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Serbian Radical Party

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For other uses, see Serbian Radical Party (disambiguation).
Serbian Radical Party
Српска радикална странка
Srpska radikalna stranka
PresidentVojislav Šešelj
Founded23 February 1991; 33 years ago (1991-02-23)
HeadquartersMagistratski trg 3,
Zemun, Belgrade
NewspaperВелика Србија / Velika Srbija (Greater Serbia)
Paramilitary wingWhite Eagles (1991–1995)
IdeologySerbian nationalism[1][2][3]
Ultranationalism[4][5][6][7][8][2]
Serbian irredentism[9]
Economic nationalism
National conservatism
Social conservatism[3]
Right-wing populism[10][11]
Classical liberalism
Hard Euroscepticism
Russophilia
Political positionRight-wing[12] to far-right[1][13][14][15]
Colours  Blue
SloganСрбију у сигурне руке
(Serbia in safe hands)
Anthem
„Спремте се спремте”
"Spremte se spremte"
National Assembly
22 / 250
Assembly of Vojvodina
10 / 120
City Assembly of Belgrade
0 / 110
Party flag
Flag of the Serbian Radical Party
Website
Official website

The Serbian Radical Party (Template:Lang-sr; abbr. CPC or SRS) is a right-wing to far-right Serbian nationalist[1] political party in Serbia. The party was founded in 1991 by paramilitary leader Vojislav Šešelj.[16]

Šešelj led the party from its foundation in 1991 until his indictment in 2003, when he voluntarily surrendered to the ICTY to defend himself against charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity that he was alleged to have committed during the Croatian War of Independence and the Bosnian War. His deputy president Tomislav Nikolić assumed de facto leadership of the party until its split in 2008.[17] Nikolić resigned from the SRS over disagreements with Šešelj on the direction of the party and took much of the high-ranking members with him to form the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS). In the 2016 Serbian parliamentary election the SRS gained 22 seats in the national assembly.[18] The SRS has local party branches in neighboring Montenegro (Party of Serb Radicals), the Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (Serbian Radical Party "9th January"), and North Macedonia. The Serbian Radical Party has been described by observers as "neofascist".[19][20][21][22] Under Tomislav Nikolić's leadership, however, nationalist rhetoric within the party subsided as Nikolić focused primarily on social issues and the economy thereby transforming the Serbian Radical Party into a moderate nationalist party.[17] After Vojislav Šešelj reassumed leadership, the Serbian Radical Party returned to its original far-right political orientation.

Ideology

Vojislav Šešelj, president of the Serbian Radical Party, is one of the staunchest advocates of Greater Serbia.

The party's core ideology is based on Serbian nationalism and the goal of creating a Greater Serbia.[23][24] The party is also strongly opposed to European integration (euroscepticism[25]) and globalization,[26][27][6] advocating for closer ties with Russia instead.[26][6] The SRS is extremely critical of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), where Šešelj was incarcerated from 2003 to 2014.[28] The party regards former general Ratko Mladić and former Republika Srpska president Radovan Karadžić as "Serbian heroes".[29][30]

In 2007, the party advocated the use of military force to prevent the independence of Kosovo.[26]

Due to Tomislav Nikolić's support for the accession of Serbia to the European Union conflicting with the party's original hardline policy, Nikolić was expelled in 2008. With his supporters breaking apart from the SRS, he founded the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS)[17] which succeeded the SRS as the country's leading party.

History

Foundation and early years

The Serbian Radical Party (SRS) was formed on 23 February 1991 by the merger of Vojislav Šešelj's Serbian Chetnik Movement (SČP) and the National Radical Party (NRS).[31] The SČP had been formed in 1990, although it was denied official registration due to its overt identification with the historical Chetniks. Formation of the new party followed Šešelj's breakaway from the Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO) due to internal quarrels with Vuk Drašković; the SPO having been founded by the merger of Šešelj's former Serbian Freedom Movement and Drašković's faction from the Serbian National Renewal.[31] Šešelj was chosen as the first president of the SRS while Tomislav Nikolić, a member of the NRS, became deputy president.[31] Led by Milošević, the Socialist Party (SPS) contributed greatly to the rise of the SRS through its use of the media.[16] With the SRS allowed to promulgate its ultranationalist views on state television, the SPS could present itself as a comparatively moderate, yet still patriotic party.[32] Šešelj promoted popular notions of an "international conspiracy against the Serbs," the foremost of which involved Germany, the Vatican, the CIA, Italy, Turkey, as well as the centrist Serbian political parties. Such conspiracy theories were also promoted by Milošević-controlled media.[33] In 1991, Šešelj became a Member of Parliament as an independent candidate,[34] and created a belligerent image by engaging in physical fights with opponents of the government.[33]

The Serbian Radical Party headquarters in Zemun, Belgrade

The 22.6% of the vote won by the SRS in the 1992 parliamentary election confirmed the party's rapid rise and made it the second largest parliamentary party.[35] Šešelj campaigned for the election on issues such as driving Albanians out of Kosovo to Albania, expelling Muslims from Sandžak, and forcing the Croats out of Vojvodina.[36] Having helped engineer the party's election to parliament,[32] the SPS formed an informal coalition with the SRS,[37] and collaborated on ousting moderate politicians from public office.[32][38][39] However, by late 1993 the parties had turned against each other.[32][38][40] Milošević saw it necessary to change his policies and distance himself from the SRS in order for his new peacemaking orientation to be taken seriously by the West, as well as to counter the effects of United Nations sanctions against the country.[40] Many socialists also feared competition from the party based on its strong growth record.[40] As discord erupted among the opposition including the SRS, Milošević called new elections in 1993. These cut SRS support almost in half, while the SPS increased its share of the vote from 28% to 38%.[41] Although most people had grown tired of the wars, UN sanctions and the catastrophic economic situation, the SRS had also been subjected to powerful state propaganda and exclusion by the media.[42] Following Milošević's agreement to the Dayton accords in 1995 to bring peace to Bosnia, Šešelj denounced Milošević as "the worst traitor in Serbian history", and likened the event to Serbia's greatest defeat since the Battle of Kosovo fought against the Ottoman Empire in 1389.[38]

In 1995, Šešelj and the SRS joined in a technical coalition with the centrist Democratic Party (DS) and the conservative Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS).[43] This gave Šešelj a degree of democratic legitimacy, although the coalition withered away by the end of the same year.[43] When Šešelj beat the SPS candidate for the 1997 presidential election, despite the contest being declared invalid due to low turnout, he was again brought into the Serbian government.[38] In 1998 the SRS and SPO entered the so-called "war" government, and as Deputy Prime Minister, Šešelj passed new information laws and helped launch propaganda offensives against Kosovo Albanians.[44] U.S. officials in turn branded him a "fascist", while the U.S. Department of State declared that they would never deal with him.[38] Following the 1999 NATO occupation of Kosovo, Šešelj resigned from government until his party was enticed to re-enter the administration by the SPS.[44] As the party had held posts under Milošević's regime, it was excluded from the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS), and suffered a major defeat in the 2000 parliamentary election when Milošević was ousted.[44][45]

During the Yugoslav Wars some SRS supporters including Šešelj were active in paramilitary units loyal to the federal government, serving as his "iron fist" during military campaigns.[26][46] Milošević's regime at times supported Šešelj and provided him with arms, whilst at others it accused him of war crimes.[47] The SRS was also provided with resources to establish paramilitary volunteer forces such as the White Eagles.[32] As the SRS protested against Milošević's extradition to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 2001, Milošević urged his supporters to vote for the SRS rather than his own SPS.[26] The ICTY also indicted Šešelj, who has been on trial since 2007 following his surrender in 2003.[48] Deputy President Nikolić became the new de facto SRS leader and presented a more moderate face, with a new approach to international cooperation and a vision of Serbia acting as a "link between the West and the East."[49]

SRS supporters demonstrating against Kosovo's declaration of independence, Belgrade, 2008

Nikolić leadership

During the 2003 parliamentary election, the SRS condemned cooperation with the war crimes tribunal, corruption scandals in government, poor living standards, and slightly moderated its formerly aggressive rhetoric.[45] While it won a clear plurality with 28% of the vote and 82 seats, the party was still viewed as a pariah by its democratic rivals and was thus left in opposition.[45] In the 2007 parliamentary election it won 29% of the vote and 81 seats. The SRS caucus in parliament elected Nikolić as its president and Aleksandar Vučić vice-president. Nikolić was later chosen as parliamentary speaker, supported by the DSS amidst a deadlock in coalition talks.[50] He stepped down just five days later, as the DS and DSS agreed to form a coalition government.[51]

At the National Assembly's first session on 14 February 2007, politicians voted overwhelmingly to reject the proposal by UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari on the preliminary resolution of the status of Kosovo.[52] New elections were called in 2008 as the DS-DSS coalition collapsed due to EU recognition of Kosovo's declaration of independence.[53][54] In the 2008 parliamentary election the SRS again won 29% of the vote, and 78 seats, leading to the formation of a DS-SPS-led government coalition.[55][56] The party also won 17 seats in the Kosovska Mitrovica-based Community Assembly of Kosovo and Metohija consisting of Kosovan Serb municipalities who defied Kosovo's declaration of independence.[57]

2008 split

After disagreements with Šešelj, on 8 September 2008, Nikolić formed the new parliamentary group Napred Srbijo! ("Forward Serbia!") along with a number of other SRS members.[27] Šešelj responded with a letter on 11 September addressed to SRS members, in which he condemned the Nikolić group as "traitors" and "Western puppets", while calling on SRS members to remain loyal to the ideologies of "Serbian nationalism, anti-globalism, and Russophilia."[27] Nikolić and his group were officially expelled from the SRS the next day,[27][58] in response to which Nikolić announced that he would form his own party.[59] On 14 September, SRS general secretary Aleksandar Vučić also resigned from the SRS.[27][60] Nikolić and Vučić then launched the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) on 21 October of the same year.[61][62]

Following their departure, Dragan Todorović took over as the party's acting leader from Nikolić;[63][64] however the office of deputy chairman was officially abolished.[65] By April 2011 the SRS had about 7% of support in opinion polls, while the SNS and its coalition partners held about 40%.[66][67] In the 2012 parliamentary election the Radical Party received only 4.63% of the popular vote, thus failing to cross the 5% threshold to enter parliament for the first time in the party's history.[68]

Šešelj's return

With their leader back in Serbia in 2014, the party campaigned for the Parliamentary election of 2016 aiming to restore its presence prior to 2008.

International relations

The Serbian Radical Party maintains ties with the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia and had ties with the French National Front party in the 1990s.[26][43][69] The SRS also has minimal ties with the far-right Golden Dawn party in Greece, focusing on religious similarities, and the Forza Nuova party in Italy.[70]

The party counted Iraq's Saddam Hussein and the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party as one of its political and financial backers until the 2003 invasion of Iraq, as the parties found common cause in defiance of the United States.[26] Similar sentiment led the party to back Libya's Muammar Gaddafi following the 2011 military intervention in Libya by NATO. Serbia and Libya had maintained good relations since Gaddafi vocally opposed NATO intervention in Serbia in the 1990s, while he also backed Serbia's opposition to Kosovo's independence.[71] The SRS has also expressed support for Syrian president Bashar al-Assad following the Syrian Civil War.[72]

On 9 March 2016 Šešelj and Zmago Jelinčič, president of the Slovenian National Party, signed an agreement with the intention of bringing their parties closer in terms of partnership and political alliance.[73]

Presidents of the Serbian Radical Party (1991–present)

# President Born–Died Term start Term end
style="background:Template:Serbian Radical Party/meta/color; color:white;" | 1 Vojislav Šešelj[nb 1] 1954– 23 February 1991 Incumbent

Acting leaders during the incarceration of Šešelj

Šešelj was incarcerated at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) from 2003 to 2014. Ref:[74]

# Name Born–Died Term start Term end
style="background:Template:Serbian Radical Party/meta/color; color:white;" | 1 Tomislav Nikolić[nb 2] 1952– 24 February 2003 5 September 2008
style="background:Template:Serbian Radical Party/meta/color; color:white;" | 2 Dragan Todorović[nb 3] 1953– 5 September 2008 26 May 2012
style="background:Template:Serbian Radical Party/meta/color; color:white;" | 3 Nemanja Šarović[nb 2] 1974– 26 May 2012 12 November 2014

Electoral results

Parliamentary elections

National Assembly of Serbia
Leader Year Popular vote % of popular vote # of seats Seat change Government
1992 Vojislav Šešelj 1,066,765 22.58%
73 / 250
 Increase 73 gov′t support
1993 595,467 13.85%
39 / 250
 Decrease 34 opposition
1997 1,162,216 28.08%
82 / 250
 Increase 43 government
2000 322,333 8.60%
23 / 250
 Decrease 59 opposition
2003 Tomislav Nikolić* 1,069,212 27.62%
82 / 250
 Increase 59 opposition
2007 1,153,453 28.60%
81 / 250
 Decrease 1 opposition
2008 1,219,436 29.46%
78 / 250
 Decrease 3 opposition
2012 Dragan Todorović* 180,558 4.63%
0 / 250
 Decrease 78 non-parliamentary
2014 Nemanja Šarović* 72,303 2.01%
0 / 250
 Steady non-parliamentary
2016 Vojislav Šešelj 306,052 8.10%
22 / 250
 Increase 22 opposition
2020
0 / 250
  • Acting leaders (2003–2014)

Years in government (1991– )

Presidential elections

President of Serbia
Election year # Candidate 1st round votes % 2nd round votes % Notes
1990 Steady 5th Vojislav Šešelj[nb 4] 96,277 1.91% — —
1992 Increase 1st Slobodan Milošević 2,515,047 53.24% — — Support
1997 Steady 1st Vojislav Šešelj 1,126,940 27.3% 1,733,859 49.1% Election declared invalid due to low turnout
1997 Decrease 2nd Vojislav Šešelj 1,227,076 32.2% 1,383,868 37.6%
2002 Decrease 3rd Vojislav Šešelj 845,308 23.2% — — Election declared invalid due to low turnout
2002 Increase 2nd Vojislav Šešelj 1,063,296 36.1% — — Election declared invalid due to low turnout
2003 Increase 1st Tomislav Nikolić 1,166,896 47.9% — — Election declared invalid due to low turnout
2004 Decrease 2nd Tomislav Nikolić 954,339 30.6% 1,434,068 45.4%
2008 Steady 2nd Tomislav Nikolić 1,646,172 40.0% 2,197,155 48.0%
2012 Decrease 7th Jadranka Šešelj 147,793 3.78% — —
2017 Increase 5th Vojislav Šešelj 157,798 4.51% — —
President of FR Yugoslavia
Election year # Candidate 1st round votes % 2nd round votes %
2000 3rd Tomislav Nikolić 289,013 5.88 — —

Positions held

Major positions held by Serbian Radical Party members:

President of the National Assembly of Serbia Years
Tomislav Nikolić
2007
Mayor of Novi Sad Years
Milorad Mirčić 1993–1994
Maja Gojković 2004–2007

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ Incarcerated at the ICTY from 24 February 2003 until 12 November 2014
  2. ^ a b Deputy President
  3. ^ Vice President
  4. ^ Šešelj was officially the candidate of a citizens' group, since he was at the time the leader of the unrecognized Serbian Chetnik Movement, which would merge with the National Radical Party to form the Serbian Radical Party two months after the election.
Footnotes
  1. ^ a b c Nordsieck, Wolfram (2016). "Serbia". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  2. ^ a b Jazeera, Al (2008). "Serbs 'desperate for change'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  3. ^ a b Mila Dragojevi (2016) [2014]. The Politics of Social Ties: Immigrants in an Ethnic Homeland, Routledge, pág. 90
  4. ^ Ford, Peter (2018). "Serbian Radical Party surge may complicate reform". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  5. ^ Belgrade, N1 (2018). "Evil tweet by Serbia's official on Srebrenica woman death". N1. Retrieved 17 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b c Traynor, Ian (8 May 2007). "Extreme nationalist elected speaker of Serbian parliament". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  7. ^ News, BBC (2003). "Ultranationalists top Serb poll". BBC News. Retrieved 21 December 2018. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  8. ^ News, N1 (2018). "Party claims ultranationalist leader trampled Croatian flag". N1. Retrieved 21 December 2018. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "Програм Српске радикалне странке" (PDF).
  10. ^ Wodak, Ruth; Mral, Brigitte (2013). Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. A&C Black. p. 19.
  11. ^ "Populism in the Balkans. The Case of Serbia" (PDF). Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  12. ^ "Vukadinović: DSS, Dveri i SRS nisu ekstremna desnica". www.blic.rs.
  13. ^ Kolstø, Pål (2009). Media Discourse and the Yugoslav Conflicts : Representations of Self and Other. Ashgate. p. 106. ISBN 978-0754676294.
  14. ^ Collective (2005). Serbia since 1989 : politics and society under Milošević and after. University of Washington Press. p. 372. ISBN 978-0295986500.
  15. ^ Michael Minkenberg (15 April 2014). Historical Legacies and the Radical Right in Post-Cold War Central and Eastern Europe. Columbia University Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-3-8382-6124-9.
  16. ^ a b Pribićević 1999, p. 193.
  17. ^ a b c "Serb opposition leader resigns". BBC News. 7 September 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  18. ^ Delauney, Guy (25 April 2016). "Serbia elections: Radical Seselj back in parliament". BBC. BBC. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  19. ^ Ottaway, David (1993). "PRESIDENT OF SERBIA DISSOVLES PARLIAMENT". Washington Post. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
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  22. ^ Bodi, Faisal (2002). "Call this monster by its name". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
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  26. ^ a b c d e f g Stojanovic, Dusan (24 January 2007). "Serbian Radical Party Riding High". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  27. ^ a b c d e Rossi, Michael (October 2009). Resurrecting The Past: Democracy, National Identity and Historical Memory in Modern Serbia. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University. p. 12. {{cite book}}: |format= requires |url= (help)
  28. ^ Galanova, Mira (8 May 2008). "Serbia: rising nationalism imperils Mladic, Karadzic hunt". cafebabel.com. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  29. ^ "Karadzic arrest: Reaction in quotes". BBC News. 22 July 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  30. ^ "Court finds Ratko Mladic fit for extradition". Al Jazeera. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  31. ^ a b c Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The three Yugoslavias: state-building and legitimation, 1918–2005. Indiana University. pp. 358–359. ISBN 978-0-253-34656-8. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  32. ^ a b c d e Bugajski 2002, p. 416.
  33. ^ a b Pribićević 1999, p. 200.
  34. ^ Bugajski 2002, p. 415.
  35. ^ Pribićević 1999, p. 201.
  36. ^ Bugajski 2002, p. 415–416.
  37. ^ Pribićević 1999, pp. 201–202.
  38. ^ a b c d e "Vojislav Seselj: Milosevic's hard-line ally". BBC News. 10 April 1999. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  39. ^ Pribićević 1999, p. 202.
  40. ^ a b c Pribićević 1999, p. 203.
  41. ^ Pribićević 1999, p. 204.
  42. ^ Pribićević, 1999, pp. 204–205.
  43. ^ a b c Pribićević 1999, p. 208.
  44. ^ a b c Bugajski 2002, p. 417
  45. ^ a b c Nichol, Ulric R. (2007). Focus on politics and economics of Russia and Eastern Europe. Nova. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-60021-317-5. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  46. ^ Pribićević 1999, pp. 193–194.
  47. ^ Pribićević 1999, p. 194.
  48. ^ "Profile: Vojislav Seselj". BBC News. London. 7 November 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  49. ^ "Serbia vote: Parties and players". BBC News. 24 December 2003. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  50. ^ "Hardliner elected Serbia speaker". BBC News. 8 May 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  51. ^ "Radical Serbia speaker steps down". BBC News. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  52. ^ "Serbian Parliament Rejects UN Plan for Kosovo's Autonomy". Voice of America. Washington, D.C. 14 February 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
  53. ^ "Serbia ruling coalition collapses". BBC News. 8 March 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  54. ^ "Kosovo sparks early Serb election". BBC News. 8 March 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  55. ^ "New Serbian cabinet focuses on EU". BBC News. 7 July 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  56. ^ Kola, Paulin (8 July 2008). "Unlikely Serb allies put to the test". BBC News. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  57. ^ Jovanovic, Jovanovic; Foniqi-Kabashi, Blerta (30 June 2008). "Kosovo Serbs convene parliament; Pristina, international authorities object". Southeast European Times. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  58. ^ "Nikolić i klub isključeni, Vučić odsutan". Mondo (in Serbian). 12 September 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
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  60. ^ "Nikolić: I Vučić napustio radikale". Mondo (in Serbian). 14 September 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  61. ^ "Nikolic's new party to hold founding session next month in Belgrade". Southeast European Times. Belgrade. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
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  70. ^ "Massive Serbian protest against NATO & in favor of wartime leader Radovan Karadzic". Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  71. ^ Kirchick, James (8 April 2011). "'Why Right-Wing Serbs Love Qaddafi' – Kirchick in 'The New Republic'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  72. ^ ОМЛАДИНА СРС УРУЧИЛА АМБАСАДИ СИРИЈЕ ПИСМО ПОДРШКЕ У БОРБИ ПРОТИВ ТЕРОРИЗМА. (in Serbian). Српска радикална странка. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
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  74. ^ "Serbian ministries, etc". rulers.org. B. Schemmel. Retrieved 31 May 2015.

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