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/æ/ raising in North American English[1]
Following
consonant 		Example
words[2] 		New York
City, New
Orleans[2] 		Baltimore,
Philadel-
phia[2] 		General
American,
New England,
Western US 		Midland US,
Pittsburgh 		Southern
US 		Canada,
Northern
Mountain
US 		Minnesota,
Wisconsin 		Great
Lakes
US
Non-prevocalic
/m, n/ 		fan, lamb, stand [eə][a][b] [eə] [eə] [eə~ɛjə][4] [eə][5] [eə][6]
Prevocalic
/m, n/ 		animal, planet,
Spanish 		[æ]
/ŋ/[7] frank, language [eɪ][8] [æ] [æ~æɛə][4] [ɛː~ɛj][5] [eː~ej][9]
Non-prevocalic
/ɡ/ 		bag, drag [eə][a] [æ][c] [æ][d]
Prevocalic /ɡ/ dragon, magazine [æ]
Non-prevocalic
/b, d, ʃ/ 		grab, flash, sad [eə][a] [æ][13] [ɛə][13]
Non-prevocalic
/f, θ, s/ 		ask, bath, half,
glass 		[eə][a]
Otherwise as, back, happy,
locality 		[æ][e]
  1. ^ a b c d Most function words (am, can, had, etc.) and some learned or less common words (Afghan, alas, asterisk, etc.) have [æ].
  2. ^ In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs began, ran, swam, and wan (variant of won) have [æ].[3]
  3. ^ In Philadelphia, bad, mad, and glad alone have [eə].
  4. ^ In New England, Pittsburgh,[10] and Florida[1] and in scatterings through the Midland US,[11] the (mostly coastal) Southern US, and the Western US,[1]
    the quality of /æ/ is more close before /m, n/, more mid before /d/ (and possibly other voiced stops like /b, ɡ, dʒ/), and more open elsewhere.[12] However, in most of the Western US and elsewhere
    in the Midland US,[1] it is more continuous, though still the most close before /m, n/.
  5. ^ In New York City, exceptional [eə] is found notably in avenue and variably before /dʒ/ as in imagine and magic.[14]
  1. ^ a b c d Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 182.
  2. ^ a b c Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–4.
  3. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 238.
  4. ^ a b Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 178, 180.
  5. ^ a b Boberg (2008), p. 145.
  6. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 175–7.
  7. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 183.
  8. ^ Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008).
  9. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 181–2.
  10. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 181.
  11. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 175.
  12. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 174.
  13. ^ a b Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 82, 123, 177, 179.
  14. ^ Labov (2007), p. 359.


TENSE": magic, imagine,

checked /b, d, dʒ/ or any old /b, d, ʃ, v, z/?

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A chart of the pronunciation of stressed /ɒr/ and /ɔːr/ before a vowel
represented by the diaphoneme /ɒr/ represented by the diaphoneme /ɔr/
pronounced [ɒɹ] in mainstream England pronounced [ɔːɹ] in mainstream England
pronounced [ɒɹ] in Boston pronounced [ɔɹ] in Boston
pronounced [ɔɹ] in Canada
pronounced [ɒɹ~ɑɹ] in New York City pronounced [ɔɹ] in New York City
pronounced [ɑɹ] in the mainstream United States pronounced [ɔɹ] in the mainstream United States
these five words only:
borrow, morrow,
sorry, sorrow,
tomorrow 		corridor, euphoric,
foreign, forest,
Florida, historic,
horrible, majority,
minority, moral,
orange, Oregon,
origin, porridge,
priority, quarantine,
quarrel, sorority,
warranty, warren,
warrior (etc.) 		aura, boring,
choral, deplorable,
flooring, flora,
glory, hoary,
memorial, menorah,
orientation, Moorish,
oral, pouring,
scorer, storage,
story, Tory,
warring (etc.)
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