Fyodor Rostopchin
Fyodor Rostopchin | |
|---|---|
 Portrait by Salvatore Tonci | |
| Governor-General of Moscow | |
| In office (24 May [O.S. 12 May] 1812 – (11 September [O.S. 30 August] 1814 | |
| Preceded by | Ivan Gudovich |
| Succeeded by | Alexander Tormasov |
| President of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office (17 April [O.S. 6 April] 1799 – (4 March [O.S. 20 February] 1801 | |
| Preceded by | Alexander Bezborodko |
| Succeeded by | Nikita Panin |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Fyodor Vasilievich Rostopchin 23 March 1763 Kosmodemyanskoe village, Livensky uezd, Oryol Governorate, Russian Empire |
| Died | 30 January 1826 (aged 62) Moscow, Russian Empire |
| Citizenship |  Russia |
| Nationality | Russian |
| Spouse | Yekaterina Rostopchina |
| Children | 8 |
Count Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin (Template:Lang-ru) (23 March [O.S. 12 March] 1763 – 30 January [O.S. 18 January] 1826) was a Russian statesman and General of the Infantry who served as the Governor-General of Moscow during the French invasion of Russia. He was also known as a satirical writer who ridiculed Francophiles.[1]
Biography
Rostopchin was born in the Kosmodemyanskoe village (modern-day Livensky District, Oryol Oblast of Russia) into a Russian noble family, the son of Vasily Fyodorovich Rostopchin (1733—1802), a landlord and former army major, and Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Rostopchina (née Kryukova) who died shortly after giving birth to his younger brother Peter. Rostopchin's date and place of birth, as well as his family roots are still questioned by biographers. While the date 12 March 1763 is written on his tombstone, other sources, including Rostopchin himself, pointed at 1765 as the real year and Moscow — as the real place of his birth.[2]
He also claimed that his family was very ancient and originated around the 15th century from Crimean Tatars, straight descendants of Genghis Khan.[3][4][2] In Part 2 of the All-Russian Armorials of Noble Houses he named some Boris Davydovich nicknamed Rostopcha (from Russian rastopcha which means scatterbrain, blockhead[5]) who arrived to Moscow to serve Vasili III of Russia, while in Part 4 his name changed to Boris Fyodorovich and later official encyclopedias renamed him to Mikhail Davydovich.[6][7][8] His descendants supposedly served in Moscow, Tver, Klin and Rzhev at various army and state positions, yet none of them left any trace in Russian history, and some modern historians consider it to be a mystification.[2]
He spent most of his childhood and youth at his father's family estate in the Kosmodemyanskoe village where he received home education. He was fluent in English, German, French and Italian languages, and from 1786 to 1788 he traveled to Europe. This trip, especially the time spent in Berlin, influenced his later views and his passion for self-education. He described it in his first book The Trip to Prussia (1792-1994) which has been compared to the Letters of a Russian Traveller by Nikolay Karamzin.[2]
Feodor Rostopchin started his military career as a member of the Preobrazhensky Regiment in 1775, and in 1785 he was promoted to Podporuchik. He took part in the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) and the Russo-Turkish War (1788–1791). During the Russo-Swedish War he lost his younger brother Peter Rostopchin whom he later described in his patriotic novel Oh, Those French! He served under Alexander Suvorov who distinguished him. They became good friends, and Rostophin later defended Suvorov during his exile and was near him during his death.[2]
Rostopchin had great influence over Paul I of Russia. In 1796 he was appointed adjutant general, grand-marshal of the court, and in 1799 — the President of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Same year he was granted the title of Count. His opposition to the French alliance and the murder of Paul I in 1801 resulted in his falling out of favor. He spent 10 years living in his family estate and writing comedies and satirical novels. He was restored to favor in 1810 as conditions between France and Russia began to deteriorate. Shortly thereafter he was appointed a Governor-General of Moscow.
During the French invasion of Russia he was responsible for the defence of the city against Napoleon, and he took every means available to rouse the population of the town and district to arm and join the army to defend the city against the invaders. After the Battle of Borodino it was clear that the French could not be denied the city. Rostopchin had the city evacuated, including all the city administrators and officials, leaving behind only a few French tutors, foreign shop keepers and those that were the lowest class of society.[9] In addition, the prisons were opened and the prisoners set free by his order. No one met the Emperor Napoleon when he arrived at the city gates on 14 September. On the first night of French occupation a fire broke out in the bazaar and a number of small fires erupted in other quarters, but these were thought to be due to accident.[10] The following day as Napoleon rode through the streets to the Kremlin he found the streets deserted.[11] That night the city began to burn in earnest. Rostopchin had left a small detachment of police, whom he charged with burning the city to the ground. Houses were prepared with flammable materials. The city's fire-engines were disassembled. Fuses were left throughout the city to ignite the fires.[12]
Years later he claimed innocence against the charge of arson, and had a pamphlet printed and distributed in Paris proclaiming so in 1823, but subsequently admitted to his role in ordering the city's destruction. He was disgraced shortly after the Congress of Vienna, to which he had accompanied Tsar Alexander I. He returned to Russia in 1825 and died in Moscow in February of the next year suffering from asthma and hemorrhoid complications. He was buried at the Pyatnitskoye Cemetery.
He married Ekaterina Petrovna Protassova (1775–1869), and had eight children. Among them:
- Count Sergei Fyodorovich Rostopchin;
- Countess Natalya Fyodorovna Rostopchine;
- Countess Sofiya Fyodorovna Rostopchine, who became a noted French novelist under the title of comtesse de Ségur;
- Countess Lise Fyodorovna Rostopchine;
- Count Andrei Fyodorovich Rostopchine, married Yevdokiya Petrovna Sushkova.
He appears as a character in Leo Tolstoy's 1869 novel War and Peace, in which he is presented very unfavorably.
References
- Citations
- ^ Fyodor Rostopchin (1992). Oh, Those French! — Moscow: Russkaya kniga, 336 pages ISBN 5-268-01462-5
- ^ a b c d e Arina Mescheryakova (2007). F. V. Rostopchin. At the Founding of Conservatism and Nationalism in Russia. — Voronezh: Kitezh, pp. 32-45 ISBN 978-5-9726-0006-9
- ^ Alexander Mikaberidze, The Burning of Moscow: Napoleon's Trail By Fire 1812, Pen and Sword (2014), p. 28
- ^ Alexandre Jevakhoff, Le Roman des Russes à Paris, Editions du Rocher (2014), p. 86
- ^ Rastopcha from the Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. Volume 2, p. 507 (in Russian)
- ^ Rostopchins coat of arms by All-Russian Armorials of Noble Houses of the Russian Empire, Part 2. June 20, 1798 (in Russian)
- ^ Count Rostopchin coat of arms by All-Russian Armorials of Noble Houses of the Russian Empire, Part 4. December 7, 1799 (in Russian)
- ^ Rostopchins article from Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1890—1907 (in Russian)
- ^ Caulaincourt p. 112
- ^ Caulaincourt p. 114
- ^ Caulaincourt p. 115
- ^ Caulaincourt p. 119
- Bibliography
- Caulaincourt, Armand-Augustin-Louis With Napoleon in Russia translated by Jean Hanoteau New York, Morrow 1935.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rostoptschin, Count Feodor Vassilievich". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 754.
- 1763 births
- 1826 deaths
- 18th-century Russian writers
- 19th-century Russian male writers
- Burials at Pyatnitskoye Cemetery
- Conservatism in Russia
- Foreign ministers of the Russian Empire
- French invasion of Russia
- Imperial Russian counts
- Governors-General of Moscow
- Members of the State Council of the Russian Empire
- Recipients of the Order of St. Andrew
- Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
- Russian male essayists
- Russian male novelists
- Russian memoirists
- Russian nationalists
- Russian satirists