Outline of human anatomy

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy:

Human anatomy – scientific study of the morphology of the adult human. It is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, and includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues), and cytology (the study of cells).

Essence of human anatomy

Branches of human anatomy

- Gross anatomy
- Microscopic anatomy/histology
- cell biology (Cytology) & cytogenetics
- Surface anatomy
- Radiological anatomy
- Developmental anatomy/embryology

Anatomy of the human body

The following list of human anatomical structures is based on the Terminologia Anatomica, the international standard for anatomical nomenclature. While the order is standardized, the hierarchical relationships in the TA are somewhat vague, and thus are open to interpretation.

General anatomy

Parts of human body
- Head
  - Ear
  - Face
  - Forehead
  - Cheek
  - Chin
  - Eye
  - Nose
  - Nostril
  - Mouth
  - Lip
- Neck
- Trunk
  - Thorax
  - Abdomen
  - Pelvis
  - Back
- Upper limb
  - Pectoral girdle
  - Axilla
  - Shoulder
  - Arm
  - Axilla
  - Elbow
  - Forearm
  - Wrist
  - Hand
  - Finger
  - Thumb
- Lower limb
  - Pelvic girdle
  - Leg
  - Buttocks
  - Hip
  - Thigh
  - Knee
  - Calf
  - Foot
  - Ankle
  - Heel
  - Toe
  - Sole
- Cavities
  - Cranial cavity
  - Spinal cavity
  - Thoracic cavity
  - Abdominopelvic cavity
    - Abdominal cavity
    - Pelvic cavity
Planes, lines, and regions
- Regions of head
- Regions of neck
- Anterior and lateral thoracic regions
- Abdominal regions
- Regions of back
- Perineal regions
- Regions of upper limb
- Regions of lower limb

Bones

Diagram of an adult human skeleton

General terms
- Bony part
  - Cortical bone
  - Compact bone
  - Spongy bone
- Cartilaginous part
- Membranous part
  - Periosteum
  - Perichondrium
- Axial skeleton
- Appendicular skeleton
- Long bone
- Short bone
- Flat bone
- Irregular bone
- Pneumatized bone
- Sesamoid bone
- Diaphysis
- Epiphysis
  - Epiphysial plate (Growth plate)
- Metaphysis
- Apophysis
- Tuber
- Tubercle
- Tuberosity
- Eminence (anatomy)
- Process
- Condyle
- Epicondyle
- Fossa
- Medullary cavity
- Endosteum
- Yellow bone marrow
- Red bone marrow
- Nutrient foramen
- Nutrient canal
- Ossification center
Cranium
- Neurocranium
- Viscerocranium
- Cranial cavity
- Forehead
- Occiput
- Nasion
- Bregma
- Lambda
- Inion
- Pterion
- Asterion
- Gonion
- Temporal fossa
- Zygomatic arch
- Infratemporal fossa
- Pterygopalatine fossa
- Pterygomaxillary fissure
- Fontanelles
  - Anterior fontanelle
  - Posterior fontanelle
  - Sphenoidal fontanelle
  - Mastoid fontanelle
- Calvaria
  - Vertex
  - Diploe
- Cranial base
  - Internal surface of cranial base
  - External surface of cranial base
- Orbit
  - Orbital cavity
  - Medial wall
    - Anterior ethmoidal foramen
    - Posterior ethmoidal foramen
  - Superior orbital fissure
  - Inferior orbital fissure
- Nasolacrimal canal
- Bony nasal cavity
  - Piriform aperture
  - Superior nasal meatus
  - Middle nasal meatus
  - Inferior nasal meatus
  - Spheno-ethmoidal recess
  - Choana
  - Sphenopalatine foramen
- Bones of cranium
  - Parietal bone
  - Frontal bone
    - Squamous part
      - External surface
        Glabella
        
        Frontal suture
        
        Supra-orbital margin
        Supra-orbital notch (Supra-orbital foramen)
      - Internal surface
        Foramen cecum
    - Frontal sinus
  - Occipital bone
  - Sphenoid
    - Body
      - Sella turcica
        Tuberculum sellae
        
        Hypophysial fossa
        
        Dorsum sellae
        
        Posterior clinoid process
      - Sphenoidal sinus
    - Lesser wing
    - Greater wing
  - Temporal bone
    - Petrous part
      - Mastoid process
      - Occipital groove
      - Mastoid foramen
      - Facial canal
      - Inferior surface of petrous part
        Styloid process
        
        Stylomastoid foramen
      - Tympanic cavity
    - Mandibular fossa
    - Articular tubercle
      - Petrotympanic fissure
      - Petrosquamous fissure
  - Ethmoid
  - Inferior nasal concha
  - Lacrimal bone
  - Nasal bone
  - Vomer
  - Maxilla
    - Body of maxilla
      - Orbital surface
        Infra-orbital canal
        
        Infra-orbital groove
      - Anterior surface
        Infra-orbital foramen
      - Maxillary sinus
    - Palatine process
      - Incisive canals
    - Alveolar process
      - Dental alveoli
      - Incisive foramina
  - Palatine bone
  - Zygomatic bone
  - Mandible
    - Body of mandible
      - Mental protuberance
      - Mental tubercle
      - Mental foramen
      - Oblique line
      - Superior mental spine
      - Inferior mental spine
      - Mylohyoid line
      - Sublingual fossa
      - Submandibular fossa
      - Alveolar part
        Dental alveoli
    - Ramus of mandible
  - Hyoid bone
  - (Auditory ossicles - see sense organs)
Vertebral column
- Vertebral canal
- Vertebra (this category contains parts of a vertebra)
- Cervical vertebrae
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Lumbar vertebrae
- Sacrum
  - Dorsal surface
    - Sacral cornu
    - Sacral canal
      - Sacral hiatus
- Coccyx
Thoracic skeleton
- Ribs
- Rib
  - Body
    - Costal groove
  - Cervical rib
  - First rib
    - Scalene tubercle
  - Lumbar rib
- Sternum
- Thoracic cage
  - Thoracic cavity
  - Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)
  - Inferior thoracic aperture
  - Intercostal space
  - Infrasternal angle
Bones of upper limb
- Pectoral girdle
  - Scapula
    - Acromion
    - Superior border
      - Suprascapular notch
    - Glenoid cavity
    - Supraglenoid tubercle
    - Infraglenoid tubercle
    - Coracoid process
  - Clavicle
    - Acromial end
      - Tuberosity for coracoclavicular ligament
        Conoid tubercle
        
        Trapezoid line
- Free part of upper limb
  - Humerus
    - Greater tubercle
    - Lesser tubercle
      - Intertubercular sulcus
    - Shaft of humerus
      - Posterior surface
        Radial groove
      - Deltoid tuberosity
    - Condyle of humerus
    - Medial epicondyle
    - Lateral epicondyle
  - Radius
    - Radial styloid process
  - Ulna
    - Olecranon
    - Coronoid process
    - Head
      - Ulnar styloid process
- Bones of hand
  - Carpal bones
    - Scaphoid
    - Lunate
    - Triquetrum
    - Pisiform
    - Trapezium
    - Trapezoid
    - Capitate
    - Hamate
  - Metacarpals
  - Phalanges (hand)
  - Sesamoid bones (hand)
Bones of lower limb
- Pelvic girdle
  - [Sacrum - see vertebrae section]
  - Hip bone
    - Acetabulum
    - Obturator foramen
    - Greater sciatic notch
    - Ilium
      - Arcuate line
      - Iliac crest
        Anterior superior iliac spine
        
        Anterior inferior iliac spine
        
        Posterior superior iliac spine
        
        Posterior inferior iliac spine
    - Ischium
      - Lesser sciatic notch MN
    - Pubis
      - Body
        Pubic tubercle
      - Superior pubic ramus
        Pecten pubis
  - Pelvis (category contains general terms)
- Free part of lower limb
  - Femur
    - Greater trochanter
    - Lesser trochanter
    - Intertrochanteric line
    - Intertrochanteric crest
    - Shaft of femur
      - Linea aspera
      - Pectineal line
    - Intercondylar fossa
  - Patella
  - Tibia
    - Medial malleolus
  - Fibula
    - Lateral malleolus
- Bones of foot
  - Tarsal bones
  - Metatarsals
  - Phalanges (foot)
  - Sesamoid bones (foot)

Thoracic cavity

The thoracic cavity is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall. The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum.

Urinary system

Genital systems

Reproductive system

Female reproductive system
- Female internal genitalia
- Female external genitalia
  - Pudendum (vulva)
Male reproductive system
- Male internal genitalia
- Male external genitalia
  - Penis
    - Glans penis
    - Prepuce
    - Corpus cavernosum penis
    - Corpus spongiosum penis
    - Helicine arteries
    - Fascia of penis
      - Suspensory ligament of penis
  - Male urethra
    - Spongy urethra
      - Navicular fossa
  - Scrotum
    - Dartos fascia
      - Dartos muscle
- Perineum

Abdominopelvic cavity

Extraperitoneal space
Peritoneum
- Mesentery
- Mesocolon
- Lesser omentum
- Greater omentum
- Peritoneal attachments of liver
  - Coronary ligament
- Recesses, fossae, and folds
- Urogenital peritoneum
  - Vesico-uterine pouch
  - Broad ligament of uterus
    - Mesometrium
    - Mesosalpinx
    - Mesovarium
    - Suspensory ligament of ovary - see genital systems

Endocrine glands

Endocrine system

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Suprarenal gland
Pancreatic islets - see alimentary system

Cardiovascular system

Lymphoid system

Lymphatic system

Primary lymphoid organs
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
Secondary lymphoid organs
Regional lymph nodes
- Lymph nodes of head and neck
- Lymph nodes of upper limb
- Thoracic lymph nodes
- Abdominal lymph nodes
- Pelvic lymph nodes
- Lymph nodes of lower limb

Nervous system

Human nervous system

Central nervous system
- Meninges
- Spinal cord
  - Gray columns
  - White substance
- Brain
Peripheral nervous system
- Cranial nerves
- Spinal nerves
  - Cervical nerves
  - Thoracic nerves
  - Lumbar nerves
    - Medial clunial nerves
  - Sacral nerves and coccygeal nerve
- Autonomic division (Autonomic nervous system)
  - Sympathetic part
    - Sympathetic trunk
      - Rami communicantes
    - Superior cervical ganglion
    - Middle cervical ganglion
    - Cervicothoracic ganglion (Stellate - should prob. include inferior cerv. ganglion)
    - Thoracic ganglia
    - Lumbar ganglia
      - Lumbar splanchnic nerves
    - Sacral ganglia
      - Sacral splanchnic nerves
      - Ganglion impar
  - Parasympathetic part
    - Cranial part
    - Pelvic part
      - Pelvic ganglia
        Parasympathetic root of pelvic ganglia = Pelvic splanchnic nerves
  - Peripheral autonomic plexuses and ganglia
    - Craniocervical part
      - Internal carotid plexus
    - Thoracic part
    - Abdominal part
    - Pelvic part
      - Superior hypogastric plexus
      - Inferior hypogastric plexus

Sense organs

Olfactory organ
Eye and related structures
- Eyeball
  - Fibrous layer of eyeball
    - Sclera
    - Cornea
  - Vascular layer of eyeball
  - Inner layer of eyeball
    - Retina
    - Optic nerve (see nervous system)
    - Retinal blood vessels (see cardiovascular system)
  - Lens
  - Chambers of eyeball
    - Aqueous humor
    - Vitreous humor
- Accessory visual structures
Ear
- External ear
  - Auricle
    - Antitragus
    - Tragus
  - Ligaments of auricle
  - Auricular muscles
  - External acoustic meatus
  - Tympanic membrane
    - Umbo of tympanic membrane
- Middle ear
  - Tympanic cavity
    - Labyrinthine wall (medial wall)
    - Mastoid wall (posterior wall)
      - Aditus to mastoid antrum
      - Pyramidal eminence
    - Mastoid antrum
  - Auditory ossicles
    - Stapes
    - Incus
    - Malleus
  - Articulations of auditory ossicles
    - Ligaments of auditory ossicles
  - Muscles of auditory ossicles
    - Tensor tympani
    - Stapedius
  - Pharyngotympanic tube
- Inner ear
  - Bony labyrinth
    - Semicircular canals
    - Cochlea
    - Internal acoustic meatus - see bones
    - Perilymphatic space
  - Membranous labyrinth
    - Endolymphatic space
  - Vestibular labyrinth
  - Cochlear labyrinth
    - Cochlear duct
      - Spiral organ
      - Spiral ganglion
  - Vessels of inner ear
Gustatory organ
- Taste bud

The integument

Integumentary system

Skin
- Epidermis
- Dermis
  - Hairs
  - Downy hair (Lanugo)
  - Skin glands
    - Sweat gland
    - Sebaceous gland
- Nail
  - Lunule
- Breast
Subcutaneous tissue

History of human anatomy

History of anatomy
Edwin Smith Papyrus - earliest known treatise on anatomy, from ancient Egypt circa 1600 BCE.

Organizations

Anatomists

External links

Template:Dmoz
"Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray. In public domain.
Terminologia Anatomica on FIPAT site

v t e Anatomy of the thorax
General	Mediastinum Thoracic wall
Pleural cavity	Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pulmonary ligament Recesses Costomediastinal Costodiaphragmatic Endothoracic fascia Suprapleural membrane