User:Wolfdog/sandbox2
Appearance
Environment | Phonemic systems | Non-phonemic (continuous) systems | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consonant after /æ/ | Example words | New York City & New Orleans | Baltimore & Philadelphia | General US, Florida, Midland US, New England, & Western US | Canadian, Northwest US, & Upper Midwest US | Southern US & Black Vernacular | Great Lakes US | ||||||
/m, n/ | Checked: aunt, fan, ham, pants, plan, lamb, understand,[2] etc.[a] | [eə][4] | [iə][b] | [ɛə~æ] | [ɛə~eə] | [eə] | |||||||
Free: animal, ceramic, manatee, Montana, planet, Spanish,[5] etc.[note 1] | [æ][7] | ||||||||||||
/ɡ/ | Checked: bag, drag, tag,[8] etc. | [eə][9] | [æ][10] | [æ][c] | continuous [eʲ] | [ɛ(j)ə~æ] | [ɛə~æ] | ||||||
Free: agate, dragon, magazine, etc. | [æ][11] | ||||||||||||
/b, d, dʒ, ʃ/ | Checked: bad, flash, glad, grab, mad, sad,[12] etc.[d] | [eə][13] | continuous [æ] | [eə~ɛə] | |||||||||
/f, s, θ/ | Checked: ask, bath, calf, half, glass,[14] etc. | [eə][15] | |||||||||||
Others | as, back, frank, happy, locality;[16] etc. | [æ][17] | |||||||||||
For the phoneme /æ/, [eə] represents a tense pronunciation and [æ] a non-tense (or lax) pronunciation. The term "continuous" refers to a system without a decisive phonemic split of /æ/, followed by whichever allophone predominates in the given context. | |||||||||||||
Notes
Footnotes
|
TENSE": magic, imagine,
checked /b, d, dʒ/ or any old /b, d, ʃ, v, z/?
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
represented by the diaphoneme /ɒr/ | represented by the diaphoneme /ɔr/ | ||
---|---|---|---|
pronounced [ɒɹ] in mainstream England | pronounced [ɔːɹ] in mainstream England | ||
pronounced [ɒɹ] in Boston | pronounced [ɔɹ] in Boston | ||
pronounced [ɔɹ] in Canada | |||
pronounced [ɒɹ~ɑɹ] in New York City | pronounced [ɔɹ] in New York City | ||
pronounced [ɑɹ] in the mainstream United States | pronounced [ɔɹ] in the mainstream United States | ||
these five words only: borrow, morrow, sorry, sorrow, tomorrow |
corridor, euphoric, foreign, forest, Florida, historic, horrible, majority, minority, moral, orange, Oregon, origin, porridge, priority, quarantine, quarrel, sorority, warranty, warren, warrior (etc.) |
aura, boring, choral, deplorable, flooring, flora, glory, hoary, memorial, menorah, orientation, Moorish, oral, pouring, scorer, storage, story, Tory, warring (etc.) |
- ^ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 182. ISBN 3-11-016746-8.
- ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
- ^ Labov, 2006, p. 238.
- ^ Labov, 2006, p. 173.
- ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
- ^ Trager, George L. (1940) One Phonemic Entity Becomes Two: The Case of 'Short A' in American Speech: 3rd ed. Vol. 15: Duke UP. 256. Print.
- ^ Labov, 2006, p. 173.
- ^ Labov, 2006, p. 174.
- ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
- ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
- ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
- ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
- ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
- ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
- ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173.
- ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
- ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
Cite error: There are <ref group=note>
tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}}
template (see the help page).