Laghouat
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Laghouat
الأغواط | |
|---|---|
 Location of Laghouat in Laghouat Province | |
  Laghouat Location of Laghouat in Algeria | |
| Coordinates: 33°48′10″N 2°52′30″E / 33.80278°N 2.87500°E | |
| Country |  Algeria |
| Province | Laghouat Province |
| District | Laghouat[1] |
| APC | 2012-2017 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipality |
| • Mayor | Benbehaz béchir |
| Area | |
• Total | 400 km2 (200 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 769 m (2,523 ft) |
| Population (2008 census) | |
• Total | 134,372 |
| • Density | 340/km2 (870/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Postal code | 03000 |
| ISO 3166 code | CP |
| Website | www |
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Laghouat (Template:Lang-en Template:Lang-fr Template:Lang-ar) is the capital city of the Laghouat Province, Algeria, 400 km south of the Algerian capital Algiers. As of 2005, the population of the city was 126,291 inhabitants. Nearby, in Hassi R'Mel, there is the largest natural gas reserve in Africa.
The city was founded in the 11th century. In 1852, the French captured the city. Since 1974, it has been the seat of a province of the same name.
Laghwat town in the Amour Range of the Saharan Atlas is an oasis on the north edge of the Sahara Desert. It is an important administrative and military center and marketplace, and is known for rug and tapestry weaving. There are natural gas deposits in the region. The town has a meteorological station.
Laghouat traces its history at least to the 11th century. It paid tribute to Morocco in the 17th century. The Turks captured Laghouat in 1786, and the French conquered the city in 1852.
The city is served by Laghouat Airport (IATA: LOO, ICAO: DAUL).
In January 2012, Laghouat was the site of anti-government protests over housing, infrastructure, and treatment of the elderly by police. The police used tear gas to disperse the protesters.[2][3]
The location and nature
Laghouat is a regional center in the Algerian depression, an oasis south of Algiers and lined with gardens. It is built on the banks of the Wadi Mzee, which flows eastwards from the Amour Range and is one of a large number of seasonal streams that empty into Chott Melrhir.
It is bordered to the north by the municipality of Sidi Makhlouf, to the west by Tadjemout and Kheneg, to the east the municipality of El Assafia, and to the south the municipality of Mekhareg.
The distance between Laghouat and the Algerian cities
Below is the distance table in km between the city of Laghouat and Some Algerian cities:
| cities | Algiers | Oran | Constantine | Adrar | Tamanrasset | Ouargla | Anaba | Tlemcen | Bechar | Biskra | Touggourt |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laghouat | 400 | 515 | 545 | 1042 | 1600 | 400 | 712 | 545 | 666 | 386 | 430 |
Her nicknames
The city and the region as a whole were named by several titles, including the capital of the steppe, the gateway to the Sahara, to the known Laghouat and bride of the Saharan Atlas ...
Climate
Laghouat has a cold desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWk). Rainfall is higher in winter than in summer. The average annual temperature in Laghouat is 17.4 °C (63.3 °F). About 176 mm (6.93 in) of precipitation falls annually.
Rain falls in this region irregularly, with an average annual rate (180 mm) annually, with severe droughts occurring in some years.
Also, some sand dunes are blowing in the city from time to time in the years of drought, which led to the formation of some sand dunes outside it from the northern side. They have been removed in recent years, and administrative and administrative facilities have been set up in their place, but they appear to be taking shape again, which requires expediting With the achievement of the green belt around the city, especially the northern and northwestern areas.
The city relies mainly on its needs for safe drinking water on the groundwater available in the region in abundance, especially with the presence of the largest underground dam in Africa in the nearby region of Tadjmout, which is a colonial heritage.
Despite the passage of the city (“M'zi Valley”) in the city, its waters are totally unexploited, as it poses a real danger every winter to the farmers of the nearby town of Tazaza due to the floods it causes whenever it rains because there are no dams in its course
| Climate data for Laghouat | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) |
15.5 (59.9) |
18.1 (64.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
26.8 (80.2) |
32.6 (90.7) |
36.3 (97.3) |
35.3 (95.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
23.5 (74.3) |
18.1 (64.6) |
13.4 (56.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) |
3.4 (38.1) |
6.0 (42.8) |
8.9 (48.0) |
13.5 (56.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
20.6 (69.1) |
17.1 (62.8) |
11.4 (52.5) |
5.8 (42.4) |
3.4 (38.1) |
11.1 (51.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 12 (0.5) |
12 (0.5) |
13 (0.5) |
15 (0.6) |
16 (0.6) |
12 (0.5) |
3 (0.1) |
26 (1.0) |
19 (0.7) |
20 (0.8) |
15 (0.6) |
13 (0.5) |
176 (6.9) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org, Climate data | |||||||||||||
Saharan Atlas
Saharan Atlas, French Atlas Saharien, part of the chain of Atlas Mountains, extending across northern Africa from Algeria into Tunisia. The principal ranges from west to east are the Ksour, Djbel Amour, Ouled-Naïl, Zab, Aurès, and Tébessa (Tabassah). Mount Chélia (7,638 feet [2,328 m]) is the highest point in northern Algeria, and ash-Shaʿnabī (5,066 feet [1,544 m]) is the highest peak in Tunisia. Iron ore is mined near Mount Ouenza, and there are extensive phosphate deposits near the town of Tébessa, both in Algeria. [4]
Population
Residents of the province of Laghouat, surrounding the Mazi valley, trace their origins back to Arabs and the Berbers (Berbers), and invaded Banu Hilal, who supported the Fatimids. Others of the same origins to this region established a village called “Ben Bouta” as tribes of Arab D'wawoda and Awlad Bouziane settled in the region.
Laghouat was subject to Ottoman Algeria sometimes as part of the Ottoman Empire at that time, then it was shared by two warring groups from the sons of “Sargins” with Berber origins and the “Alliance” clans of Arab descent until it was taken over by France in 1852 and its unity then recovered by Algeria in 1962. Its residents work in trade and agriculture.
Among the most important landmarks of the city of Laghouat are the ancient mosque, the fortress of Sidi El Hajj Issa, its shrine, the old quarter, and palm groves, and there was a time of French colonialism cathedral and seat of episcopal desert.
This city is more than one hundred thousand citizens, with a population of 170,693 people, according to estimates 2012.
| the year | 1977 | 1987 | 1998 | 2008 | 2012 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| population | 42.186 | 69.435 | 106.665 | 144.747 | 170.693 |
History of the city
As shown by some stone drawings that date back to the Stone Age from 9 to 6 thousand years BC, these monuments are spread over a number of municipalities and the villages surrounding the city, such as the Sidi Makhlouf, Hasabiyya, Al-Milaq, Rakusa, Al-Huwaita. The data climatic plant terrain for Laghouat, just as it contributed to the presence of human pre-history has brought to it ancient tribal displacement and this is what it shows Archeological constructions from the Roman and Byzantine period that were taken as fortifications and watchtowers to trace some of the opposing movements from Numidia or Byunolia (the geographical designation of the South in ancient history) in both Tadjemout and Al-Huwaita.
And it is reported by historians that this city is an ancient beginning with the first data of the region of Gaetuli from the era Roman until Islamic conquests, these quarters inhabited the tribe temptation belonging to adulterers, and the latter refused to submit to the powerful Byzantines, despite the pressure, it did not convert to Christianity.[citation needed] However, the documents history did not specify exactly when it was established, and it is more likely that the beginning of human settlement in this place dates back to ancient times to provide the necessary conditions for life from water, and agricultural lands and an invincible location, and this is evidenced by the effect that the Berber left in the region like the words that are still circulating. The plateau on which the old city is located is called Tizgrarin, and from the names of dates known as the oasis, we find: Tadala, Tizout, Timgouhret . [5]
Laghouat during Ottoman rule:
At this stage in the history of Algeria in general, and from the history of Laghouat in particular, the region was known to have interactions between the Ottoman rulers and the authority of the Moroccan sultan. In the era of bilberries that he established Hayreddin Barbarossa at the beginning of the sixteenth century AD, the Algerian deer authority extended until Laghouat is part of the “Baylik Al-Tatiri” organized by Hasan Pasha Ibn Khair al-Din, and it was appointed to him in 1548 CE by Rajab Bey as the first Bay of Tatar and its capital Medea.
During the reign of “Youssef Pasha” (1647-1650 AD), the Moroccan Sultan, “Moulay Mohamed”, controlled Tlemcen, Oujda, and his control reached until Ain Madhi The Laghouat, which were subject only to a temporary period, which led to the coming of the Moroccan Sultan, “Moulay Abd al-Malik” himself in 1708 AD, and subjected the city to bitter fighting.
By the year 1727, Laghouat returned to the authority of the Ottomans after the intervention of the Median armies of Shaban Zanaghi, which imposed on the city an annual tax estimated at seven hundred (700) riyals. [6]
French occupation
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Laghouat has known stages of the popular resistance Emir Abdelkader, Al Nasser Bin Shohara. The latter, not much has been written about. But he led the resistance in Laghouat, which was considered by a gateway[disambiguation needed] for France to cross the desert towards Africa, France hesitated a lot to invade Laghouat, so it sent a garrison in May 1844. A fighter discovered its command[disambiguation needed] by the Emir of the Resistance in Desert, Al-Nasser bin Shorah, and he annihilated her from the last, a title by France, Baltham or Al-Rogy, because he did not find a picture for him throughout his life until he left for Syria and died there.
This incident made France aware of the danger of the desert, and I prepared a disciplinary campaign for it in 1852, led by both General Preci, General Marimoush, and General Joseph[disambiguation needed] Parsnanti, and Laghouat was surrounded by pictures of 3 km long, followed by the castles of the tower [?] East and west, and the fortress of Sidi Abdullah, view photos 1, 5 meters high, 4 meters, four doors, and 800 slots made for military purposes inside. A number of houses, estimated at 40, and palm oases centered by Wadi al-Khair, have now disappeared.
There was a successful resistance. From 181 to 1852, had it not been for the population struggle, a conflict between Hamida and al-Sebaisi over General Marimoush with whom Sheikh Ahmed bin Salem agreed that French armies would not enter Laghouat in exchange for the payment of a tribute represented in an annual tax until August 28, 1844 CE, and the resistance broke out Before the direct French attack, this was confirmed by Professor "Atallah Talbi", director of the Museum[disambiguation needed] of the Mujahid [?] In Laghouat, according to French reports that were not arranged to invade Laghouat.
France prepared well to hit Laghouat, led by Buscarene, Ladimir, Marimoush, and Joseph Price[disambiguation needed], who sent four soldiers warning the inhabitants of Laghouat to surrender the city, so they swore to die under its walls, so they killed two of the four soldiers, and on December 4, 1852, a coalition of the third generals was announced, and an alert was issued in northern Algeria to hit the Laghouats. With a military buildup of 7.375 soldiers, in addition to the Knights of Hamza, a French agent and Sidi al-Sheikh, at 1,200 in the Bérianne districts of the south, they surrounded the city.
Traditional and handicraft
Since the city of Laghouat since its early inception as a cultural center is located in the heart of the desert steppe and is located in a peasant land, which made it bring together civilization and Bedouin, and given that human since ancient times seeks to adapt, adapt and interact with its environment, taking A tender that derives from it raw materials formulated according to engineering and technical forms to achieve practical purposes, and expresses in them human feelings and artistic and spiritual aspirations residents The city of Laghouat, of course, does not deviate from this civilized rule, as we find them in different Their production and authentic[disambiguation needed] crafts depend mainly on the local materials they supply M their environment and their land, whether it comes to agricultural or animal materials, their trees and palms provide them with materials that they make to meet their needs in a variety of forms and tools, from which they make roofs of houses and door panels and equipment fabric as parts of looms (different) and agricultural tools , As their soil and stones provided them with the raw materials for making construction bricks and for making gypsum and lime by means of ovens that were erected on the outskirts of Medina until recently as for animals that It is surrounded by the desert [steppe | steppe] surrounding them, providing them with raw materials At various leather and textile. As for the metallurgical industries, their primary materials are brought from regions that they provide to manufacture ferrous materials copper and ornaments[disambiguation needed].
The art of sand blasting :
- sand blasting art or drawing sand blasting is an art that belongs to plastic arts, and the city of Laghouat is a cradle for this art in Algeria and in The world alike. It has been the emergence of this art in the city of Laghouat since the late seventies and the beginning of the eighties of the last century (1979 - 1980) by Mr. Al-Taher Jadid who is considered the spiritual father of this art, then this art began to spread . [7]
City hotels
The Province seeks to bring foreign tourists the achievement of new 4-star hotels, and the existing hotels do not exceed the 3-star rating; Below we mention a number of existing hotels:
- Marhaba Hotel
- Beni Hilal Inn
- Sahara Hotel
- The Seychelles Hotel
- Al Bustan Hotel
- Rania Hotel
Although this region abounds with a variety of natural qualifications, you find mountains valleys, plateaus, plains dunes sandy, forests and steppes all in a small and limited area in addition to variability Climate Laghouat is known for its fluctuating climate.
Some call it the city of the four seasons, and this is a rare property where you live in one day more than two seasons. This is due to the diversity of the terrain, but tourism is absent from the region and that Lack of interest in this sector.
It is also famous for its drinking mineral water, which is known as milok water, which reflects the successful foreign investment in the region where the factory is run by a Spanish company.
- Tizgraren Tower: The Tizgraren Tower in Laghouat is considered one of the most important tourist attractions for the city of Laghouat, and its construction dates back to a year 1857, and it was built after five years of colonizing the city, and after a long resistance, two thirds of the city’s population was destroyed Laghouat.
This tower is located in a unique strategic location, it was built in the highest place in the city and with an urban architecture with a desert character.
It is also called Tizgraren Tower or Buskaran Tower, after the general who was assassinated inside the tower after an infiltrator of the residents of the area infiltrated.
The Tizgraren Tower was created to be used as a military base to plan and direct the French armies towards colonizing other areas of Algeria.
This structure contains four wings, and a large square containing the tomb of General Buskaran, in addition to special catacombs to torture the Mujahideen are still witnessing difficult periods of time that passed through it, and from outside the tower there is a special road for the drawn cars, which connect the center of the city of Laghouat to the top of the tower, in addition to a provider road With a stairs for French soldiers, and in the year 1958 French colony built a large water tank at the hands of German soldiers, detained in this barracks in order to provide the city's residents with drinking water.
In the last years of colonialism, the tower was converted from a military barracks to a military hospital specialized in treating asthma and allergies to treat soldiers, and with Algeria its independence, this tower was exploited due to its unique strategic location, by several administrative and security departments, to be retrieved Year 2011 and be a tourist attraction, it opens its doors to all visitors who are motivated by curiosity to discover this distinguished tourist monument.
See also
References
- ^ "Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 03 - Wilaya de Laghouat" [List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 03 - Laghouat Province] (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 4 September 1991. p. 1294. Retrieved 2019-11-03.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "10 injured, several arrested in Algeria protests". Agent France Press. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ "Anger at squalid housing unleashes Algeria protest". Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
- ^ Saharan Atlas mountains, Africa, Encyclopædia Britannica .
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2].
- ^ Algerian Artist Creates Using "Sanding Technology", BBC Arabic.
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| International | |
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| National | |
- Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from April 2020
- Articles with links needing disambiguation from May 2020
- Articles with links needing disambiguation from April 2020
- Populated places in Laghouat Province
- Communes of Algeria
- Cities in Algeria
- Province seats of Algeria
- Populated places established in the 11th century