospora, which has a similar habitat to A. rupestris and can only be differentiated by the size of its spores, and its nerved leaves.[4]


Conservation

According to the BC Conservation Data Centre, this species is deemed "demonstrably widespread, abundant and secure" globally.[15][16] In British Columbia, it is labelled as "at the least risk of being lost".[16][17]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Vitt, Dale H. (2012-02-20). "A comparative study of Andreaea acutifolia , A. mutabilis , and A. rupestris". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 18 (3): 367–377. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1980.10427254. ISSN 0028-825X.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Heegaard, Einar (1997). "Ecology of Andreaea in western Norway". Journal of Bryology. 19 (3): 527–636. doi:10.1179/jbr.1997.19.3.527. ISSN 0373-6687.
  3. ^ a b c d "Bryophyte - Annotated classification". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Andreaea rupestris" (PDF). Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. p. 312. Retrieved 2020-04-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "Andreaea rupestris in Moss Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  6. ^ a b "Introduction to the Andreaeopsida". ucmp.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  7. ^ a b c d "Andreaea rupestris in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Smith, A. J. E. (Anthony John Edwin), 1935- (2004). The moss flora of Britain and Ireland (2nd ed ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-54185-8. OCLC 813418719. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Nishida, Yuko (1971). "Studies on the Formation of the Protonema and the Leafy Shoot in Andreaea rupestris var. fauriei". Shokubutsugaku Zasshi. 84 (993): 187–192. doi:10.15281/jplantres1887.84.187. ISSN 0006-808X.
  10. ^ a b c d e Glime, J.M. (2017). "Bryophyte Ecology Volume 1" (e-Book). Michigan Tech. Retrieved 2020-04-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ a b c Vitt, Dale H.; Hoe, William J. (1980). "Andreaea in Hawaii". The Bryologist. 83 (2): 212. doi:10.2307/3242135.
  12. ^ Hradílek, Zbyněk Chlachula, Jiří Nesterova, Svetlana Georgievna (2011). New bryophyte records from Kazakhstan. OCLC 904795139.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Kim, Jung-Hyun; An, Ji-Hong; Lee, Byoung Yoon; Kim, Jin-Seok (2019-12-31). "Bryophyte flora of algific slopes in the Korean Peninsula". Environmental Biology Research. 37 (4): 508–525. doi:10.11626/KJEB.2019.37.4.508. ISSN 1226-9999.
  14. ^ Blockeel, Tom L. (2018). "Mt Tzena, an Important Site for Bryophytes in Greece, with a Remarkably Disjunct Population of the Rich-Fen Moss Cinclidium stygium". Herzogia. 31 (1): 37–47. doi:10.13158/099.031.0101. ISSN 0018-0971.
  15. ^ "Conservation Status Ranks". British Columbia. Retrieved 2020-04-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ a b "Species Summary of A. rupestris". Retrieved 2020-04-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ^ "Red, Blue & Yellow Lists". British Columbia. Retrieved 2020-04-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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